GMAT u +§ q W O ] ü Vocabulary

GMAT uȅ ī§ű WŏƖ] Ǽğ Vocabulary

GMATŴ Reading ī§ű Wŵ5 Ūȅ ǼšȀ eł] GRE ğƘŴ DȅȀ eł� Ĵb`c. GMATŰ ģţÎđt ǢóȀ �ŵ ż] eł� l ƛšǾ5 �ØŻ`c. �Ȁ, wĈ, ûĈ, ȐŢĈŴ 8Ű [Ļĥ» ŵȅǾ] �ŵ ǼğƆŻ`c. ļů¬ ĕÐȁ eł�Ű special meaningű �� ż] eł�" passageŴ ØÈű ƋȕȤ ǨĵȀ]r ǼğƆŷ eł�, .¾� ƛšȀ idiom�Ż`c. Ëƅ Official GuideŌ õÎ cŲ" �ŵ CŚ`c.

Although the questions do not test your vocabulary (they will not ask you to define terms), they do test your ability to interpret special meanings of terms as they are used in the reading passages. The questions will also test your understanding of the English language.

Ɲ, ł¦ť ełõc] ŏ �Ɵ ŴÛ¬ ıŏƟ] eł» ƟØ, Øƌ, hƟŌđ Űő ƛŌ Ùłù`c. ŵ Ȁ eł�Ŵ special meaning ű Ò¹Î ØÈǨĵŵ Ķx�C Ƌhű �¹5 ȥ�� {`c. ŵ Ȁ eł�Ŵ Ŗ» ĕÐ�¾ÎcŲ" �Ħ`c. ( ) ûýŰ ȅj eł� ıŏơ ƼƲŻ`c.

address v. deal with (Official Guide 13th edition P. 395) Ũ�Ŵ �ŷ őĕǾc� Ĵ`� ‘c²c’ deal with, handle withŴ �ů¬ ıź. Lebsock has addressed the controversy by using women's current status as a frame of reference. LebsockŰ ƖƂŴ 0�¬đ Ȏƃ ŏėŵ ƪƟǾ� ż] ƟŪ» ȗŢȂů¬Į . TƄű c²ŋc.

assume v. position (Official Guide 13th edition P. 374) ƹƋǾc� Ĵa ‘ŽĘ» ƿǾc’Ŵ �ů¬ ıź Arboreal snakes dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture. Arboreal snakesŰ C×Ō Ċ�żłđ ŽƖ ğƠƆ ŽĘ» ƿǾ� Ȁc.

appropriate v. misuse (Official Guide, Verbal Review 2nd edition P. 52) wĈ¬ ıŵÎ ‘ŗŢǾc’, ‘tŢǾc’ misuse Ŵ �ů¬ ıź The arguments are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege.

. Ȁ ƖƂŰ ƋǂƆŷ ƋƆ�Ō Ŵȅ ş�y ÓƆů¬ ĈŢǾ�xł Fė ţũƖŴ» śȑǾ]r ıŏƟ5t Ȁc.

myth n. misunderstanding, fallacy (Official Guide 13th edition P. 394)

ĪȔŴ �ŵ Ĵ`� ŗȅ, ƀÖy ČĩŴ �ů¬ ıź.

Buel's biography provides ample raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by some historians, of a colonial golden in the eighteenth century.

Buelŵ ƅĢȀ Ƈ5] Ÿû ǿŽ�Ō Ŵȅ Ã�łơ 18Ę5 colonial golden ĨkŌ kȀ .½y ČĩŌ kȅ ŴØű Ƕ� Ã�ÃȀ ƾýȀ ƞ��ű ƌ!Ǿ� żc.

trade n. job (Official Guide 13th edtion P. 416) ×Őŵ Ĵ`� Ơň (Ɩ¬ Óğ, &|dŵ �Ű eġȀ Ơň) ŵ� �ů¬ ıź.

About thirty-five percent of the urban black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Fû ƟŐŌ ż] ŀ 35ǪęǡŴ tĨ Ƞŷ SwŽ�Ű Ġ¨y ƠňŌ ƒĈǾ� żŋc.

Ž ŵƌûǘ GMAT ĨȋŌ ŽƖ Cŗ] special meaningű g� eł�" ƟØŴ ŵȅ» WŏƖ] Ȇĭeł, .¾� idiom�ű Ċǭø9š? ŏ5đ ĕÐy ŖØ�Ű Official Guide] Ù® Verbal Review, GMAT 5Ƽ Øƌ � Ò| īƇƟØ�Ŵ ØƂ�Ż`c. ełŜ ŖØ�ű ƀ ŵȅǾ�, īƇŌ ÄŰ tŦŵ x6 à�`c. By VERITAS, Reading Comprehension Ŭ Ƙ

APPENDIX VOCABULARY FOR GMAT READING

VERITAS http://cafe.naver.com/veritasga 1

http://cafe.naver.com/veritasga


eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

ready adj easy

ŢŵȀ, ĝģť

Ready availability of uncultivated land tends to decrease local farmers’ incentive to adopt new agricultural technologies.

ĴƠ �žxƟ ķŰ Ŭȟ ǜƟ� ǷûǾc] ƉŰ, Vû�ŵ č¬ť Vň5Ģű ƆŢĨǐ Ǽšėű Ɔ� Ã�] �ȉŵ żc.

eschew verb ǻǾc

(ȎÐȂŴ �"¬)

One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether

5ƑŴ Ȉõ» ŝƇȤ ǔǻȀ ŏȈĈ� żc.

One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether

5ƑŴ Ȉõ» ŝƇȤ ǔǻȀ ŏȈĈ� żc.

forge verb &ƺǾc The company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find.

. șĈ] ȅŠ ǨǡL�"Ŵ ƌȟ#�» &ƺȂů¬Į 1¬ìȔŌ ğãx] ØƌƉű ȅ�ȁ ğ żŋc.

The company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find.

. șĈ] ȅŠ ǨǡL�"Ŵ ƌȟ#�» &ƺȂů¬Į 1¬ìȔŌ ğãx] ØƌƉű ȅ�ȁ ğ żŋc.

credit A with B idiom B] A �Øŵc.

Scientists generally credit violent collision between tectonic plates with sculpting the planet’s surface.

