GMO Labeling - Oregon State University
Transcript of GMO Labeling - Oregon State University
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GMO Labeling Science, Safety, and Ethics
Steve Strauss
Oregon State University
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Roadmap for talk
• Some broad perspectives
• Measure 92 – why I am strongly against it
• Measure 92-related science – Context: Crop domestication and breeding
– What genetic modification is
– Use and impacts
– Newer products in the pipeline
– Safety
• Back to labeling, with a broader take
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Billions are malnourished now, and it’s a very scary future
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Climate change & travel creating urgent pest problems
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http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/47/download/isaaa-brief-47-2014.pdf
Pesticide poisoning common in developing world – eggplant, cotton
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- Esophageal cancer
- Neural tube defects, spina bifida
- 155,000-172,000 cases per year from alflatoxin (F. Wu, Michigan State U.)
Child with liver cancer in Mozambique due to consumption of mycotoxins
photo courtesy of Rick Roush
Natural toxins in food pose serious problems for the poor
- Bt GMO corn above
- Fungal contaminated, mycotoxin-producing corn below
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Billions suffer from micronutrient deficiency Widespread, impacts severe, and decades of supplements unable to overcome
Vitamin A deficiency affects one-third of children under the age of five around the world
Image sources: Petaholmes based on WHO data;
Young women suffering blindness due to Vit A deficiency
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GMOs are powerful tools, not silver bullets – BIG problems, prudent management
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/699.full.pdf
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Roadmap for talk
• Some broad perspectives
• Measure 92 – why I am strongly against it
• Measure 92-related science – Context: Crop domestication and breeding
– What genetic modification is
– Use and impacts
– Newer products in the pipeline
– Safety
• Back to labeling, with a broader take
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Why I am against measure 92 Its about method, not content of food • It stigmatizes one method of genetic
modification among many – when there is clear scientific consensus that its “product not process” that matters
– USA National Academy of Sciences: “There is no evidence that unique hazards exist either in the use of rDNA techniques or in the movement of genes between unrelated organisms.”
• Clearly safer products, such as more healthy corn and potato, will be “warning labeled”
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Why I am against measure 92 It is of no value for making health decisions • It does not account for different types or
amounts or activities of GMO materials in food
• It may require a label with trace GMOs present = zero tolerance – according to some legal opinions (misbranding, section 4)
• It requires labels on GMO gene & protein-free materials – like oils and sugars
• Much of the food we eat is exempted from any sort of labeling (e.g., restaurants, cafeterias)
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Smart labels might make sense, especially as breeding and biotech advance
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Why I am against measure 92 We have reliable, standardized, national GMO-free choices
• Organic food is now common and cannot be made with GMO ingredients
• The GMO-free label is rapidly growing, and is more rigorous for those with concerns (e.g., meats from GMO-fed animals are excluded)
• The costs are not imposed on others, they are borne by those with strong concerns
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Why I am against measure 92 The cost of food will be increased, disproportionately hurting the poor • Recent studies from Cornell University and the
Washington Academy of Sciences suggest it may be hundreds-$$ per family – Oregon administrative cost alone in millions/yr
• Main costs are segregation, tracking, and compliance inspection, not printing
• The stigma of the prominent label is likely to prompt many producers to use higher priced, non-GMO ingredients – raising food prices – Ben and Jerry’s now trying – 5-20% (Wall St. Journal) – Reduced choice? Companies likely to discontinue many
products just for Oregon
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Why I am against measure 92 Investments in consumer education by labeling should start with issues of highest consumer and health concern
High Risk
Diet: sufficiency, adequacy, over-nutrition
Food borne Illness
Untested: organic food, dietary supplements
Natural toxicants
Food allergy
Chance additives
Pesticide and herbicide residues
Food ingredients and additives
GMO foods
Low Risk Source: Dr. Bruce Chassy, Prof. Emeritus, U. Illinois
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E. Coli in German organic sprouts Fall 2011
Microbial food contamination a major problem – often from organic crops
• The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC; Atlanta) reports that in 2012, there were 128,000 cases of food-borne illnesses leading to hospitalizations, with 3,000 deaths (http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/index.html)
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http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Full%20Report_IFIC%202014%20Food%20Tech%20Survey.pdf
Public survey: Contamination, handling main food safety concerns
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Why I am against measure 92 The stigma and cost will impede future biotechnology innovations, against American’s interests
• Regardless of benefits, it will be risky for companies to produce products with a marketplace stigma and added cost
• Investment in R & D will decline
• New crops in the commercial pipeline with clear benefits may be abandoned, and new innovations left on the shelf
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http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Full%20Report_IFIC%202014%20Food%20Tech%20Survey.pdf
Poll: A majority of Americans wish to purchase products of biotechnology
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Roadmap for talk
• Some broad perspectives
• Measure 92 – why I am strongly against it
• Measure 92-related science – Context: Crop domestication and breeding
– What genetic modification is
– Use and impacts
– Newer products in the pipeline
– Safety
• Back to labeling, with a broader take
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Maize Rice
Tomato
Crop domestication the basis of
agriculture, enabled civilization
Lettuce
Broccoli
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Radical changes in domesticated animals: All dogs derived from the wolf by breeding
