The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary

Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. However its growth has been

behind that of many of its Asian neighbors, the so-called Asian Tigers, and it is not a part of

the Group of 20 nations. Instead it is grouped in a second tier for emerging markets or newly

industrialized countries. Depending on the analyst, this second tier can go by the name the Next

Eleven or the Tiger Cub Economies.

In the years 2012 and 2013, the Philippines posted high GDP growth rates, reaching 6.8% in

2012 and 7.2% in 2013,[59][60][61] the highest GDP growth rates in Asia for the first two quarters of

2013, followed by China and Indonesia.[62]

A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines

using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.[63][64]

Year

GDP growth

in percent

(constant

prices, base

year = 2000)

GDP

in PHP

Billion

(current

prices)

GDP

in USD

Billion

(current

prices)

GDP per

capita

in USD

(current

prices)

GDP

in USD

Billion

(PPP)

GDP

per

capita

in USD

(PPP)

Peso vs

Dollar

Exchange

Rate

1980 5.15 270.1 35.9 744 64.4 1334 7.51

1981 3.42 312.0 39.5 797 72.9 1471 7.90

1982 3.62 351.4 41.1 810 80.1 1578 8.54

1983 1.88 408.9 36.8 707 84.9 1630 11.11

1984 -7.32 581.1 34.8 652 81.6 1530 16.70

1985 -7.31 633.6 34.1 623 77.9 1426 18.61

1986 3.42 674.6 33.1 591 82.4 1471 20.39

1987 4.31 756.5 36.8 641 88.4 1540 20.57

1988 6.75 885.5 42.0 715 97.6 1663 21.09

1989 6.21 1025.3 47.3 786 107.6 1791 21.70

1990 3.04 1190.5 48.9 796 115.2 1873 24.33

1991 -0.58 1379.9 50.2 797 118.6 1882 27.48

1992 0.34 1497.5 58.7 912 121.8 1891 25.51

1993 2.12 1633.6 60.2 914 127.1 1929 27.12

1994 4.39 1875.7 71.0 1052 135.5 2007 26.42

1995 4.68 2111.7 83.7 1224 144.8 2118 25.24

1996 5.85 2406.4 93.5 1336 156.1 2232 26.22

1997 5.19 2688.7 92.8 1297 167.1 2336 28.98

1998 -0.58 2952.8 73.8 1009 168.1 2297 40.02

1999 3.08 3244.2 83.0 1110 175.8 2352 39.09

2000 4.41 3580.7 81.0 1053 187.5 2437 44.19

2001 2.89 3888.8 76.3 971 197.3 2511 50.99

2002 3.65 4198.3 81.4 1014 207.8 2591 51.60

2003 4.97 4548.1 83.9 1025 222.7 2720 54.20

2004 6.70 5120.4 91.4 1093 242.7 2905 56.04

2005 4.78 5677.8 103.1 1209 261.0 3061 55.09

2006 5.24 6271.2 122.2 1405 283.5 3255 51.31

2007 6.62 6892.7 149.4 1684 309.9 3493 46.15

2008 4.15 7720.9 173.6 1919 329.0 3636 44.47

2009 1.15 8026.1 168.5 1851 335.4 3685 47.64

2010 7.63 9003.5 199.6 2155 365.3 3945 45.11

2011 3.64 9706.3 224.1 2379 386.1 4098 43.31

2012[65] 6.82 10564.9 250.2 2611 419.6 4380 42.23

2013[66] 7.16 11546.1 272.2 2792 454.3 4660 42.45

2014[67] 6.10

44.40

2015[67] 5.8%

2016[67]

GDP growth at constant 1985 prices in Philippine pesos:[63][68][69]

Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

GDP growth % 4.6 4.9 4.8 9.2 5 6.4 8 5.6 5.2 5.6

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

GDP growth % 5.149 3.423 3.619 1.875 -7.324 -7.307 3.417 4.312 6.753 6.205

Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

GDP growth % 3.037 -0.578 0.338 2.116 4.388 4.679 5.846 5.185 -0.577 3.082

Year 200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

GDP

growt

h %

4.4

11

2.8

94

3.6

46

4.9

70

6.6

98

4.7

78

5.2

43

7.1

17

4.1

53

1.1

48

7.6

32

3.

