Goal 1

Describe the scientific classification system of

organisms

I. Species = group of organisms that share similar characteristics that can breed to produce fertile offspring

• ~ 1.5 million different spp

• ~ 2 -100 million not discovered

II. Classification of Organisms

• Common names of org. are usually used outside of science– bird– Sea horse– Cougar, mountain lion, panther,

pumaA. Taxonomy = classification of

organsim by assigning each organism a name– Use Latin and Greek language

(18th century)1. Taxon: level of

organization in taxonomy

B. Binomial Nomenclature= Two-word naming system of org.

(each spp. has two-part scientific name)– Always write name in italics– 1st word is genus (capitalize), 2nd

word is species and is lowercase– Example: Homo sapiens

• Developed by Carolus Linnaeus– 18th century

Binomial Nomenclature(2-words) (Naming system)

Genus Species

Group of similar organisms

Describes characteristics

Always write name in italics1st word is genus (capitalize), 2nd word is species and is lowercase

Whose name is it?Homo sapiensMus musculusUrsus horribilisCanis familianisFelis domesticus

Panthera leoHelianthus annuusAcinonyx jubatus

Rana pipiensPinus strobusTaraxacum

oficinale

HumanHouse MouseGrizzly Bear

DogCatLion

SunflowerCheeteah

FrogPine TreeDandelion

Section 18-1

Flowchart

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification

1. Kingdom = largest taxon (most inclusive)

2. Phylum = several classes that share important body features and internal functions

3. Class = made of similar orders

4. Order = made of similar families

5. Family = genera that share many characteristics

6. Genus = group of closely related spp

7. Species (smallest taxon)

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

• Uses 7 taxa (levels)– Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata– Class: Mammalia– Order: Primates– Family: Hominidae – Genus: Homo– Species: sapien

(breeds are same spp)

Acronym Ideas??

King

Phillip

Called

Over

Five

Guard

Soldiers

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Section 18-1

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What are some ways these animals are similar/different?

How would you classify an organism?• Dolphins

– Fish, live in water– Mammals, breathe air

• Can body structure and similar traits be used to classify?– What about convergent evolution??– Are analogous and homologous

structures used?

III. Evolutionary Classification• Species are placed into taxa based on

evolutionary history, not just physical traits– uses molecular similarities (DNA/RNA) of

organsim

• Also called phylogenetic classification

A. Cladogram• A diagram that

shows the evolutionary relationship among a group organisms– Uses derived

characteristics = new characteristics that arise from organisms evolving over time

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

CLADOGRAM

Appendages Conical Shells

Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet

Crustaceans Gastropod

Molted exoskeleton

Segmentation

Tiny free-swimming larva

Section 18-2

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Theropods

Allosaurus

Sinornis

Velociraptor

Archaeopteryx

Robin

Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone

Down feathers

Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs

Flight feathers;arms as long

as legs

B#1: Constructing a CladogramOrganisms Derived Character

backbone legs hair

Earthworm Absent Absent Absent

Trout Present Absent Absent

Lizard Present Present Absent

Human Present Present Present

Section 18-3

Concept Map

are characterized by

such as

and differing which place them in

which coincides withwhich coincides with

which place them in which is subdivided into

Living Things

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells

Important characteristics

Cell wall structures

Domain Eukarya

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

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Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Lynx

Lynx rufus

Lynx canadensis

Bobcat Lynx

IV. The 3-Domain SystemA. Most recent used classification system of organisms

– 3 Domains and 6 kingdoms

B. Domain = larger and more inclusive than kingdom

– Bacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria

– Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria

– Eukarya: Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

CELL TYPE

CELL STRUCTURES

NUMBER OF CELLS

MODE OF NUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Methanogens, halophiles

Protista

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Fungi

Eukaryote

Cell walls of chitin

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Heterotroph

Mushrooms, yeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

Multicellular

Autotroph

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Animalia

Eukaryote

No cell walls or chloroplasts

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Eukarya

Classification of Living Things

Section 18-3

Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains

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1. Domain Bacteriaa. Kingdom Eubacteria

– Unicellular prokaryotes– Peptidoglycan cell walls– Autotroph/heterotroph

2. Domain Archaeaa. Kingdom: Archaebacteria

– Unicellular prokaryotes– Cell walls with no

pepitoglycan– Autotroph/heterotroph– Live in extreme

environments

3. Domain Eukarya• All org. have nucleus

– Kingdom Protista– Kingdom Fungi– Kingdom Plantae– Kingdom Animalia

a. Kingdom Protista

•Single-celled org. and multi-cellular algae

•Photosynthetic and heterotrophic

•Share characteristics with fungi, plants & animals

b. Kingdom Fungi•Multicellular

heterotrophs (feed dead organic matter)

•nonmotile

c. Kingdom Plantae

•Multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs

•Nonmotile, cellulose cell walls

d. Kingdom Animalia•Multicellular

heterotrophs•No cell walls•mobile

KingdomsEubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

DOMAIN EUKARYA

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Section 18-3

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