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Breeding continues and is accelerating in age of massive DNA sequencing
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Natural genetic processes radical, have continued to surprise
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Genetic engineering defined
Traditional plant breeding
x
Variety A
Variety B
Genetic engineering
x
Asexual modification or insertion from
any gene source
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The GMO acronyms
• GE (genetic engineering) = GM (genetic modification) = transgenic = asexual modification and/or insertion of DNA
GMO = genetically modified organism
GEO = genetically engineered organism
The terms “biotechnology” or “modern biotechnology” often used interchangeably with GE or GM
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Regeneration of GE
plants
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Growth in the field Propagation of poplars in tissue culture
Then propagated normally (seeds, cuttings) and tested for health and new qualities, incorporated into breeding programs
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GMO crops widespread, rapidly adopted Grown on >10% arable land on planet, extensive uptake in developing world
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/46/pptslides/Brief46slides.pdf
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Four crops dominate, 8 crops grown in USA
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/46/pptslides/Brief46slides.pdf
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Major reports on GMO crops show very large positive impacts on economics, sustainability, in USA and worldwide
Main beneficial impacts are economic value, reduced pesticide use or ecological impact, and reduced tillage with its many environmental benefits
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Benefits provided by biotech crops, on a global scale: 1996-2012 • Increased crop production valued at US$116.9
billion
• Conserved biodiversity (indirectly) by saving 123 million hectares of land from 1996-2012
• Helped alleviate poverty for >16.5 million small farmers and their families totaling >65 million people, who are some of the poorest in the world
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/46/topfacts/default.asp
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There are legitimate concerns that GMOs with pest management traits have not been managed well
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The method has diverse applications Many other crops and traits starting to be used, or in the pipeline for near term use
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Virus-resistant papaya saved the Hawaiian industry in the mid-1990s / ~80% of papaya today
Courtesy of Denis Gonsalves, formerly of Cornell University
•Nobel prize winning “immunization” in plants – stimulates natural defenses
•Great humanitarian potential in developing world GMO, virus-resistant
trees
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Drought-tolerant maize – Planted on ~150,000 acres – Also tested in Africa Important tool given climate change, water shortages?
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Many more stress tolerance innovations in the pipeline
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Purple GM tomatoes with increased antioxidants and rot resistance
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Healthier soy oil: High oleic acid
“It almost mirrors olive oil in terms of the composition of fatty acids.”
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Healthier soy oil: Omega-3 enhanced
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/fishy-fat-soy-headed-us-dinner-tables
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“Innate” Potato – reduced browning and acrylamide by gene suppression (↓waste, ↑safety)
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2nd gen “Innate” potato – late blight resistant, less sprouting & over-ripening (↓pesticide, ↓waste, ↑yield)
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Helping forests: American Chestnut restoration by genetic modification
March 2014 issue - Scientific American
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Biofortified plants are improving nutrition for many, and can do much more with aid of biotechnology
The non-profit organization HarvestPlus focuses on the development of biofortified crops for the developing world, including a provitamin A enriched sweet potato that is currently being grown by half a million families. Other biofortification projects are underway to increase levels of protein, iron, zinc, antioxidants, and other beneficial components in food.
Sources: HarvestPlus; CIMMYT
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Breeding and GMO methods can enhance plant nutritional quality
Vitamin A
Photo credit: Golden rice humanitarian board
β-carotene
The β-carotene enriched foods
shown here have been produced using GM and
non-GM approaches
β-carotene makes the rice look
golden
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Vitamin A enrichment for the poor in Africa - Sorghum
http://www.commodityonline.com/news/dupont-reports-breakthrough-in-introducing-beta-carotene-in-sorghum-58036-3-58037.html
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Vitamin A enrichment for the poor in Africa – “Super banana”
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Roadmap for talk
• Some broad perspectives
• Measure 92 – why I am strongly against it
• Measure 92-related science – Context: Crop domestication and breeding
– What genetic modification is
– Use and impacts
– Newer products in the pipeline
– Safety
• Back to labeling, with a broader take
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• Of 129 GE crops commercialized in the US and 129 have had FDA consultation
– EPA and/or USDA also do evaluations for most types of crops
• Foreign regulatory bodies repeat and verify most safety assessments
• Health Canada, FSANZ, EFSA, Korea FDA, EFSA, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, Japan Food Safety Commission
By far the most carefully studied crops for safety – no question
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Components of pre-market safety assessment • Characterization of inserted DNA and insertion
sites
• Characterization and toxicology of newly introduced proteins
• Optional whole food animal studies
• Detailed composition analysis
• Search for unintended adverse effects such as introduction of toxins, anti-nutrients, introduction of an allergen or changes in allergenicity
• Analysis of mode of action in relation to non-target organism physiology and environmental fate
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Hundreds of scientific studies of GM crop food and environmental safety
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Overwhelming conclusion of food/feed safety
“The experimental data collected so far on authorized GE crops can be summarized as follows: (a) there is no scientific evidence of toxic or allergenic effects…..”