6

6.

8

7.

2

6.1

[67]

6.

3

Regional Accounts[edit]

Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is GDP measured at regional levels. Figures below are

for the year 2014:

Region

GRD

P (in

₱B)

%

of

GD

P

Agricul

ture (in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Indus

try

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Servi

ces

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

per

capi

ta

GR

DP

Metro Manila

4,679.8

30 37.02 9.290 0.20 828.025 17.69

3,842.51

5 82.11

365,62

9

Region

GRD

P (in

₱B)

%

of

GD

P

Agricul

ture (in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Indus

try

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Servi

ces

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

per

capi

ta

GR

DP

Cordillera 230.706 1.82 25.320 10.98 115.760 50.18 89.626 38.85 132,61

2

Ilocos 390.511 3.09 95.546 24.47 103.939 26.61 191.026 47.42 127,92

6

Cagayan

Valley

234.314 1.85 97.077 41.43 32.981 14.08 104.257 44.49 68,317

Central

Luzon

1,147.5

50 9.08 207.130 18.05 481.729 41.98 458.691 39.98

104,08

1

CALABARZO

N

2,014.8

90 15.94 119.270 5.92

1,223.4

50 60.72 672.171 33.36

141,89

1

MIMAROPA 212.218 1.68 56.211 26.49 73.220 34.50 82.786 39.01 72,041

Bicol 264.495 2.09 70.471 26.64 54.280 20.52 139.745 52.83 45,798

Western

Visayas

502.800 3.98 126.461 25.15 99.046 19.70 277.293 55.15 66,757

Central 831.833 6.58 56.387 6.78 309.877 37.25 465.570 55.97

113,39

Region

GRD

P (in

₱B)

%

of

GD

P

Agricul

ture (in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Indus

try

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

Servi

ces

(in

₱B)

%

of

GR

DP

per

capi

ta

GR

DP

Visayas 1

Eastern

Visayas

258.739 2.05 54.324 21.00 100.768 38.95 103.648 40.06 59,654

Zamboanga

Peninsula

257.060 2.03 63.591 24.74 82.264 32.00 111.205 43.26 70,074

Northern

Mindanao

485.705 3.84 122.198 25.20 156.265 32.17 207.242 42.67 104,42

4

Davao

Region

519.069 4.11 104.436 20.12 151.174 29.12 263.459 50.76 107,47

9

SOCCSKSA

RGEN

351.357 2.78 116.079 33.04 105.313 29.97 129.964 36.99 77,662

Caraga 155.296 1.23 36.808 23.70 44.494 28.65 73.944 47.65 59,941

Muslim

Mindanao

106.362 0.84 67.533 63.49 6.312 5.93 32.517 30.57 30,602

Total 12,642.

736 100 1,428.131 11.30

3,968.8

97 31.39

7,245.70

8 57.31

126,57

9

Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.

Economic indicators and international rankings[edit]

Further information: Philippine investment climate

Organization Title As

of

Change from

previous Ranking

International Monetary Fund

Gross Domestic Product

(PPP)

2014 ( ) 30th[108]

International Monetary Fund

Gross Domestic Product

(nominal)

2014 ( ) 39th[109]

International Monetary Fund GDP per Capita (PPP) 2014 ( 1) 119th[110]

International Monetary Fund

GDP per Capita

(nominal)

2014 ( ) 128th[111]

International Monetary Fund Foreign Reserves 2014 ( 1) 26th[112]

United Nations Population 2013 ( ) 12th[113]

United Nations Land Area 2013 ( ) 73rd[114]

Population Commission Population Density 2014

40th out of

242th[115]

World Health Organization Life Expectancy 2014

112th out of

193st[116]

Organization Title As

of

Change from

previous Ranking

Central Intellegence Agency Literacy Rate 2014

108th out of

194nd[117]

The World Factbook External Debt 2014 ( 3) 57th[118]