"ǿŽ�Ű ŸãƆů¬ k·ǩ��Ŵ �Ȁ ƾv¬ ŷȅ ƟǳÎŴ òȐŵ Ã�ł ơ �ŵ�� õ�żc.

buoyant adj 1. ÙŌ �] The relative low density at the hottest rock makes the mantle buoyant, so it slowly ascends.

�Ƃ WŰ Řt» �ơ Éǣ ĹĒŵ ČkƆů¬ HŰ Þt» ��xÎ Éǣŵ û§ű �� Ã�ł Ɖƪ ŪƧů¬ ř�� Ã�c.

2. (�ƌ) ȗȘŴ a buoyant economy/market ȗȘ�ƌ/ȗȘĘ

dispel verb ƺƼĨǎcƒĩĨǎc

Dispelling researchers’ initial doubts, computer models has confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly with the mantle.

ő&ơ�ŵ ƶ5 Ƕŋm Ŵ&ĭű þĩĨǎÍ, ŵ ǈǸǘ ÒsŰ ŵ Ȁ &Ə� Éǣ IŌđ û§ű �5 ƾýǾc] �ű Żƞȅ� żc.

bias noun ėȉ tendency

In considering possible explanations, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples.

�_Ȁ ȅhű Ư]r żł, ǿŽ�Ű ȔĒ ĎǺŌđ őªŵ WŰ ƴŴ ğ� ÄƟ ķĺ5 �ØŌ ŷ&ǝ�ǿƆŷ ǀÎŰ èƌȇc

[õƾĕÐ] biasǾÎ õǝ 'Ǯ�'ů¬ ĸ�żƟÃ, special meaningů¬Į ' ~ ėȉ, ~ǀÎ' Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

curb verb ǝƌǾc a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession.

þî t(ű ŃƌǾ� wĨŌ ��ǿŌ ŵŶű �ƍc Ɩ] çî

[õƾĕÐ] curb] Ũ� ÅŴ ŻŌ Ù¾] 'ƃ�'ŵ� �Ż`c. ��đ ƃ�ű ĈŢȅ Åű ǝƌǾ] 5_Ōđ controlŵ� wĈ¬t ıŻ`c. �Ű �ů¬ rein (�ć) t wĈ¬Į �Ű ŴÛ» �Ħ`c.

a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession.

þî t(ű ŃƌǾ� wĨŌ ��ǿŌ ŵŶű �ƍc Ɩ] çî

[õƾĕÐ] curb] Ũ� ÅŴ ŻŌ Ù¾] 'ƃ�'ŵ� �Ż`c. ��đ ƃ�ű ĈŢȅ Åű ǝƌǾ] 5_Ōđ controlŵ� wĈ¬t ıŻ`c. �Ű �ů¬ rein (�ć) t wĈ¬Į �Ű ŴÛ» �Ħ`c.

on a par idiom w�Ȁ If a company is already effectively on a par with its competitors, then investment in higher service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situations.

cº �ƄșĈ�" Ă%ȅ w�Ȁ ğƘů¬ țŭƆŷ ťŕű Ǿ� żcÎ, l WŰ đĂĥ» ŪȀ ǞŽ] ěÒƆŵ z ğ żc. şKÎ ��Ō� đĂĥ� ǩeŴ 5Ƙŵ x] �] �ţ] đĂĥ ğƘŵ ƟCǂ� HŰ �ţŌÃ ȅjx5 �Øŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] par ] Ũ� '5Ƙ', 'w�', 'ĽÎ�' Ŵ �Ż`c. �ǹ ŢłŌđt par 4, par 5 �] Åű ıƟš. ŏ5đ] on a par �] idiomů¬ ıŔĦ`c.

If a company is already effectively on a par with its competitors, then investment in higher service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situations.

cº �ƄșĈ�" Ă%ȅ w�Ȁ ğƘů¬ țŭƆŷ ťŕű Ǿ� żcÎ, l WŰ đĂĥ» ŪȀ ǞŽ] ěÒƆŵ z ğ żc. şKÎ ��Ō� đĂĥ� ǩeŴ 5Ƙŵ x] �] �ţ] đĂĥ ğƘŵ ƟCǂ� HŰ �ţŌÃ ȅjx5 �Øŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] par ] Ũ� '5Ƙ', 'w�', 'ĽÎ�' Ŵ �Ż`c. �ǹ ŢłŌđt par 4, par 5 �] Åű ıƟš. ŏ5đ] on a par �] idiomů¬ ıŔĦ`c.

order noun ƴƌ, ĨĥǛ

The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they assumed to have been the purview of women.

Mill owners] ŏėŴ Ÿŵ�� ŏ�m ƣĶŸ" ő#ĨǊ Ã� ơûȀ �Ƌ #Rű č¬ť ĉň ƴƌŌt tŻȇc.

wage verb ƟƟǾc (ƇƄ) ìŵc support

Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by famers and small producers against large capitalists in the 19th century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism.

ơõƆ ǿŽ�Ű VÜ�" ěČ!ŷ�ŵ �k Ž÷ƖŴŽ�Ō ÆĮ ìŷ ǞƄŌ kȅ wƏǾ� żc, . C ŽŬçź (laissez-faire) ĨƂƖŴ� $íŪǾ� ğŢy ƉŌ kȅđ] ŴØű ƌ5ǾƟ] ķĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] wage, (ź3ŵ� �Ŵ ÐĈ� Ĵ`�) wĈ¬ ıŵÎ ƇǞ,ƇƄű ìŵc�] �ŵ żĦ`c.

overriding adj ƸţĔĨx]most important

The overriding goal of the business of innovation was simply to generate funding for new inventions.

ȍĪƆŷ ĈňŴ ƸţĔĨ x] ÓƆŰ č¬ť åÐű Ǿ5ŪȀ ǫ�ű ä] �ŵŋc.

The overriding goal of the business of innovation was simply to generate funding for new inventions.

ȍĪƆŷ ĈňŴ ƸţĔĨ x] ÓƆŰ č¬ť åÐű Ǿ5ŪȀ ǫ�ű ä] �ŵŋc.

formality noun ƈƪ

The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

Lone Wolf ǩ�Ű ȐĩƆŷ ȏČŴ Ĩk» ƒĩĨǋ�, Ɖƪ ŴÛŉłơ ûƐŴ wŴ» Ņ] ƈƪ» ÁǄI ǰƟȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] do away with AIc, ǰƟǾc (rescind, abolish) �Ŵ idiomŵÍ, empty] ŏ5đ ×ŴÛȀ, !ȊȀŴ �ů¬ ĈŢxŋĦ`c.formality] ŏ5đ procedure�] �.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

per se adv . Žƴ¬Į The evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes "good enough," higher productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.

