Goal 2 Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

Goal 2Goal 2

Physical, chemical and Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.cellular basis of life.

2.01 Organic Molecules2.01 Organic Molecules

• Contain carbonContain carbon

• Molecules of living things (or once Molecules of living things (or once living)living)

• Make up all living thingsMake up all living things

• Examples: mouse, wood, apple, Examples: mouse, wood, apple, bread, paper, bacteriabread, paper, bacteria

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Long chains of simple Long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharide) sugars (monosaccharide) form polysaccharidesform polysaccharides

• Monosaccharides (simple Monosaccharides (simple sugar): glucose, sugar): glucose, fructose, galactose, fructose, galactose, riboseribose

• Polysaccarides Polysaccarides (complex): cellulose, (complex): cellulose, glycogen, starchglycogen, starch

ProteinsProteins

• Proteins – long Proteins – long chains of amino chains of amino acidsacids

• Joined by peptide Joined by peptide bondsbonds

• Forms a polypeptideForms a polypeptide

• (Examples are (Examples are enzymes, insulin enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin)and hemoglobin)

LipidsLipids

• Subunits are fatty Subunits are fatty acids and glycerolacids and glycerol

• Fats, Oils, and Fats, Oils, and WaxesWaxes

• Phospholipids, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Triglycerides, CholesterolCholesterol

• Cell membranes, Cell membranes, sex hormones sex hormones

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• DNA and RNADNA and RNA• Subunits are Subunits are

nucleotidesnucleotides• Carries genetic Carries genetic

informationinformation• Composed of sugars, Composed of sugars,

phosphates, and phosphates, and nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases

• DNA (A,C,T,G)DNA (A,C,T,G)• RNA (A,U,C,G)RNA (A,U,C,G)

Functions of Functions of macromoleculesmacromolecules

Carbohydrate Carbohydrate energy energy

Proteins Proteins structure, growth, repair structure, growth, repair

Lipids Lipids long term energy storage, long term energy storage, cushioning, insulationcushioning, insulation

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids instructions on how to instructions on how to make proteinsmake proteins

Food TestsFood Tests

Benedict’s solution is Benedict’s solution is a test for a test for monosaccharides. monosaccharides. It starts blue and It starts blue and turns red if heated.turns red if heated.


Iodine is a test for Iodine is a test for starch. It starts as starch. It starts as a rust color and a rust color and turns black or turns black or blue/black.blue/black.


Lipids turn brown Lipids turn brown paper translucent. paper translucent.


Proteins Proteins

Biurets turns purple.Biurets turns purple.

2.02 Structure and Function of 2.02 Structure and Function of CellsCells

Cells are the basic Cells are the basic unit of all living unit of all living things.things.

Cell OrganellesCell Organelles

Nucleus – contains Nucleus – contains DNA, regulates the DNA, regulates the functions of the cell.functions of the cell.

Plasma (cell) Plasma (cell) membrane - membrane - regulates what goes regulates what goes into and out of the into and out of the cell.cell.

Mitochondria – where Mitochondria – where cellular respiration cellular respiration occurs. occurs.


Ribosomes – where Ribosomes – where protein synthesis protein synthesis occurs.occurs.


Cell wall – made of Cell wall – made of cellulose, protects cellulose, protects plant cell and gives it plant cell and gives it shape.shape.

Vacuoles – store food, Vacuoles – store food, water or waste. Large water or waste. Large in plant cells, small in in plant cells, small in animal cells.animal cells.

Chloroplast – where Chloroplast – where photosynthesis occurs.photosynthesis occurs.

MicroscopesMicroscopes

How do you focus?How do you focus?

How do you let more How do you let more light in?light in?

When would you need When would you need more light?more light?

How do you go from low How do you go from low to high power?to high power?

What does the What does the microscope do to your microscope do to your image?image?

MagnificationMagnification

Eyepiece x Objective = Total Eyepiece x Objective = Total MagnificationMagnification

Examples:Examples:

10x x 4x = 40x10x x 4x = 40x

10x x 10x = 100x10x x 10x = 100x

Hierarchy of cell Hierarchy of cell organizationorganization

Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs Organ systemsOrgan systems

Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Nerve cells Nerve cells structure is structure is well suited to well suited to carrying nerve carrying nerve impulses impulses through the through the body.body.


Red blood cells Red blood cells smooth disk smooth disk shape is well shape is well suited to suited to traveling traveling through blood through blood vessels.vessels.


Muscle cells need a great deal of energy, so Muscle cells need a great deal of energy, so they have many mitochondria located in they have many mitochondria located in

them.them.

Plants vs. Animal CellsPlants vs. Animal Cells

Plant cellsPlant cells

Cell wallCell wall

Large vacuolesLarge vacuoles

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Rectangular shapeRectangular shape

Animal cellsAnimal cells

No cell wallNo cell wall

Small vacuolesSmall vacuoles

No chloroplastsNo chloroplasts

Any shapeAny shape

Cell CommunicationCell Communication

Messages can travel Messages can travel from one nerve cell from one nerve cell to another.to another.


G proteins act like relay batons to pass messages from circulating hormones into cells. A hormone (red) encounters a receptor (blue) in the membrane of a cell. A G protein (green) becomes activated and makes contact with the receptor to which the hormone is attached. The G protein passes the hormone's message to the cell by switching on a cell enzyme (purple) that triggers a response.