United Nations

Human Development

Index

2014 ( 1) 117 out of

187[119]

World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness 2014 ( 6) 52 out of

148[120]

Fraser Institute

Economic Freedom of

the World

2014 ( 5) 51 out of

144[121]

World Economic Forum

Global Gender Gap

Report

2014 ( 4) 9 out of 142[122]

World Economic Forum

Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness 2015 ( 8)

74 out of

140[123]

World Economic Forum

Global Enabling Trade

Report

2014 ( 8) 64 out of

138[124]

World Bank Ease of Doing Business 2014 ( 13) 95 out of

183[125]

Organization Title As

of

Change from

previous Ranking

Transparency International

Corruption Perceptions

Index

2014 ( 9) 85 out of

177[126]

Heritage Foundation/The

Wall Street Journal

Index of Economic

Freedom

2014 ( 8) 89 out of

178[127]

The Economist Intelligence

Unit

Global Peace Index 2013 ( 5) 134 out of

158[128]

Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 2015 ( 6) 141 out of

178[129]

World Economic Forum

Financial Development

Index

2012 ( 5) 49 out of 60[130]

Composition by sector

Composition by sector[edit]

As a newly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector;

however, services have come to dominate the economy.[citation needed] Much of the industrial sector is

based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-

tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.

Filipinos who go abroad to work–-known as Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWs—are a significant

contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic

economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting to

investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as the Fitch Group and Standard &

Poor's.[70] In 1994, more than $2 billion USD worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos were sent to

the Philippines.[71] In 2012, Filipino Americans sent 43% of all remittances sent to the Philippines,

totaling to $10.6 billion USD.[72]

Agriculture[edit]

a fruit stand in Makati City.

Further information: Agriculture in the Philippines

Rice field in Nueva Ecija

Agriculture employs 32% of the Filipino workforce as of 2013, according to World Bank

statistics.[73]Agriculture accounts for 12% of Philippines GDP as of 2013, according to the World

Bank.[74] The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial

ventures with significant export focus.

The Philippines is the world's largest producer ofcoconuts producing 19,500,000 tons in 2009.

Coconut production in the Philippines is generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.[75] By 1995,

the production of coconut in the Philippines had experienced a 6.5% annual growth and later

surpassed Indonesia in total output in the world.[76] The Philippines is also the world's largest

producer of pineapples, producing 2,198 thousand metric tons in 2009.[77]

Rice production in the Philippines is important to the food supply in the country and economy. The

country is the 8th largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice

production.[78] The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010.[79] Rice is the most

important food crop, a staple food in most of the country. It is produced extensively in Luzon,

the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao.

The Philippines is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world according to Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division.[80] At least 17 provinces located in 8

regions of the country have grown sugarcane crops, of which Negros island accounts for half of the

country’s total production. As of Crop Year 2012-2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 6

mills in Luzon, 13 mills in Negros, 4 mills in Panay, 3 mills in Eastern Visayas and 3 mills in

Mindanao.[81] A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares are devoted to sugarcane production. The

largest sugarcane areas are found in Negros which accounts for 51% of sugarcane areas planted.

This is followed by Mindanao which accounts for 20%; Luzon, 17%; Panay islands, 7% and Eastern

Visayas, 4%.[82]

Shipbuilding and repair[edit]

The Philippines is a major player in the global shipbuilding industry with shipyards

in Subic,Cebu, General Santos City and Batangas.[83][84] It became the fourth

largest shipbuildingnation in 2010.[85][86] Subic-made cargo vessels are now exported to countries

where shipping operators are based. South Korea's Hanjin started production in Subic in 2007 of the

20 ships ordered by German and Greek shipping operators.[87] The country’s shipyards are now

building ships like bulk carriers, container ships and big passenger ferries. General Santos' shipyard

is mainly for ship repair and maintenance.[88]

Being surrounded by waters, the country has abundant natural deep-sea ports ideal for development

as production, construction and repair sites. On top of the current operating shipyards, two additional

shipyards in Misamis Oriental and Cagayan province are being expanded to support future locators.

