Goal 5.01: Immigration & Urbanization 1870 - 1914
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Transcript of Goal 5.01: Immigration & Urbanization 1870 - 1914
Goal 5.01: Immigration & Urbanization1870 - 1914
Introduction Immigration Immigrant Push Factor Pull Factor Old Immigrants New Immigrants Jews Traveling to America Ellis Island, NY Angel Island, CA Settlement of Immigrants Religious Pluralism Culture Shock Americanizing the Immigrants Schools Urbanization Reasons to Move to the City Problems with Urban Society
Slums Tenements
Division of American Society Women Jacob Riis
Reform Movements Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses
Jane Addams Rise of Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Yellow Peril Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907 Political Machine Boss Tweed Tammany Hall Thomas Nast The Gilded Age Patronage Merit System James Garfield Stalwarts Charles Guiteau Chester A. Arthur, 1881 – 1885 Pendleton Act, 1883 Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889 & 1893-1897 Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893 Conclusion
5.01: NC Competency Goals5.01: NC Competency Goals 5.01 Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban
life..
Student Objectives
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: Compare & contrast the different groups of people who immigrated to the
United States - why they immigrated & the problems they experienced Evaluate the impact of urbanization; Analyze the effect of immigration & rapid industrialization on urban life; Explain how immigrants contributed to American life; Evaluate the role of local governments & determine the effects of political
machines; Analyze the effectiveness of legislation passed to decrease the amount of
corruption in government
Introduction Immigration to the US increased during the late 1800s
Immigrants helped make the United States the diverse society it is today
The rapid growth of cities created new problems Poor living conditions, overcrowding, pollution…
Political corruption on all levels of government will lead to reform
Many of these reforms paved the way for how government is run today
Immigration Movement of people from one country
to another, permanently
Immigrant: Person who moves from one country to another, permanently
Between 1820-1920, over 33 million people immigrated to the USA
There are many reasons why someone might leave their homeland for another
Push Factor: Reasons that push someone to leave their homeland
Pull Factor: Reasons that pull someone to another country
Push & Pull Factors of the 1800sPush Factors
Irish: Failed potato crop & famine, cultural persecution by the English (1840s-1850s)
Germans: Economic depression & political unrest (1840s-1850s)
Scandinavians: Poverty, shortage of farmland (1870s-1900s)
Italians: Poverty & shortage of farmland (1880s-1920s)
Jews from E. Europe: Political oppression & religious persecution; poverty (1880s-1920s)
Pull Factors Chance to have a better life
Religious & political freedom
More jobs with good pay
Streets are paved with gold
Everyone’s dreams come true in America
Land
Education
Free from fear of violence
European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants How Many: How Many: 20 million20 million
Before 1890: Before 1890: ““Old Immigrants”Old Immigrants” From North & West EuropeFrom North & West Europe
England, France…England, France…
After 1890:After 1890: ““New Immigrants”New Immigrants” From South & East EuropeFrom South & East Europe
Balkans, Italy, AustriaBalkans, Italy, Austria
Where Settled: Where Settled: Most on the Most on the East CoastEast Coast Some to the Some to the MidwestMidwest
Asian ImmigrantsAsian Immigrants
ChineseChinese How Many: How Many: 300,000 by 1890300,000 by 1890
Work:Work: Transcontinental Transcontinental RailroadRailroad Manual & unskilled laborManual & unskilled labor
Chinese Exclusion Act:Chinese Exclusion Act: Prohibited all Chinese laborers Prohibited all Chinese laborers
from entering the country for from entering the country for 10 years b/c of job competition10 years b/c of job competition
Where Settled:Where Settled: West CoastWest Coast
JapaneseJapanese How Many: How Many: 200,000 by 1920200,000 by 1920
Treated poorly…Treated poorly…
Gentlemen’s Agreement:Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan voluntarily limited Japan voluntarily limited
immigration to the USAimmigration to the USA
Where Settled:Where Settled: West Coast (California)West Coast (California)
Mexican ImmigrantsMexican Immigrants How Many: How Many: 200,000 by 1910200,000 by 1910
National Reclamation Act:National Reclamation Act: Encouraged immigration to the Encouraged immigration to the
West to open new farm landWest to open new farm land Gets more people farming in the WestGets more people farming in the West
Where Settled:Where Settled: SouthwestSouthwest
Arizona, Texas, New Mexico & S. Arizona, Texas, New Mexico & S. CaliforniaCalifornia
Coming to America Most immigrants traveled by
steamship From Europe: 1 week From Asia: 3 weeks
Traveling conditions were very bad Overcrowded, unsanitary, no air, lice,
no toilets or running water, often kept in cargo holds
Welcomed by the Statue of Liberty, many immigrants felt relief & excitement, eager to
begin their new lives
“Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,
Send these, the homeless, tempest- tost, to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door”
Ellis Island, NY Immigration inspection station on the
East Coast Processed most European
immigrants
Processing could take hours, maybe a day or two
Physical Exam; Contagious = home Documentation Check Literacy Exam Ability to Work $25 & “Good Luck”
Processed 200,000 million immigrants
1905: 11,000 processed per day
Angel Island, CA Immigration station on the West
Coast Processed most Asian immigrants
Processing could take days or weeks
Immigrants kept in awful conditions Filthy & worn down Detainees rioted in 1919, protested
the bad conditions & treatment they received
Harsh questioning & long detentions
Religious PluralismRefers to the many different religions immigrants
bring to the US
Irish – Catholic
Asian – Buddhist
Russian – Jewish, Orthodox
! Culture Shock !