Productivity� "good enough" ğƘ ŵČŵ�Î l WŰ ğƘŴ productivity] . Žƴ¬Į ǯ��"» WŏƖƟ] ķ]c�] Ĉīŵ ÐéȅƎc.

[õƾĕÐ] per se] �ǥłŻ`cÃ, GMATŌđ ŽƖ õ� x] ûĈŻ`c. /per sei/ �� ŹĦ`c.

by itself in itself

The evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes "good enough," higher productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.

Productivity� "good enough" ğƘ ŵČŵ�Î l WŰ ğƘŴ productivity] . Žƴ¬Į ǯ��"» WŏƖƟ] ķ]c�] Ĉīŵ ÐéȅƎc.

[õƾĕÐ] per se] �ǥłŻ`cÃ, GMATŌđ ŽƖ õ� x] ûĈŻ`c. /per sei/ �� ŹĦ`c.

from without idiom ŠûŌđ Ethnologists believe that the personal stories, even a single individual, could increase their understanding of Native American cultures that they had been observing from without.

ÜƐǿŽ�Ű ŷ�ń�Ŵ ŷƆŷ ŵĿ5» �] �Ű, Ă . �ŵ e Ȁ Ĉ�Ŵ ŵĿ5ŸƟ�t, .�ŵ à; ĘČŌđ #Ƭȅ Şm Native American ØȔŌ kȀ ŵȅ» ƞkĨǊƙ �ŵ� ď�ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] withoutŰ . Žƴ¬Į 'they are not in the same place as you are' or 'are notinvolved in the same action as you'�] �ŵ żĦ`c. ��đfrom withoutŰ 'from external perspectives'�] ŴÛ� {`c.

Ethnologists believe that the personal stories, even a single individual, could increase their understanding of Native American cultures that they had been observing from without.

ÜƐǿŽ�Ű ŷ�ń�Ŵ ŷƆŷ ŵĿ5» �] �Ű, Ă . �ŵ e Ȁ Ĉ�Ŵ ŵĿ5ŸƟ�t, .�ŵ à; ĘČŌđ #Ƭȅ Şm Native American ØȔŌ kȀ ŵȅ» ƞkĨǊƙ �ŵ� ď�ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] withoutŰ . Žƴ¬Į 'they are not in the same place as you are' or 'are notinvolved in the same action as you'�] �ŵ żĦ`c. ��đfrom withoutŰ 'from external perspectives'�] ŴÛ� {`c.

elusive adj ǨĵǾ5 ȥ�Ư5 ł¦ť

difficult to find

Identification of that driving force has proved surprisingly elusive despite considerable research.

ČjȀ ő&Ōt þ&Ǿ�, ŖČ" f¾ . Ȁ �"» �ƍŘ Ũŷű ǨĵǾ5� ĤƟķĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] elude (verb)Ű Û>�ƟƲ£ 'ƀ ĄƍC�c, ǻǾc'Ŵ �Ż`c. ��đ elusive�] ȐŢĈ] 'ŨŷŵC ŴÛ» Ư5 ł¦ť'ŵ� �ŵ {`c. forces ŏ5đ] 'šě', 'šŷ' 'Ũŷ' (factor) Ŵ ŵÛŻ`c.

in effect idiom ĈīČīƌ¬

in fact

Historians focused instead on factory work, because it seemed so different from traditional women's work in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect.

ǿŽ�Ű kĪ factory workŌ Ǳǆĥ» Æƹŋc. şKÎ factory workŰ "� ŏėŵ ȇm ƣĶŸ"] ƪŵ� żłõŔ�, ĉňƖŴŌ :¦ż] �ƌƆ šŷ�ŵ FŏŴ ƪóű |Ɵ ķĴđ īƌ¬ ŏėȅçű ŴÛǾ] �ŵ� ŏ�Ǝ5 �Øŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] ņǽ 'țŭƆů¬' �� äĴ�ŵ5 ĤƟÃ 'īƌ¬'�] �Ż`c.

foreshadow verb Û¾ ĸ¦Ɩc prefigure

Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.

DuvergerŴ ő&] ŏėŴ Ƌǂ ƭŏŌ kȀ ȈwƖŴƆ Ɗ0ŵ ƟĜƆů¬ł¦Ŧű �ű �ŵ�] Ɖű Û¾ Ŗ�ȅ Ɩŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] shadow] ȄČ ĈÙŴ ~Ō �¾ŧƟƕ. .¢ shadow� ļƧ (fore)Ō Xŏżc] �Ű 'Û¾ õŏƖc'�] ŴÛ� x� Ã�`c. behavioralist] ȐŢĈ¬Į 'ȈwƖŴƆ'ŵ� �ů¬ ıŔĦ`c.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

undergo verb �c, �ȋǾc (Ɩ¬ ĶƓŰ Ÿ)

Some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change.

ł� ƇœôŰ ŬƇŽ òŵ» �ǂƟ ķŰ áǚ¾ĴC àŵ ĥ �ØŌ åď x5t Ȁc.

Some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change.

ł� ƇœôŰ ŬƇŽ òŵ» �ǂƟ ķŰ áǚ¾ĴC àŵ ĥ �ØŌ åď x5t Ȁc.

in concert idiom Ȃ<, wĨŌ together

Managers develop thoughts about their companies and organization not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

�ŕŽ�Ű Øƌ� x� ż] ČȘű ýĒǾ� D ~ Ȉwű ƿǾ] �ŵ Ĵ`� Ȉw" ýĒű wĨŌ ğȈȂů¬Į șĈC ƏƠŌ kȀ ď�ű åƇĨǏc.

[õƾĕÐ] concert] wĈ¬ 'to act together in harmony' �] �ŵ żĦ`c.

Managers develop thoughts about their companies and organization not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

�ŕŽ�Ű Øƌ� x� ż] ČȘű ýĒǾ� D ~ Ȉwű ƿǾ] �ŵ Ĵ`� Ȉw" ýĒű wĨŌ ğȈȂů¬Į șĈC ƏƠŌ kȀ ď�ű åƇĨǏc.