It has a vast manpower pool of 60,000 certified welders that comprise the bulk of workers in

shipbuilding.

In the ship repair sector, the Navotas complex in Metro Manila is expected to accommodate 96

vessels for repair.[89]

Automotive[edit]

The ABS used in Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo cars are made in the

Philippines. Ford,[90]Toyota,[91] Mitsubishi, Nissan and Honda are the most

prominent automakers manufacturing cars in the country.[citation needed] Kia and Suzuki produce small

cars in the country. Isuzu also produces SUVs in the country. Honda and Suzuki produce

motorcycles in the country. A 2003 Canadian market research report predicted that further

investments in this sector were expected to grow in the following years. Toyota sells the most

vehicles in the country.[92] By 2011, China's Chery Automobile company is going to build their

assembly plant in Laguna, that will serve and export cars to other countries in the region if monthly

sales would reach 1,000 units.[93] Automotive sales in the Philippines moved up from 165,056 units in

2011 to over 180,000 in 2012. Japan’s automotive manufacturing giant Mitsubishi Motors has

announced that it will be expanding its operations in the Philippines.[94]

Aerospace[edit]

Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing

parts for aircraft built by both Boeing and Airbus. Moog is the biggest aerospace manufacturer with

base in Baguio in the Cordillera region. The company produces aircraft actuators in their

manufacturing facility.

In 2011, the total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US $3 billion.[95]

Electronics[edit]

A Texas Instruments plant in Baguio has been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer

of DSP chips in the world.[96] Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used

in Nokia cell phones and 80% of chips used in Ericsson cell phones in the world.[97] Until

2005, Toshiba laptops were produced in Santa Rosa, Laguna. Presently the Philippine plant's focus

is in the production of hard disk drives. Printer manufacturer Lexmark has a factory in Mactan in the

Cebu region. Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna, Cavite, Batangas

and other CALABARZON provinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account

for most of the country's export.

Mining and extraction[edit]

Geothermal power station in Negros Oriental.

The country is rich in mineral and geothermal energy resources. In 2003, it produced 1931 MW of

electricity from geothermal sources (27% of total electricity production), second only to the United

States,[98] and a recent discovery of natural gas reserves in theMalampaya oil fields off the island

of Palawan is already being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants. Philippine gold,

nickel, copper and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important minerals

include silver, coal, gypsum, and sulphur. Significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and

phosphate exist.

About 60% of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed

substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of

production growing 58%. In 1999, however, mineral production declined 16% to $793 million.[citation

needed] Mineral exports have generally slowed since 1996. Led by copper cathodes, Philippine mineral

exports amounted to $650 million in 2000, barely up from 1999 levels. Low metal prices, high

production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have

contributed to the mining industry's overall decline.[citation needed]

The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of

an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.[citation needed] However,

the DENR has yet to approve the revised Department Administrative Order (DAO) that will provide

the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement

(FTAA), the specific part of the 1994 Mining Act that allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippines

mines.[citation needed]

Offshoring & outsourcing[edit]

Outsourcing offices in Makati City

A business process outsourcing office in Bacolod

Main articles: Business process outsourcing in the Philippines and Call center industry in the

Philippines

In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed Indiaas the world leader in business process

outsourcing.[99][100] The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the

Philippines.[citation needed] The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at $960

million for 2005. In 2012, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 people and is

contributing to a growing middle class. BPO facilities are located mainly in Metro Manila and Cebu

City although other regional areas such asBaguio, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Clark Freeport

Zone, Dagupan, Davao City,Legazpi, Dumaguete, Lipa, Iloilo City, andCamSur are now being

promoted and developed for BPO operations.