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http://www.biofortified.org/genera/studies-for-genera/independent-funding/ 126 independent studies as of July 2014 600 total
Numerous studies independently conducted
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http://www.axismundionline.com/blog/the-new-is-gm-food-safe-meme/
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European safety science has concluded the same
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Very weak science in a number of highly publicized GMO toxicity studies
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• Health Canada • Canadian Food Inspection Agency • European Food Safety Authority • Food Standards Australia New Zealand • German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment • German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food safety • France- ANSES (Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety) • France- HCB (High Counsel for Biotechnology)- • Six Academies of Science (France) • Denmark- DTU National Food Institute • Netherlands-Bureau for Risk Assessment (Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority) • Brazil- CTNBio (Brazilian National Technical Commission on Biosafety)- • Belgium- BAC (Biotechnology Advisory Council) • Romania (Food Safety Authority) • Belgium- VIB (Life Sciences Institute) • French Society of Toxicological Pathologists (SFPT) • European Federation of Biotechnology • AFBV (French Association for Biotechnology Vegetables) • ABNE (African Biosafety Network of Expertise) • ACB (African Center for Biosafety) • European Society of Toxicological Pathology
Partial list of world food safety authorities critical of Seralini et al. 2012
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Handful of other animal studies showing adverse effects critiqued here
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Prof Parrott / GMO crop information and misinformation web page
http://parrottlab.uga.edu/parrottlab/forum2.htm
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“Big data” analysis of farm animal health before and after introduction of GE crops
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Absence of evidence for reduced animal health after zillions of meals
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This science has not stopped ideolog/y driven frenzy over health impacts
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Pervasive online filters of information entrench
https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles
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See also his TED talks
We are programmed to adopt polarized, simplified, emotionalized, and tribalized views
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Money: Advocacy targeting food & agriculture is large and growing
• Agbiotech Info Net • Agribusiness Examiner • ACGA • American Pasturage • APHA • Animal Protection Institute • Beyond Pesticides • NCRLC • Center for Food Safety • Center for Informed Food Choices • Center for Media & Democracy • CSPI • Chef’s Collaborative • Children’s Health Env Coalition • Common Dreams • Consumer Federation of America • Consumers Union • Crop Choice • David Suzuki Foundation • Dawn Watch • Deep Ecology • Eco-Trust • Economic Democracy • Earth Spirit • Earth First • Environmental Defense • Environmental Media Services • FAIR • Family Farm Defenders
• Farm Animal Reform Movement • Farm Aid • Farm Sanctuary • Friends of the Earth • GRACE • Government Accountability Project • Green Guide Institute • Green Party USA • Greenpeace • Humane Farm Association • Humane Society US • IATP • Institute for Public Accuracy • Land Institute • Local Harvest • NFFC • Nishoren • No Spray coalition • NWARN • Organic Consumers Association • PANNA • PETA • PCRM • PIRG • Public Citizen • Purdey Fund • Sierra Club • SEAC • Water Keeper Alliance
More than 500 activist organizations in North America are spending in excess of $2 billion annually engaging in food-related campaigns targeting biotech and many other elements
Jay Byrne, 2012, V-fluence
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Roadmap for talk
• Some broad perspectives
• Measure 92 – why I am strongly against it
• Measure 92-related science – Context: Crop domestication and breeding
– What genetic modification is
– Use and impacts
– Newer products in the pipeline
– Safety
• Back to labeling, with a broader take
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Once examined seriously, labeling does not look so appealing – serious issues include science, cost, choice, and overall ethics
“Legally mandating such a label can only serve to mislead and falsely alarm consumers”
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Vermont labeling law passed – but in legal limbo amidst lawsuits
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Effort underway to standardize and prohibit Balkanization of GE regulations throughout USA
• American Bakers Association
• American Beverage Association
• American Farm Bureau Federation
• American Feed Industry Association
• American Frozen Food Institute
• American Seed Trade Association
• American Soybean Association
• American Sugarbeet Growers…….
AND 20 MORE
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Major newspapers are against measure 92-like labeling proposals
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The Oregonian is against measure 92
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Even the NY Times is against meausre 92-like labeling!
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Even our very green Corvallis Gazette-Times is against measure 92!
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In summary • Its not about right to know, its about whether the
label truly informs or misleads consumers about what matters to health and environment
• Its about setting up a costly government system to do this when the private sector has already done it quite well
• Its about creating a warning label that goes against the clear and overwhelming scientific consensus about safety of the method
• Its about the ethics of promoting a system that increases food costs for all, and further impedes economically beneficial and life-saving innovations – in Oregon and abroad