[õƾĕÐ] concert] wĈ¬ 'to act together in harmony' �] �ŵ żĦ`c.

compelling adj ĕ�§ż]

Ecoefficiency offers a compelling business model according to established thinking.

Ecoefficiency] 5ň�Ō� ĕ�§ż] ĂƟ`ĥ Òsű ƌ!Ǿ� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] compellingŰ ØƂŌđ 'ȢÛ¬ť' (arousing or denoting strong interest, admiring interest) �] 'ĕ�§ ż]' (convincing)Ŵ ŴÛ¬ ıŻ`c.

intriguing adj ȢÛ¬ť These discoveries raise intriguing questions.

ŵ Ȁ å��Ű Çţ ȢÛ¬ť ƢØű Ǿ� Ã�c.

fault noun eǁ Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other.

1965Q Ƈ9Ɵ ƟƢǿŽ�Ű San Andreas eǁŌđ ÃC] |Ŵ �kȀ ĹĒ ǩ�ŵ đ¬ û�Ȍ ÁƬŒű åďĨǏc� ƹƋȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] fault] ŗ¶ (mistake)�] �t żƟÃ, special meaningů¬ eǁ (A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust) Ɲ, ƟƢǿ Ţł¬ ŠûŴ ȥű äĴ |Ŵ Ə�ů¬ CZłơ ǁ)ű ŴÛȃ`c.

model verb ÒçǾc Alternatively, the acquisition acts on bidders may derive from modeling: copy a manager does what other managers do.

� cº ŵŬ¬], 5ňȃôŰ ÒçŴ �"Ÿ ğt żc: Ɲ, Ç`ƅ�Ű cº Ç`ƅ� Ǿ] �ű .k¬ �� Ǿ� ż] �ŵc.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

excrete verb èĕǾc (ěò, �)

Desert rats' kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as seawater.

Desert ratsŴ ĪƂŰ àiÙŴ |èŌ ȅjx] œt» �ơ ěòű èƼȀc.

[õƾĕÐ] excrete] èĕǾcŴ �ĩƆŷ (formal) ǳȎŻ`c. ŵ Ȁ ǳȎ ƛŴ ǾC� urine (ěò), saliva (ǑĽ) �ŵ żĦ`c. Renal (ĪƂŴ) Ŵ ŴÛt 'kidney (ĪƂ) #¨y' ŵ� �Ż`c.

be after verb ƹ&Ǿc Ưc seek

They were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observation.

.�Ű ŽĪ�ŵ ƠƊ ȎƂŌ #ƬȀ �ű l õŝȅ ƙ ğ ż] ńłƆŵ�C ŷ¶ǿƆŷ Ž±» Ưĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] supplement] ÐĈ¬ 'õƾ', 'õŝ' ŵ� �t żƟÃ wĈ¬ ıŏ 'õŝǾc'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŔĦ`c. GMATŌđ ŬĈȀ Ĉ«¬ document �Ȁ wĈ¬Į '5Ǿc'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŻ`c.

They were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observation.

.�Ű ŽĪ�ŵ ƠƊ ȎƂŌ #ƬȀ �ű l õŝȅ ƙ ğ ż] ńłƆŵ�C ŷ¶ǿƆŷ Ž±» Ưĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] supplement] ÐĈ¬ 'õƾ', 'õŝ' ŵ� �t żƟÃ wĈ¬ ıŏ 'õŝǾc'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŔĦ`c. GMATŌđ ŬĈȀ Ĉ«¬ document �Ȁ wĈ¬Į '5Ǿc'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŻ`c.

employ v ĈŢǾc(5Ģ,çî)use

Any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

đĂĥŴ ƢƆ ȉČ" ČųǾƟ ÖȀ ư ×Ə Ɔŷ ¢Ǥ» Ǿ] 5ňŰ �ĂŢÃ ƟƼǾ] Áǉǧ Ƈ�ű FŢǾ] �Ō ƟCƟ ķ]c.

[õƾĕÐ] gimmickŵ� eł] Ɩ¬ ûƋƆ ŴÛ¬ 'Ȗĭű Ĉ5ŪȀ Ƈ�, Ģğ'Ŵ �Ż`c.

Any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

đĂĥŴ ƢƆ ȉČ" ČųǾƟ ÖȀ ư ×Ə Ɔŷ ¢Ǥ» Ǿ] 5ňŰ �ĂŢÃ ƟƼǾ] Áǉǧ Ƈ�ű FŢǾ] �Ō ƟCƟ ķ]c.

[õƾĕÐ] gimmickŵ� eł] Ɩ¬ ûƋƆ ŴÛ¬ 'Ȗĭű Ĉ5ŪȀ Ƈ�, Ģğ'Ŵ �Ż`c.

accommodationist adj ȔȅǨŴǑȏƆŷ

The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington.

. ĈĕŰ ÄŰ Ƞŷ�ű U�� ȇc. .�Ű Du Dois� ĂǑȏƆŷ Ƞŷ ¾l�� õĺ�, Booker T. Washingtonŵ Ʒ&Ȁ éŷĈșŜŴ ȔȅƖŴƆ ƇĢŌ ãkȇm Ɩš ŷÙŵ�� õĺŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] ņǽõÎ ÐĈȐŷ � �ůC ȐŢĈ¬ ıŵ] eł� ăëǾ� CŚ`c. ŏ5đt accommodationist ǾÎ ' ~ Ǿ] Ĉ�' ŵ� ŴÛ� z � �ƟÃ, ĈīŰ ' ~ Ɔŷ' ŵ� ȐŢĈŴ ŴÛ¬ ıŔĦ`c. ŵŜ ŬĈȀ Ĉ«¬]

behavioralist adj ȈwƖŴƆindividualist adj ŷƖŴƆ ŵ� eł� żĦ`c.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

subscribe verb wŴǾc agree

I do not subscribe to the idea that the older days were better days. I strongly believe that the best is yet to come.

C] "�Ŵ CE�ŵ l Ɠĺc] ď�Ō wŴǾƟ ķ]c. D �Ƃ ƓŰ EŰ ĴƠ ŗƟ ķĺc� Ý]c.