Call centers began in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services

and is now a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging

from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business

to customer support, and online business to business support. Business process outsourcing (BPO)

is regarded as one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The Philippines is also considered

as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and

labor costs, the high proficiency in spoken English of a significant number of its people, and a highly

educated labor pool. In 2011, the business process outsourcing industry in the Philippines generated

700 thousand jobs[101] and some US$11 billion in revenue,[102] 24 percent higher than 2010. By 2016,

the industry is projected to reach US$27.4 billion in revenue with employment generation to almost

double at 1.3 million workers.[103]

BPOs and the call center industry in general are also credited for the Philippines' recent economic

growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and

S&P.[70]

With the Philippines being the 39th largest economy in the world, the country continues to be a

promising prospect for the BPO Industry. Just in August 2014, the Philippines hit an all-time high for

employment in the BPO industry. From 101,000 workers in 2004, the labor force in the industry has

grown to over 930,000 in just the first quarter of 2014.[104]

Growth in the BPO industry continues to show significant improvements with an average annual

expansion rate of 20%. Figures have shown that from $1.3 Billion in 2004, export revenues from the

BPO sector has increased to over $13.1 Billion in 2013. The IT and Business Process Association of

the Philippines (IBPAP) also projects that the sector will have an expected total revenue of $25

Billion in 2016.[104]

This growth in the industry is further promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is

highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority

development areas. To further entice investors, government programs include different incentives

such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally,

training is also available for BPO applicants.[104]

Tourism[edit]

Main article: Tourism in the Philippines

Old Houses in Intramuros, Manila

Tourism is an important sector for the Philippine economy, contributing 7.8% to the Philippinegross

domestic product (GDP) in 2014.[105]

The tourism industry employed 3.8 millionFilipinos, or 10.2 per cent of national employment in 2011,

according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board. In a greater thrust by

the Aquino administration to pump billion[clarification needed] to employ 7.4 million people by 2016, or about

18.8 per cent of the total workforce, contributing 8 per cent to 9 per cent to the nation's GDP.[106]

In 2014, the tourism sector contributed 1.4 trillion pesos to the country's economy.[107]

Statistics[edit]

Further information: Income inequality in the Philippines and Poverty in the Philippines

Percentage of population in 2007 living below poverty line, by province. Provinces with darker shades have

more people living below the poverty line.

Economic growth[131][132][133]

Year % GDP % GNI

1999 3.1 2.7

2000 4.4 7.7

2001 2.9 3.6

2002 3.6 4.1

2003 5.0 8.5

2004 6.7 7.1

2005 4.8 7.0

2006 5.2 5.0

2007 7.1 6.2

2008 4.2 5.0

2009 1.1 6.1

2010 7.6 8.2

2011 3.7 2.6

2012[67] 6.8 6.5

2013[67] 7.2 7.5

2014[67] 6.1 5.8

2015[67] 5.8 5.4

2016

* Computed at Constant 2000 Prices

** Source: NEDA and NSCB

Filipino exports in 2006

Graphical depiction of Philippines' product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

Most of the following statistics are sourced from the International Monetary Fund – Philippines(as of

2012; figures are in US dollars unless otherwise indicated).

GDP – purchasing power parity:$751.770 billion (2015)

GDP – real growth rate:5.6% (Q2 2015)

GDP per capitapurchasing power parity: $6,985.680 (2014)

GDP nominal: $330.259 billion (2015)

GDP per capita: $2,913.344 (2014)[134]

GDP – composition by sector:

agriculture: 11.2%

industry: 31.6%

services: 57.2% (2013 est.)[9]

Population below poverty line: less than $1.25 / 10.41% (2009)

less than $2 / 25.2% (2012),[135] 26.3% (2009),[135] 32.9% (2006 est.)[9]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 31.2% (2006)[9]

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.1% (November 2015), 4.0% (November 2014), 5.3% (2011

est.),[9] 3.5% (September 2010)[136]

Labor force: 59.81 million (2011 est.)[9]

Labor force by occupation:

agriculture 32%

industry 15%

services 53% (2012 est.)[9]

Unemployment rate: 5.7% (December 2015), 6.0% (December 2014),[135][not in citation given][137][not in

citation given] 7.5% (April 2013),[137] 6.9% (April 2012),[137] 7.2% (April 2011)[138]

Budget:

revenues: $34.58 billion (2013),[139] $31.99 billion (2011 est.)[9]

expenditures: $44.29 billion (2013),[139] $36.71 billion (2011 est.)[9]