• Steroid hormone Steroid hormone

actionaction

2.03 Cell Transport and 2.03 Cell Transport and HomeostasisHomeostasis

Homeostasis: maintaining a Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal stable internal environmentenvironment

Example – regulation of Example – regulation of temperaturetemperature

SweatingSweating

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

dilatedilate

Example – regulation of Example – regulation of temperaturetemperature

ShiveringShivering

Blood vessels Blood vessels constrictconstrict

Hair stands on endHair stands on end

Examples – pH of bloodExamples – pH of blood

Buffers in blood help Buffers in blood help to keep blood from to keep blood from becoming too becoming too acidic or too basic.acidic or too basic.

Example – blood glucose Example – blood glucose levellevelInsulin removes Insulin removes

glucose from your glucose from your blood by turning it blood by turning it into glycogen in into glycogen in your liver and your liver and muscles.muscles.

Glucagon puts glucose Glucagon puts glucose into your blood by into your blood by converting glycogen converting glycogen into glucose.into glucose.

Example – water balanceExample – water balance

Too much water?Too much water?

Urinate frequently and it is very dilute.Urinate frequently and it is very dilute.

Too little water?Too little water?

Urinate infrequently and it is very Urinate infrequently and it is very concentrated. concentrated.

Transport (types)Transport (types)

1.1. Passive transportPassive transport

(no energy)(no energy)

a.a. DiffusionDiffusion

b.b. OsmosisOsmosis

2. Active transport2. Active transport

(energy)(energy)

DiffusionDiffusion

- The movement of - The movement of molecules from an molecules from an area of high area of high concentration to an concentration to an area of low area of low concentration. concentration.

OsmosisOsmosis

Diffusion of Diffusion of

water thruwater thru

a membrane.a membrane.

Active TransportActive Transport

Movement of Movement of molecules from an molecules from an area of low area of low concentration to concentration to high concentration. high concentration. Requires Energy! Requires Energy!

Semi-permeable membraneSemi-permeable membrane

Allows small Allows small molecules to pass molecules to pass through but not through but not large ones.large ones.

Semi permeable membraneSemi permeable membrane

Examples of transportExamples of transport

11stst picture – RBC’s in picture – RBC’s in salt watersalt water

22ndnd –RBC’s in slightly –RBC’s in slightly

salty watersalty water

33rdrd – RBC’s in – RBC’s in

distilled waterdistilled water

Examples of transportExamples of transport

2.04 Characteristics of 2.04 Characteristics of EnzymesEnzymes

• Specific fit with Specific fit with substrate so each substrate so each enzyme has special enzyme has special job.(lock and key) Meet job.(lock and key) Meet at enzymes active site.at enzymes active site.

• Made of proteins.Made of proteins.• Enzyme can be re-used Enzyme can be re-used

after it has done its after it has done its job.job.

• Catalyst.Catalyst.• Necessary for all Necessary for all

biochemical reactions.biochemical reactions.

Effects of the environment on Effects of the environment on enzymesenzymes

• Environmental Environmental changes can changes can destroy destroy enzymes enzymes (change their (change their chemical structure chemical structure and make them and make them ineffective)ineffective)

• pH, temperaturepH, temperature

2.05 Respiration and 2.05 Respiration and PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Function of ATPFunction of ATP• Adenosine Tri-phosphateAdenosine Tri-phosphate• Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate

moleculesmolecules• Energy storage molecule.Energy storage molecule.• Energy is stored when phosphate bond is formed, Energy is stored when phosphate bond is formed,

and released when the bond is broken (makes and released when the bond is broken (makes ADP)ADP)

• Important cycle in respiration and photosynthesisImportant cycle in respiration and photosynthesis

ATPATP

When high energy When high energy phosphate bond is phosphate bond is broken broken energy energy released and ADP released and ADP made.made.

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

All living All living organisms do organisms do respirationrespiration

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

• Without OxygenWithout Oxygen

• 2 Types2 Types– 1) alcoholic 1) alcoholic

fermentation fermentation produces alcohol produces alcohol (yeast)(yeast)

– 2) lactic acid 2) lactic acid fermentation fermentation produces lactic acid produces lactic acid (muscle cells and (muscle cells and bacteria)bacteria)

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

With oxygenWith oxygenMore efficientMore efficientOccurs 24/7Occurs 24/7

CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22O + ATPO + ATP

What might effect the rate of What might effect the rate of respiration?respiration?

Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast

Anaerobic Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

Without oxygenWithout oxygen

CytoplasmCytoplasm

2 ATP 2 ATP

Yeast, bacteriaYeast, bacteria

24/724/7

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

With oxygenWith oxygen

MitochondriaMitochondria

36 ATP36 ATP

Multicellular Multicellular organismsorganisms

24/724/7

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

• How plants take How plants take energy from sun and energy from sun and make glucosemake glucose

• Only occurs during the Only occurs during the dayday

• Plants, algae, blue-Plants, algae, blue-green bacteriagreen bacteria

• What might effect the What might effect the rate of rate of photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

Goal 2 Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

Documents

Transcript of Goal 2 Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.