[õƾĕÐ] subscribe] k� '&uǾc', '�ŻǾc'Ŵ �Ż`cÃ, ł� Ŵ�ű �ŵǾ] .µŌ �ŻǾ] ŴÛ¬ 'wŴǾc'Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c.

I do not subscribe to the idea that the older days were better days. I strongly believe that the best is yet to come.

C] "�Ŵ CE�ŵ l Ɠĺc] ď�Ō wŴǾƟ ķ]c. D �Ƃ ƓŰ EŰ ĴƠ ŗƟ ķĺc� Ý]c.

[õƾĕÐ] subscribe] k� '&uǾc', '�ŻǾc'Ŵ �Ż`cÃ, ł� Ŵ�ű �ŵǾ] .µŌ �ŻǾ] ŴÛ¬ 'wŴǾc'Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c.

exacting adj �y, ȥ�9c¬ťburdensome

Is Iran exacting revenge on Israel? Despite concerns that Iran is striking back, for Israelis the war rhetoric is 'business as usual.'

ŵ�Ű ŵĥ�ŎŌ ſŷȀ õö» ȁ �ŷ�? ŵĥ�ŎŰ ŵ�ŵ cĨ !�ű ȁ �ŵ�] ţ¦Ōt þ&Ǿ�, ŵ ƇƄŌ kȅ ČǞƆů¬ ǳȎǾ] �Ű "ŸČƆŷ ČȘ"ŵ�] Åŵc.

exacerbate verb ĵȔĨǎcworsen

Several recent economic studies have explored the economic implications of an aging population from both a theoretical and empirical viewpoint, and have reached surprising conclusions: Demographic changes may not exacerbate problems.

Ñ ÑŴ �ƌǿ ő&� Sªŷ&Ŵ �ƌǿƆ ŕȉŌ kȅ ŵ®Ɔ, �ȋƆ ő&» Ȁ �" 5kǂ ÖȀ �®ű �ƍŞc: ŷ&ǝ�ǿƆ òȔ] Øƌ» l ĵȔĨǎƟ] ķű ğ t żc.

vindication noun śȑ A Vindication of Rights of Woman, written by eighteen-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is the one of earliest works of feminist philosophy.

ŏėŴ *¾Ŵ śȑ'�], 18Ę5 ŕ' ŏėťw�ŷ Mary WollstonecraftŌ Ŵȅ ıŏơ ŵ ƱŰ ŏėťwű c´ ƶ5 žǶ ƛ ǾCŵc.

unravel verb ǵc(īǑ�,ğğ<B)

The challenge in exploration of gold deposit is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. 3$ű Ư5Ūȅ ȅĿ ȁ ŸŰ Ȁ ƟŐŴ ƟǳÎ Ĵ�Ō ż] ƟƢǿƆ ėƢŌ kȅ ƀ ǨĵȀ ~ ÇƂy ÛP�Ŵ Ūǂ» ƋȕȤ ƩłI]r żc.

mobility noun _§ Ŭwė ability

This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants' subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background and a lack of industrial skills.

ŵ Ȁ �ƋŰ ŵƖÜ�ŵ üûƟŐŌ �đt ƟĜƆů¬ �ƌƆ Ŭwė (_§)ŵ ûƐȇm �Ű .�ŵ Ĩ� ƼĪŵ�] Ɖ" ĉň5Ģŵ ûƐȇm �" #¨ żc] �®ű I¾t ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] �ƌǿŌđ social mobility] ĈșƆů¬ ŽĪ ß �ƐŴ status» òȔĨǎ] ȥ, ĈșƆ Ŭwėű �¾ǎ] �Ż`c. ŏ5đ economic mobility � ûƐǾc] �Ű õc Ĕy �ƌƆ _§ű �Ɵ ÖǾ� xŋc�] ŴÛ¬ ıŔĦ`c.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

fashion verb Ã�c make shape

Stone Age settlers fashioned necklaces from sheep's teeth.

Ē5Ĩkŷ�Ű ŁŴ ŵąű �Ɵ� Ó�ŵ» Ã�ŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] fashionŰ ÐĈ¬Į 'çĩ (way, mode)�] �t żĦ`c. This possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion. ŵ Ȁ �_ėŰ Ƹ0Ŵ ĈșǿƆ çĩŌ Ŵȅ þýÐǾ� ĕÐx� żc.

Stone Age settlers fashioned necklaces from sheep's teeth.

Ē5Ĩkŷ�Ű ŁŴ ŵąű �Ɵ� Ó�ŵ» Ã�ŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] fashionŰ ÐĈ¬Į 'çĩ (way, mode)�] �t żĦ`c. This possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion. ŵ Ȁ �_ėŰ Ƹ0Ŵ ĈșǿƆ çĩŌ Ŵȅ þýÐǾ� ĕÐx� żc.

compromise verb ŀȔĨǎcreduce

They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information that is strictly required for their trials.

.�Ű īȋŌ Ň�Ȥ š'x] ğƘ ŵČŴ Ƌõ» ğƣǾ� ýĒȂů¬Į ŗȤ¦ īȋ�"Ŵ Ƌȕėű �ł�¾� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] compromise] ÐĈ¬ 'Ǒȏ' �] wĈ¬ 'ǑȏǾc'Ŵ �ŵC, GMATŌđ ŽƖ ıŵ] �Ű quality, value» '�ł�¾]' �ů¬ ıŻ`c. (ł��" ǑȏȀc] �Ű Ũȇm Ÿû» Ǳ5ȅĿȀc] Ĝ�ŵ ż5 �Øŵƕ.) �Ȁ ŪȋŵC ŠûŌ 'SƼxc'�] �t żĦ`c.

A secret mission that was compromised and had to be abandonedŠûŌ SƼxł ǰ5xłĿ ȇm ĂÞ žƇ

An immune system that was compromised by virusàŵ ĥŌ Ŵȅ ŀȔy ÎŐƴ�

They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information that is strictly required for their trials.