Foreign Reserves: US$85.761 billion (January 2013)[140]

Industries: electronics assembly, shipbuilding, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,

wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing

Industrial production growth rate: 12.1% (2010 est.)[9]

Electricity – production: 59.19 billion kWh (2009 est.)[9]

Electricity – consumption: 54.4 billion kWh (2009 est.)[9]

Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (2007)[9]

Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (2007)[9]

Agriculture –

products: sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples,mangoes; pork, egg

s, beef; fish[9]

Exports: $53.98 billion (2013)[141]$54.17 billion (2011 est.); $69.46 billion (2010 est.)[9][142]

Exports – commodities: semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment,

garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits[9]

Exports – partners: China 19%, United States 13.4%, Singapore 13.2%, Japan 12.8%,Hong

Kong 7.6%, Germany 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2010)[9]

Imports: $61.831 billion (2013),[141] $68.84 billion (2011 est.)[9]

Imports – commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment,

iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[9]

Imports – partners: Japan 14.1%, China 13.6%, United

States 9.9%, Singapore 9.3%,Thailand 6.5%, South Korea 5.6%, Indonesia 4.1% (2010)[9]

Debt – external: $62.41 billion (31 December 2011 est.)[9]

Currency: 1 Philippine peso (₱) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar – 44.39 (2014 average),[143] 42.43 (2012

average),[143] 43.44 (2011), 45.11 (2010), 47.68 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246

(2006),[9] 55.086 (2005[citation needed])

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Improvement of the country’s economic conditions continues to benefit retailing

The significant growth in the private sector, which includes many businesses operating under retailing,

continued to boost the country’s economy. In addition, remittances from overseas Filipino workers (OFW),

sustained growth of the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry, and the lower inflation rate resulted in

increased purchasing power that encouraged consumers to buy more often than usual. Due to this, retailers,

specifically major ones, decided to further expand their outlets in order to answer the needs of a wider

audience.

Grocery retailers continues to dominate the country’s retail landscape

While significant growth in terms of sales was evident in both grocery and non-grocery retailing, grocery

retailers continued to have a greater impact on the country’s retailing landscape, primarily because it offers

products which are essential to most consumers. The continued growth of the channel further pushed

retailers to develop their current product portfolios in order to answer the growing and evolving needs of

Filipino consumers regarding food, beauty and personal care, and home care.

Major retailers acquire a number of small and single-propriety businesses

The review period witnessed the acquisition of smaller and single-propriety businesses focusing on groceries,

electronics and appliances, and home and garden by major retailers such as SM Retail Inc, Robinsons Retail

Group and Puregold Price Club Inc. This particular move was carried out in order to minimise, if not

eliminate competition with smaller players, especially in areas where their presence is not yet felt. This is

also a way of securing their place in the very competitive retail landscape of the country.

Foreign brands continue to penetrate the local retail landscape

Because of the strong performance of the country’s economy, the Philippines has become one of the bright

spots within the Asia Pacific Region among foreign or global brands that are looking for new and dynamic

markets to tap into, which can help them grow and strengthen their brands. Most of these foreign brands,

mainly from modern grocery retailers and apparel and footwear specialists, chose to partner with local

distributors in order to take advantage of the latter’s knowledge of the local retail scene and business

networks.

Great opportunity for retailing to prosper in the coming years is predicted

Retailing in the Philippines is expected to significantly grow alongside the continued improvement in the

economy over the forecast period. The increasing disposable income of Filipinos will encourage further

purchases of products within grocery and non-grocery categories. The constant exposure to various media

sources and overseas travel are also expected to further increase sophistication of Filipinos, which will

hasten the growth of local and foreign retail brands already present.

