GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Nuclear Deterrence.
GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College
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Transcript of GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College
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GO131:International Relations
Professor Walter HatchColby College
Environment, Population, Health
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Global Interdependence
An obvious benefit: growing trade
An obvious cost: negative spillovers
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Example: Acid rain
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Example: Water pollution
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Tragedy of the Commons
Public good (example: open pasture)
How to maintain the public good?
The Global Commons: Oceans, Space
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Approaches to the Problem
Liberal: establishing regimes via interstate bargaining
Revolutionary: challenging capitalism by restricting growth
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Background
1972: first UN conference on international environmental problems and policies. Stockholm, Sweden.
1982: second UN conference. Nairobi, Kenya.
1992: third UN conference (and first “Earth Summit”). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2002: fourth UN Conference (second “Earth Summit”). Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Case One: Global Warming
Global temperatures on riseCause: emissions from burning of fossil fuelsResult: carbon dioxide, methane gas, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrous oxide.“Greenhouse gases” act like glass in a greenhouse
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Greenhouse Gases
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Climate Change
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Real-Life Effects
Human health
Water supplies
Ecosystem
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One visible example
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States as Problem-Makers
CO2 emissions, 1995
Rest of the World35%
USA21%
China15%
EU14%
Russia6%India
5%
Japan4%
1,890MtC
1,349MtC
1,286MtC
524MtC
501MtC
364MtC
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Obstacles to a Solution
Domestically, political costs are high: reduced profits, fewer jobs
Internationally, political costs are high
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States as Problem-Solvers
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio 1992)Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Binding Target: To reduce emissions in industrialized countries
• 5% below 1992 levels by 2012
Set national ceilingsComplicated market mechanismGive break to developing countries (for now)
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Kyoto without the U.S.
Treaty needed support from states totaling 55% of global emissions
With U.S. opting out (36%), progress stalled
But protocol took effect anyway in 2005Thanks to Russia
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Case Two: Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer in the atmosphere shields earth from harmful ultra-violet rays
Chemicals (primarily CFCs used in refrigeration and aerosol spray) float into the stratosphere
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The Ozone Hole
1988 2000
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Real-life Effects
Higher rates of skin cancer
Threat to vegetation, and thus crop yields
Eco-system
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Obstacles to a Solution
Another collective action problem involving a public good
Short-term costs for long-term benefit
Free-riders gain by allowing the use of CFCs
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States as Problem-Solvers
US (1978) unilaterally banned the use of CFC propellants in spray cans
Canada, Norway, Sweden followed
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From Unilateral to Multilateral
The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)
The Montreal Protocol (1987)Reduce production of CFCs by 50% by 1998
London Amendments (1990)Eliminate CFCs by 2000 (later: by 1995)
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A Relative Success
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Case Three: Biodiversity
When species become extinct, they stay extinct
More than 15,000 species of animal and plant species are now threatened
CostsEcosystem (loss of microorganisms -> loss of arable land)
Hurts pharmaceutical industry
Jeopardizes food supply
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Global Efforts
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973)Treaty on Biodiversity (1992)
Signatories agree to protect habitatWealthy states pay poor states for rights to use products extracted from rare species in protected habitatsU.S. opted out (along with nine other small countries)
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Marine Mammals
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InternationalWhaling Commission
Established in 1946 to regulate whaling
Became conservation agency, setting quotas for hunting certain whales
Voluntary participationNorway and Japan continue whaling
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Inter-AmericanTropical Tuna Commission
Established in 1950 to regulate tuna fishing industry
Became an agency to help conserve dolphins
Agreement on international dolphin conservation (1999)
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Rain Forests
The earth’s lungs
Concentrated in global south (Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Madagascar)
ODA to encourage preservation
“debt for nature” swaps
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Oceans
Global commons70 percent of earth’s surface
Problem of free-ridingDrift nets
EnclosureUNCLOS
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UNCLOS
A decade of treaty negotiations (1973-1982)
Rules on territorial waters
US refused to sign until 1994
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Antarctica
A common resource
Antarctic Treaty (1959)
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Global Population
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Out of Control?
From 6.2 billion today to as much as 8 billion in 2025
75 million new people each year
Global south will contribute 97 percent of this population growth
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Can economic growth be sustained?
Exhausting Mother Earth’s “carrying capacity”
Agenda 21 (1992)
Commission on Sustainable Development (1992)
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HIV/AIDS
Global South
Southern AfricaSwaziland: 38.8 percent of the adult population
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Life Expectancy:“Demographic fatigue?”
Botswana: from 61 years in 1990 to 44 in 1999 to 39.7 in 2004
Zambia: 32.4 years
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Turning it Around
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Other diseases
Tuberculosis: 1.5 million die each year
Malaria: Up to 1.5 million die each year
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Water Shortages
1.1 billion people now lack daily access to clean drinking waterWASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for All)