.�Ű īȋŌ Ň�Ȥ š'x] ğƘ ŵČŴ Ƌõ» ğƣǾ� ýĒȂů¬Į ŗȤ¦ īȋ�"Ŵ Ƌȕėű �ł�¾� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] compromise] ÐĈ¬ 'Ǒȏ' �] wĈ¬ 'ǑȏǾc'Ŵ �ŵC, GMATŌđ ŽƖ ıŵ] �Ű quality, value» '�ł�¾]' �ů¬ ıŻ`c. (ł��" ǑȏȀc] �Ű Ũȇm Ÿû» Ǳ5ȅĿȀc] Ĝ�ŵ ż5 �Øŵƕ.) �Ȁ ŪȋŵC ŠûŌ 'SƼxc'�] �t żĦ`c.

A secret mission that was compromised and had to be abandonedŠûŌ SƼxł ǰ5xłĿ ȇm ĂÞ žƇ

An immune system that was compromised by virusàŵ ĥŌ Ŵȅ ŀȔy ÎŐƴ�

disinterested adj #Ɔŷ

Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people.

Ĉ ŵC Ĉ��Ō kȅđ &Ƈű ǝȅ ŵĿ5Ǿ] �Ű 5ů¬ ƇfǾ] �Ō Ăȅ l #Ɔŷ ĕÐű ȅƖơ ÖȀc.

fall under fall under idiom ĜǾc ǱȂxc

Thus, the many service workers employed by manufacturers would fall under the industrial rather than the services category.

��đ ƌƏșĈŌ Ŵȅ �Ţy đĂĥ ŷ§�Ű đĂĥ ǅǚ�¾� Ĵ`� ƌƏň ǅǚ�¾Ō Ĝȅơc.

[õƾĕÐ] fall under ~ ¬ �łƟc. Ɲ '~Ō ĜȅƟc', 'ǱȂyc'�] ŴÛ żĦ`c. ŕ'ĩ ŕłŌđ] come under¬ ŽƖ ıŻ`c.

posit verb ƖƂǾc suggest

The human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing and carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupation that could be carried out in the home.

Human capital ŵ®Ű ş ŏėŵ weaving" �Ű ǢƋ low-skill ƠňŌ ƣƛxł żůC, combing " carding " �Ű cº low-skill Ơňō ƣƛxł żƟ ķŰƟŌ kȅ ĕÐǾ� żc. Ĵŵ�ű vúĿǾ] ŏėŴ Ɩy Ʊź �ØŌ ŏėŰ ƣ ĶŌđ ğȈȁ ğ ż] Ơňű ƯĴĿȇc�] Ĉīű ƖƂǾÍ.

The human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing and carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupation that could be carried out in the home.

Human capital ŵ®Ű ş ŏėŵ weaving" �Ű ǢƋ low-skill ƠňŌ ƣƛxł żůC, combing " carding " �Ű cº low-skill Ơňō ƣƛxł żƟ ķŰƟŌ kȅ ĕÐǾ� żc. Ĵŵ�ű vúĿǾ] ŏėŴ Ɩy Ʊź �ØŌ ŏėŰ ƣ ĶŌđ ğȈȁ ğ ż] Ơňű ƯĴĿȇc�] Ĉīű ƖƂǾÍ.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

anomaly noun ŵČƥȜ òǃ, ŵ«

When a large body strikes a planet or moon, material is ejected, thereby creating a local deficit of mass. This deficit shows up as a gravity anomaly: the removal of the material that has been ejected to make the hole results in an area of slightly lower gravity than surrounding areas.

�kȀ Ùƴ� ȈėŵC fŌ ƾ�ű �Ǿ� xÎ materialŵ �łƍCŗ�, �"Ɔů¬ Ƣ�ŵ Ɔ�yc. Ƣ�Ŵ �ě] ƛ§Ŵ òȔ» �ƍŘc. Ɲ, ƾv jĨ Ùƴ� �łƍ CŘ Ž¾� !éű Ã�� . Ž¾ō ƖŪõccě HŰ ƛ§ű �� Ȁc.

[õƾĕÐ] anomaly] ņǽ ûĈȐǖƲ£ õŵƟÃ, ÐĈ¬đ 'òǃ', 'ŵČ'ŵ� �ů¬ ıŻ`c. mental anomaly (ƋĪŵČ), magnetic anomaly (Ž5ŵČ)t ƒƒ ĨȋŌ Cŗ] ǳȎŻ`c.

elastic adj �×¬ yĪƺė ż]Ůǝė ż]

As the Moon grew cooler and less elastic, rebound from large impactors would have been only partial and incomplete.

fŴ Řt� Ɖƪ I¦�� Īƺėŵ nȅƟÎđ, �kȀ ƾ�ů¬ûǘ ö&x] �ŵ ûýƆŵ� ŝƇǾƟ ķ� xŋű �ŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] ŬÐ ĐǴŴ Ā�� Elastine --- ǹ�ĥł (ŏėÐĈ)¬ 'Ǔ§ė'ŵ� �---" ĂħȀ elasticŰ '�×¬ y', 'Ǔ§ė ż]', .�đ 'Ůǝėż]'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŻ`c.

Our plans are fairly elastic. ţ¾ �ȚŰ = ĪƺƆŵc.

As the Moon grew cooler and less elastic, rebound from large impactors would have been only partial and incomplete.

fŴ Řt� Ɖƪ I¦�� Īƺėŵ nȅƟÎđ, �kȀ ƾ�ů¬ûǘ ö&x] �ŵ ûýƆŵ� ŝƇǾƟ ķ� xŋű �ŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] ŬÐ ĐǴŴ Ā�� Elastine --- ǹ�ĥł (ŏėÐĈ)¬ 'Ǔ§ė'ŵ� �---" ĂħȀ elasticŰ '�×¬ y', 'Ǔ§ė ż]', .�đ 'Ůǝėż]'Ŵ �ů¬ ıŻ`c.

Our plans are fairly elastic. ţ¾ �ȚŰ = ĪƺƆŵc.

bulge noun Ů5ǟǠłCŘ 4ƞ

When reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere of this hot rock forces its way up through the upper mantle to Earth's surface, creating a broad bulge in the topography.

ƅƂȁ !�ŵ c ƪ�xÎ, ŵ ��ť ŢĻŵ Éǣ Ū¬ Ğ&Ʋ Ɵ&Ŵ ǳÎ9Ɵ ř�ŗ� xł, �"Ɔů¬ �kȀ Ů5 ƟȐű Ã�ł Jc.

