Go-Around Performance Certification vs Operations
Transcript of Go-Around Performance Certification vs Operations
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Go-Around Performance
Certification vs Operations
SAPOE Long Beach, October 6th 2016
Airbus Thierry Paya-Arnaud
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Go-Around Performance: Certification vs Operations
Threshold
DA/H
Go-Around
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Certification Reminders
How to Check go-around?
Way forward
Operations Daily constraints
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Certification Reminders
Daily constraints Check go-around?
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Go-Around Requirements
Airworthiness Requirements
Performance Fuel Jettison system Handling qualities
Engine Thrust limitation • 5 Min TOGA thrust with All Engines Operating • 10 Min TOGA thrust with One Engine Inoperative
CS 25 FAR 25
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Go-Around Requirements
Performance certification
Key Legend
Key Legend
Approach Climb Gradient
Landing Climb Gradient
Performance certification
Performance
Certification
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Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121
Approach Climb Gradient limitation
Assumptions One Engine Inoperative TOGA thrust Gear up Approach Configuration
Gradient Min gradient: 2 engines: 2.1% 4 engines: 2.7%
Point calculation
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Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121
Approach Climb Gradient limitation
Published in FCOM
Computed with PEP
Computed with FlySmart
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Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121
Landing Climb Gradient limitation
Assumptions All Engines Operative TOGA thrust Gear down Landing Configuration
Min gradient: 3.2%
Point calculation
Gradient
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Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121
Landing Climb Gradient limitation Less limiting than Approach Climb Gradient Not provided in operational documentation
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Go-Around Requirements
Go around limiting weights
Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg) 0 86 700
2 000 85 600 4 000 84 900 6 000 84 100 8 000 80 000 10 000 73 200 12 000 68 500
Certified Weight
MLW = 66 000 kg ISA temperature
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Go-Around Requirements
Required? Optional?
Fuel Jettison system
Fuel Dumping
Fuel dump nozzle
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Go-Around Requirements
Performance considerations
Requirements Minimum 2.1% ACG RTL (Return To Land) capability MTOW – 15 min flight time
Ref Weight = 76 000 kg
Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg) 0 86 700
2 000 85 600 4 000 84 900 6 000 84 100 8 000 80 000 10 000 73 200 12 000 68 500
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Go-Around Requirements
Solution?
Use of Certified Range Go Around Speed from 1.23 VS1G up to 1.4 VS1G Better Climb Gradient for higher speed
Overweight Landing procedure Landing in CONF 3 Go Around CONF 1+F
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Go around requirements
Configuration
Overweight Landing Special procedure:
Landing in CONF 3 Go Around CONF 1+F
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Go-Around Requirements
Performance considerations
Requirements Minimum 2.1% ACG RTL (Return To Land) capability MTOW – 15 min flight time Conf 1+F 1.4 VS1G
Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg) 0 94 500
2 000 93 700 4 000 92 700 6 000 90 800 8 000 87 400 10 000 80 700 12 000 76 100 Ref Weight = 76 000 Kg
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Go-Around Requirements
Not required by certification on Airbus aircraft
Proposed as option for : A330 / A340 / A350 / A380
Fuel Dumping System
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Go-Around Requirements
Handling Qualities
Sim session
Pilot perception
Pilot’s perception during acceleration Loss of height at Go-Around initiation Loss of speed at Go-Around initiation Acceleration time from VAPP to Go-Around speed
With pilot from Airworthiness Authorities
Airbus criteria 1 min
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Go around requirements
Test Conditions
Time to accelerate around 1 min Not in the Certification requirements Airbus criteria since A318 certification
Height (ft)
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Operations Daily constraints
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Operational Regulation
Certification Regulation
Operational Regulation
CS 25 FAR 25
AIR-OPS AMC2 CAT.POL.A.225
FAR FAR 121.195 AC 120-91
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Operational Regulation
Airbus interpretation
MISSED APPROACH GRADIENT
ENGINES OPERATIVE
AMC2 CAT.POL.A.225
2.5% or published gradient
One engine inoperative
AC 120-91 Published gradient One engine inoperative
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Procedure Design
Missed Approach Published Gradient
PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc 8168) Standards and recommendations for procedure design Assumes normal operations (i.e. all engines operative)
Procedure design Ensure acceptable clearance above obstacles Account for ATC constraints
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Threshold
Gradient %
Descent Path
DA/H
Procedure Design ICAO PANS-OPS
- Another approach - Holding - Diversion
Precision approach example
MAA
Missed Approach Published Gradient
No Gradient is published when minimum gradient of
2.5% prevails
900m
Start of Climb
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Procedure design
• Depend on the type of departure (straight, turning) • Depend on the type of approach • Depend on the navigation aids
Missed Approach: Protection area
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Alternative Means of Compliance
What if Min Grad is limiting? Published gradient
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Possibility to define an alternative means of compliance Shall ensure a safe route and avoid obstacles Shall be approved by the competent authority
Alternative Means of Compliance
EOSID
What if Min Grad is limiting?