Confusion resulting from living in a culture different from
your own
Many immigrants suffered from this as many American
customs were different than their own
Immigrant customs were found to be strange, weird, scary or dangerous by American
standards
Ethnic Communities Immigrants with a common
background living in the same neighborhood
Chinatown, Little Italy, the Irish…
Ethnic neighborhoods were the center of social life for immigrants
Acted as a support system, a place to talk in native language, discuss experiences, home, etc.
It was a cultural bond that helped immigrants survive
Some immigrants began hyphenating their nationalities…
Italian-American, Irish-American…
Americanizing the Immigrants Once in the US, immigrants were
expected to give up their own culture & Americanize
Theories on how to Americanize the Immigrants
Assimilation: Immigrants should quickly learn English & adopt American culture
Melting Pot Theory: Immigrants would gradually blend in with American culture & combine the best qualities of other cultures
Blend American & other cultures to create a new type of culture
Cultural Pluralism: Each culture should practice its own customs & respect each other
However, the fastest way to American immigrants was through their children…
Schools Were the fastest way to
Americanize immigrants
Children adjust to new things faster than adults
Lesson were taught in English, in turn, the children would go home & teach their parents
In order to make the children “more American”, teachers would change foreign sounding names to American sounding names
Urbanization Definition: The rapid growth of cities People moving to the cities at a very
fast pace
In 1840, there were 131 cities in the US – by 1900, there were 1700 American cities
Causes: 2nd Industrial Revolution Immigration
Reasons People Moved to the City Employment for skilled & unskilled laborers
Farmers moved to the cities because their jobs had been replaced with machines
Excitement Restaurants, theatres, libraries – very
different from small town life
Problems in Urban Society
Due to the rapid growth of the city, naturally, problems arise
Overcrowding Increase in crime & rise in gang activity
Movie: Gangs of New York Poor water quality & sanitation
Raw sewage dumped into river, streams & lakes that provided drinking water (YUCK!!)
Living ConditionsLiving Conditions Many immigrants found
themselves living in slums
Slums: Poor neighborhoods made up of tenement houses
Tenement Houses: Low income housing for immigrants
Poorly constructed, no sanitation, not kept up, very bad conditions, often 4-5 families in 1 tenement
Sometimes called railroad flats
Row Houses: Rows of tenement houses built close together
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 Burned for 29 hrs. 300 dead 3 sq. miles destroyed 17,500 bldgs. destroyed 100,000 left homeless
1874: Sprinkler system invented
Division of American Society Americans began to divide into classes
based on wealth & social standing Could tell what class you were by where
you lived
Upper Class: People who made great fortunes, such as monopolists
Lived in large mansions with servants, collected art, held lavish parties, etc.
Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt… Lived in the city
Middle Class: Modest income & comfortable living situations
Teachers, managers, shop-keepers etc. Conservative, politely mannered &
patriotic Lived on the outskirts of the city (suburb)
Working Class: Paid poor wages & lived in the slums
Immigrants, unskilled laborers Often, the entire family had to work to
pay expenses Lived outside city, near rail yards & other
“undesirable” places
Working Class
Middle Class
Wealthy Class
Women The role of women differed between
the classes
Upper class women often planned parties & fell into traditional roles
Middle class women took part in civic activities, like their wealthy counterpart, but some worked as teachers
Working class women had to work to help the family survive
Worked in mills & factories; helped on farm & still did “women’s work” when they came home at night!
Jacob Riis Wrote How the Other Half
Lives
Focused on life in a working class neighborhood & family
Exposed problems in lower class areas, such as housing & pay
Reform Movements People wanted to help those less
fortunate Many people felt they had a social
obligation to help the poor Many organizations will be
created to help immigrants & working class families
Social Gospel Movement: Promised religious salvation by serving the poor
If you help the poor, you will go to heaven
Built churches in ethnic neighborhoods
Settlement Houses Privately run neighborhood centers
that provided services to the poor Education, English classes, day/child
care, health care etc. Promoted culture, education etc…
Established in the slums & ethnic communities
Jane Addams established Chicago’s Hull House in 1889 to assist the large immigrant population
Very successful Offered a variety of courses from
English & Civics, sewing & other skills to basic city survival tips
Rise of Nativism Not everyone is happy to help immigrants &
the poor
Nativists favored native-born white Americans
Feared large number of immigrants would ruin the United States
Wanted immigrants to pass literacy exams to gain the right to vote
President Cleveland said “voting is based on opportunity, not ability”
However, no change for African Americans & women…
Supported & lobbied for legislation that would restrict immigration from the “wrong countries”
Wrong Countries were stagnant – Latin America, Asia, Slavic …
Right Counties were successful – Germany, Scandinavian…
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Asian immigrants were the most
noticeable different So duh, they are discriminated against
the most
Banned all Chinese laborers for 10 years
Supported by labor unions Renewed every 10 years until WWII
The Yellow Peril In 1905, the Japanese defeated
the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war
This scared the US to death – the fact that a little tiny county could defeat a very large country
Excessive fear of Japanese brought on by the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese were not allowed to own land, attend the same schools as other children etc.
This treatment angered those in Japan
The Gentleman’s Agreement: Japan voluntarily limited immigration to the US