[õƾĕÐ] bulge] wĈ¬Į 'þ³ȅƟc', 'ǟ ǠłCŗc'� �Ż`c. ŵ�ŵ ÐĈ¬ ıŏ 'Ů5', '4ƞ'ŵ� �ŵ {`c. bulge cŲŌ ƇǂĈ inŵ Ȃ< ıŻ`c.

After the war there was a bulge in the birth rateƇƄ ƠȜ Ƽĉŭŵ 4ƞȇc.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

opportunist adj ţåƆŷ5șƆŷ

Most predators of waterfowl nests prey opportunistically on songbird nests, but removing these predators may not have increased the nesting success of songbirds.

Waterfowl ƟŐŴ }ƟŴ ĸű S¾] ǱĩŽ�Ű ţåƆů¬ songbirdŴ }Ɵ» oƵ ĸű Ê5t Ȁc. . C ŵ ǱĩŽ�ű ŉľc� ȅđ songbirdsŴ }Ɵ ė!¸ŵ WĴƟƟ] ķĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] opportunist] ņǽõÎ 5șƖŴŽ� �Ŵ ÐĈ�ƟÃ, īƌ¬] '5șƆŷ', 'ţåƆŷ'Ŵ ȐŢĈŻ`c. �Ȁ, opportunistically] 'ţåƆů¬' '�@' ŵ� �Ŵ ûĈŻ`c. ƟD ë behavioralist (ȈwƖŴƆŷ), individualist (ŷƖŴƆŷ)t Ò| ȐŢĈ�] Ɖű ĕÐ�©ƕ.

a opportunist crime (ţåƆ íƔ)

prey on nest (}ƟŴ ĸű Êc)

plume noun 1. ǻłŗº 5} (ğƞ5,ő5)

2. 7Ǚ,7ǙƂĩ

Because the source of a hot spot remains fixed while a surface plates moves over it, over a long period of time an active mantle plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a track marking the position of the plume relative to the moving plates.

�� f&łơ ûýŴ IŢÙŰ �Ƌy ư¬ ż�, ãÎ k·ǩ�Ű . ûýű ƟC ŦƠŵ5 �ØŌ, ŗ� Ęũŵ ƟCÎ ȗėȔy Éǣ Ǻ£Ű őĜƆŷ Ȕĉ ƴŷŵC ȔĉĖű Ã�� yc. Ɲ, ŵ Ȕĉ� �] ȔĉĖ�Ű k·ǩ�Ō õŏơ Éǣ Ǻ£Ŵ ȡƆŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] plumeŰ ő5C ğƞ�5 ǻłŗº '5}'ŵ� �Ż`c. . C ƟØŌđ] ő5, ğƞ5� Ĵa Ɵ& ȆûýŌđ �� f&łơ 'ŢĹ'ŵ Éǣ ǁŴ ūûýů¬ Ğ&Ƶ ŗº 5}ŵ� �ů¬ ıŔĦ`c. ��đ ŴÛƆů¬ ŵȅ� xŋcÎ ƇØŢłŷ ÃǍ 'Éǣ Ǻ£' �] 'Ǻ£' .k¬ ĮõĺĦ`c.

a plume of smoke (ǻłŗ¹] ő5)

risk verb �ȈǾc Ūȋű ×¼ıc

What touches on conventions of manliness and womanliness risks intruding on the most sensitive human situations of all: personal relationships between men and women.

Fėė" ŏėėŌ kȀ #ĦŌ kȅ c²] �Ű ×Ŋõc ŷ�Ŵ �Ƃ Ü�Ȁ ûý, Ɲ Fė" ŏėŴ ŷƆŷ #�» �¦ĿǾ] Ūȋű �ğȅĿȀc.

[õƾĕÐ] risk� wĈ¬ ĈŢxÎđ (Ɩ¬ ÓƆł» ~ ingŴ Ȑǖ¬ Ã�) Ūȋű �ğǾc�] �ů¬ ıŻ`c.





capitalize verb ȗŢǾcȎ3ȔǾckØŽ¬ ıc

When computers were just in their infancy, the two companies in the best position to capitalize on that emerging trend were GE and Simens.

ǈǸǘ� ƼȎȀƟ ņÁxƟ ķĺű �, ŵ č¬ť ǡ¥�» �Ƃ ƀ ȗŢȁ ğ żŋm | șĈ] GEŜ SimensŔc.

[õƾĕÐ] capitalize] Ũ� 'kØŽ¬ ıc' �] �Ż`c. 5¹m �ƺŌ ƖŷŴ ŵ`Ěű č�OŰrđ Ŭ�ȇĦ`c. ��đ capitalŰ �ƺŌđ ŗ^E ƃĉ, Ž÷Ŵ ŴÛ¬ åƇǾ� xŋ�, capitalize] Ȏ3Ȕ (Ž÷Ȕ) ǾcŴ �ŵ {`c. jőȤ 'ĈŢǾc' , 'ȗŢǾc'Ŵ �t x�ƕ. ŵ�] ƇǂĈ on " �ŵ ıŻ`c.

When computers were just in their infancy, the two companies in the best position to capitalize on that emerging trend were GE and Simens.

ǈǸǘ� ƼȎȀƟ ņÁxƟ ķĺű �, ŵ č¬ť ǡ¥�» �Ƃ ƀ ȗŢȁ ğ żŋm | șĈ] GEŜ SimensŔc.

[õƾĕÐ] capitalize] Ũ� 'kØŽ¬ ıc' �] �Ż`c. 5¹m �ƺŌ ƖŷŴ ŵ`Ěű č�OŰrđ Ŭ�ȇĦ`c. ��đ capitalŰ �ƺŌđ ŗ^E ƃĉ, Ž÷Ŵ ŴÛ¬ åƇǾ� xŋ�, capitalize] Ȏ3Ȕ (Ž÷Ȕ) ǾcŴ �ŵ {`c. jőȤ 'ĈŢǾc' , 'ȗŢǾc'Ŵ �t x�ƕ. ŵ�] ƇǂĈ on " �ŵ ıŻ`c.

inadvertently adv Ŵtǂķ�ţőƫ�

The primary purpose of the passage is to propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage.

ŵ 1Ű ÓƆŰ Ũ� ƿƟŜ f¾ ďǖ�» ȞĝĨǏ �"» �ƍŘ ǢƋĈň Ƈ�Ō kȀ kĶű ƌ!Ǿ¦]r żc.

The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem.