Sample case study

Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture

by Laleh Yaghoubi

The following is a case study of a male client, Mubilajeh, suffering from a sexual disorder

(impotence). Erectile disorder, the inability to have an erection or maintain one, is currently the most

common sexual disorder among men (Hyde 468). One result of erectile disorder is that the man cannot

engage in sexual intercourse. For many men, including this individual, psychological reactions to erectile

disorder may be severe: embarrassment, depression, and anxiety. The client was diagnosed and given

an assessment with the goal of determining the factors. Through a process of discovery, the client's

history finally revealed that the impotence was actually a result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

caused by a past experience. People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic event and sometimes

are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138). However, through psychoanalytic therapy, this

client illustrates a successful recovery.

Patient

This section presents a brief patient assessment, including a case history of the client considered in

the study. Mubilajeh, thin proportioned and nearly seven feet tall, is a thirty-year-old African male

originally from Nigeria. He is a peaceful and proud African man. He has been married to his wife, Zhane,

for nine years, and they hope to have children very soon.

At the age of fourteen, Mubilajeh's father passed away, which left his mother alone to raise six

children. Mubilajeh was the oldest of the six children. After his father's death, Mubilajeh felt obligated as

"man of the house" to financially support his family. These difficult times forced him to quit school, and he

found a full-time job at a neighborhood library. Mubilajeh had always been an excellent student in school;

he especially missed writing his creative stories. Mubilajeh found his job extremely boring; therefore, he

kept himself occupied reading anything he found interesting in the library to pass time. Mubilajeh

returned back to school when his brothers were old enough to work and help financially support the rest

of the family. This allowed all three of them to work and attend school. Mubilajeh eagerly continued and

completed his education at a local university.

In Nigeria, Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an engineer. He later published

a very controversial story that stirred considerable political debate. The Nigerian government felt the

story could provide a cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and his wife

escaped to the United States. They moved to Philadelphia approximately four years ago and live in a

one-bedroom apartment a mile from Mubilajeh's place of employment. Mubilajeh is a hard-working janitor

in the emergency services department at St. John's hospital.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

This section presents a description of the Mubilajeh's problems and their diagnosis. His complaints

presented a list of symptoms associated with a particular kind of sexual disorder, erectile dysfunction

(impotence). This has been a very embarrassing and stressful problem for him and has put a strain on

his relationship with his wife, Zhane. Zhane has been sympathetic but she is very worried about him.

Mubilajeh was feeling sharp pains in his lower back and proceeded to see a doctor at his place of

work. During his medical office examination, the attending physician, Dr. Dahl, noticed twenty enormous

burn scars all over Mubilajeh's back. Though healed through time, the scars still felt rough like the bark of

a tree. Dr. Dahl asked Mubilajeh, "How did you get those?" However, Mubilajeh didn't want to talk about

it. 'We don't have to talk about it, but I am rather concerned about that possible hernia," replied Dr.

Dahl. After x-rays and further tests Dr. Dahl revisited with Mubilajeh and determined that surgery was

urgently necessary.

After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr. Dahl reported the successful results to Zhane. Dr. Dahl, concerned

about further possible problems with Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got the severe scars

on his back. Zhane explained that due to the controversial story that Mubilajeh published, a group of

soldiers came to their house and captured him. That same night, the soldiers returned and raped

Zhane. After several weeks the soldiers released Mubilajeh. Barely alive, he finally returned home. He

had broken bones, severe burns, and bruises. Zhane explained that she never told Mubilajeh of her rape

by the soldiers. Also, Zhane volunteered to share that she and Mubilajeh had been experiencing intimacy

problems. During his routine patient check-up, Dr. Dahl consulted with Mubilajeh about the information

Zhane had shared with him. Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing impotency.

During a standard room check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in

the comer of an examination room. The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and

shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on

the floor in front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested. When Zhane finally became

conscious from her coma, she explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she

repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her. "He felt

responsible for what happened to me. I felt ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane.

Mubilajeh was temporarily released.

Due to illegal entry into the United States , the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's

whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country. However,

Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident. It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering

from a posttraumatic stress disorder.

Plan

This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem. Also,

this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was applied. This plan took into

consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment.

COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy Chosen ]

From a psychological point of view, most clinicians agree that victims of PTSD should face the

original trauma in order to develop effective coping procedures and thus overcome the debilitating effects

of the disorder. In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering is

called catharsis (Barlow 144). The trick, of course, is in arranging the re-exposure so that it will be

therapeutic rather than traumatic once again. A traumatic event is difficult to recreate, and very few

therapists want to try. Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the content of the trauma and the emotions

involved with it are worked through systematically, may be used.

Another complication is that trauma victims often repress their memories of the event. This happens

automatically and unconsciously. On occasion, with treatment, the memories flood back and the patient

very dramatically relives the episode. Although this may be very frightening to both patient and therapist,

it is therapeutic if handled appropriately.

APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]

Given Mubilajeh's resistance to seek professional help, Dr. Dahl attempted to find another strategy

for treatment. Mubilajeh was still reluctant to seek psychological therapy, but he was beginning to feel

more comfortable discussing his problems with Dr. Dahl. As a result, Dr. Dahl spontaneously decided to

share a personal experience with Mubilajeh in which he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a

traumatic incident.

He explained the gruesome details of a viscous attack. "Afterwards, all I could think of was 'why

didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl. "You can't . . .you can't do anything. You're helpless," replied

Mubilajeh. All of a sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him. He recalled his eyes tightly

blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the excruciating pain of being hung by his hands, and the

metal irons burning into his skin. He hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet lips again

or smell the scent of her perfume.

Results/Outcome

This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the study. After hearing all of the

details, the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States . Due to the

psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be

valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic

experience.

Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided

successful results. Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic

experience. The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder.

Conclusion

The author hopes that the case study presented here has communicated some of the issues and

concerns associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The author also hopes to show the damaging

effects that patients may suffer as a result of this disorder. Such individuals are often doubly

handicapped. Our hypothesis that Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a result of PTSD caused by a

past experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was not only suffering from severe psychological problems

caused by PTSD, but psychological problems from his sexual disorder as well. With a helpful, caring

doctor and a therapeutic treatment program he was able successfully recover.

References

Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety Disorders (pp. 138-144). New York:

State University of New York.

Hyde, J., & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality: Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1).

Madison: University of Wisconsin.

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GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

A case study analysis requires you to investigate a business problem, examine the alternative solutions, and propose

the most effective solution using supporting evidence. To see an annotated sample of a Case Study Analysis,

click here.

Preparing the Case

Before you begin writing, follow these guidelines to help you prepare and understand the case study:

1. Read and examine the case thoroughly

Take notes, highlight relevant facts, underline key problems.

2. Focus your analysis

Identify two to five key problems

Why do they exist?

How do they impact the organization?

Who is responsible for them?

3. Uncover possible solutions

Review course readings, discussions, outside research, your experience.

4. Select the best solution

Consider strong supporting evidence, pros, and cons: is this solution realistic?

Drafting the Case

Once you have gathered the necessary information, a draft of your analysis should include these sections:

1. Introduction

Identify the key problems and issues in the case study.

Formulate and include a thesis statement, summarizing the outcome of your analysis in 1–2

sentences.

2. Background

Set the scene: background information, relevant facts, and the most important issues.

Demonstrate that you have researched the problems in this case study.

3. Alternatives

Outline possible alternatives (not necessarily all of them)

Explain why alternatives were rejected

Constraints/reasons

Why are alternatives not possible at this time?

4. Proposed Solution

Provide one specific and realistic solution

Explain why this solution was chosen

Support this solution with solid evidence

Concepts from class (text readings, discussions, lectures)

Outside research

Personal experience (anecdotes)

5. Recommendations

Determine and discuss specific strategies for accomplishing the proposed solution.

If applicable, recommend further action to resolve some of the issues

What should be done and who should do it?

Finalizing the Case

After you have composed the first draft of your case study analysis, read through it to check for any gaps or

inconsistencies in content or structure: Is your thesis statement clear and direct? Have you provided solid evidence?

Is any component from the analysis missing?

When you make the necessary revisions, proofread and edit your analysis before submitting the final draft. (Refer

to Proofreading and Editing Strategies to guide you at this stage).