Alternative means of compliance
GM1 CAT.POL.A.225
AC 120.91
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How to Check go-around?
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How to check go-around?
Point calculation Gradient computed for a given height
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How to check go-around? Standard case TLS ILS 14L
Toulouse ILS 14L
Published gradient
Maintain a gradient of 2.5% up to 4000 ft
No gradient published Min 2.5%
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Published missed approach gradient
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Standard case TLS ILS 14L
MAA = 4000 ft
Maintain a gradient of 2.5% up to 4000 ft
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Altitude for gradient calculation
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Standard case TLS ILS 14L
2.5%
2.5%
2.5%
Performance software Point calculation
Altitude Weight Threshold 86 100 kg
DA/H 85 900 kg MAA 84 900 kg
Maintain a gradient of 2.5% up to 4000 ft
MAA = 4000 ft
Delta Height
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How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
Bogota ILS 13L
Published gradient
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
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Published missed approach gradient
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
MAA = 13000 ft
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
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Altitude for gradient calculation
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
3%
3%
3%
Altitude Weight Threshold 72 500 kg
DA/H 71 800 kg MAA 60 700 kg
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
MAA = 13000 ft
Performance software Point calculation
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MAA = 13000 ft
Altitude for gradient calculation
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
Go-around climb gradient = average gradient
Aircraft Average Gradient = 3 %
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
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Aircraft Average Gradient = 3 %
Altitude for gradient calculation
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
Go-around climb gradient = average gradient
Point gradient > 3%
Altitude corresponding to
Point gradient = 3%
MAA = 13000 ft
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
Point gradient < 3%
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3% at
Altitude for gradient calculation
Threshold
DA/H
How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L
3.2 %
Delta Height
Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft
MAA = 13000 ft
2.4%
11000 ft
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How to check go-around?
Go-around in Airbus software
Point calculation At given altitude Both Dispatch and In-Flight
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Not straight forward The aircraft is not at the same speed The aircraft configuration is not the same Takeoff thrust is not always equal to go-around thrust Takeoff ground track may differ from go-around track Vertical flight path differs
How to check go-around? Alternative procedure
Fly EOSID. What about Perf checks?
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How to check go-around? Alternative procedure
Ground track How to define obstacle corridor ?
How to define alternative procedure?
EU-OPS GM1 CAT.POL.A.225 FAA AC 120-91
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How to check go-around? Alternative procedure
Ground track How to define obstacle corridor?
Acceleration
Acceptable time/distance to accelerate?
Vertical profile
Obstacle clearance? Net vs. gross flight path
DA/H
How to define alternative procedure?
Acceleration
Some local regulations consider the use of
takeoff criteria
EU-OPS GM1 CAT.POL.A.225 FAA AC 120-91
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Way forward
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Way forward
Standard Go-Around procedure
Go-Around procedure with increased speed
Alternative Go-Around procedure
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Way forward
Compute average Climb gradient Check impact of acceleration at DH Give the possibility to use alternative procedure Check 10 minutes Go Around thrust limitation
How to reconcile certification and operations?
No Acceleration
With acceleration
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Way forward
• Main outcome of the Airbus Operators:
• The tool should be able to check published gradients • Average climb gradient with One Engine Inoperative. • Above the procedure surface. • Take benefit of a procedure to increase the speed for Go-Around
• The tool shall be able to disregard published gradient and use an Alternative method based on obstacle information • Using the same obstacle as takeoff or the same definition of Obstacle splay area as takeoff.
SOC MAPt
Transitional Distance
Missed Approach Altitude
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Conclusion
Certification constraints vs. Operational constraints Difficult / heavy method to check go-around performance New functions in performance software:
Simplified check of average gradient Easier development of alternative methods
≠
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How to consider Go around performance
Your feedbacks design Airbus
software Feedback welcome at [email protected]
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