Eurasian ruffe] Ƹ0 North America's Great LakesŌ ţőȤ ŬŻy

łƒů¬đ ǜƒ đĩďÙŷ whitefishŴ ĸű ÊůÍ Ũ�Ŵ ďǖ�» ŪȏǾ� żc.

The primary purpose of the passage is to propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage.

ŵ 1Ű ÓƆŰ Ũ� ƿƟŜ f¾ ďǖ�» ȞĝĨǏ �"» �ƍŘ ǢƋĈň Ƈ�Ō kȀ kĶű ƌ!Ǿ¦]r żc.

The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem.

Eurasian ruffe] Ƹ0 North America's Great LakesŌ ţőȤ ŬŻy

łƒů¬đ ǜƒ đĩďÙŷ whitefishŴ ĸű ÊůÍ Ũ�Ŵ ďǖ�» ŪȏǾ� żc.

imperishable

adj þÏŴįƟķŰ

Carrel claimed that animal cells cultivated in an artificial environment outside the animal’s body were imperishable because they could divide indefinitely.

CarrelŴ ƖƂŌ �¹Î, wÙŴ Īƴ âŌđ ŷ!Ɔŷ Ȗ�Ō Ŵȅ èŁy wÙ ĘǱ�ŵ ƗƟķű ğ żc� Ȁc. şKÎ wǵĘǱ�ŵ Aŉŵ ýŒȁ ğ ż5 �ØŌ.

[õƾĕÐ] perish (ěÏǾc, Ĉ�Ɵc) Ŝ ãkŴ �ů¬Į, imperishableŰ 'ŉłƟƟ ķ]', 'þȜŴ', 'įƟķ]'Ŵ �Ż`c. �Ű �ů¬ immotal (þÏŴ, ŕŨȀ) ŵ� ełt żĦ`c. ðǜñŴ ċű .¿ ŕȔ, Immortal beloved (þÏŴ őŷ)� ƌÓt �ŗ¹Pš.

supersede verb kĪǾc(ǑwĈ)

The use of biocontrol agents may even-finally supersede the use of chemical pesticides in controlling unwanted species.

biocontrol agents» ȗŢǾ] �Ű )/Ɔů ŨǂķŰ ďÙ�ű Ǉǡ¯Ǿ5 Ūȅ ıŵ] ȔǿĊƾƌ» kĪȁ Ɵt Òºc.

[õƾĕÐ] Ɗ|ł super ]' ~ ŪŌ', '~ŪŌ ř¦XŰ'Ŵ �Ŵ Ɗ|ł Ż`c. ��đ supercede] ×Ŋŷ�» ŪŌ ŗ¦X� Ĵ�Ō ż] �ű 'kĪǾc'Ŵ �ŵ {`c. ƭ�¬ superimpose] 'pkX� đ¬ Ă% Ǿc'�] ŴÛŵÍ, superficialŰ �Ō ż] �Ã Ɲ 'ǻČƆŷ'ŵ� �Ż`c.





treatise noun TØ (on)

Why this complete avoidance of recent and contemporary blues forms in every treatise on the subject? In trying to answer this question, I find that those who write books about the blues are often more interesting than the books themselves.

tkƴ ş Ȏk ā²ĥŌ kȀ ŵĿ5� ā²ĥ» Ɩƌ¬Ȁ TØŌ ŵǜ ȗåȤ c²łƟ] �ŷ�? ŵŌ kȀ ȅhű Ņ5Ūȅ C] ā²ĥŌ kȀ Ʊ . Žƴõc l ȢÛ¬ť ž��ű Ư� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] treaty (Əŀ, ȏƋ)ŵ� ełŴ öğȐ" ȓwǾƟ ķ6 à�`c. treatise] eğŻ`c.

Why this complete avoidance of recent and contemporary blues forms in every treatise on the subject? In trying to answer this question, I find that those who write books about the blues are often more interesting than the books themselves.

tkƴ ş Ȏk ā²ĥŌ kȀ ŵĿ5� ā²ĥ» Ɩƌ¬Ȁ TØŌ ŵǜ ȗåȤ c²łƟ] �ŷ�? ŵŌ kȀ ȅhű Ņ5Ūȅ C] ā²ĥŌ kȀ Ʊ . Žƴõc l ȢÛ¬ť ž��ű Ư� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] treaty (Əŀ, ȏƋ)ŵ� ełŴ öğȐ" ȓwǾƟ ķ6 à�`c. treatise] eğŻ`c.

transcendent adj ǒũȀ ƶŽőƆŷ

Another approach , both balanced and sensible, would argue for a more transcendent view of social experience and of art.

-Ȑ�" ȃ¾ėű Ò| �ƻ Ɗ0çĩŰ ĈșƆ �ȋ" ŖĢŌ kȅ lŤ ǒũȀ �ȅ» Ņű ğ żt ȅƘc.

[õƾĕÐ] transcendent] 'ƶŽőƆŷ', 'ĔȋƆŷ'ŵ� �t żĦ`c. ŵ ØƂŌđ wĈ argue] k� 'TƄǾc', 'cǞc'Ŵ �ů¬ ĸ� żƟÃ, argue] . Žƴ¬ 'ƖƂǾc', 'ĕÐǾc'Ŵ �ŵ {`c. ŏ5Ō agure for �� ǾÎ supportŴ �ů¬ ıŻ`c. �Ű �ů¬ argue in favor of � żĦ`c. ŵŜ ãk¬ argue� ƇǂĈ againstŜ �ŵ ıŵÎ argue against, 'ãkǾc'Ŵ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ{`c.

characterize verb ĕÐǾc ǢƥƤc

Research into physiological causes of aging – that process characterized by decreased survival capacity on the part of an organism – has produced few undisputed facts

SȔ --- ďÐƴ ŸûŴ ƙł� ďƑ§ŵ�� ĕÐz ğ ż] ǹ¬Ęĥ--- Ŵ Ù¾Ɔ ŨŷŌ kȀ ő&] ĴƠ ÐȕȀ Ĉīű IXƟ ÖǾ� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] character] 'ŷÙ', 'Ǣƥ' ŵ� �ŵ żĦ`c. ��đ wĈ¬ characterize] ĕÐǾc, ǢƥƤcŴ �ŵ {`c. undisputed] ȐŢĈ¬ 'TƄŴ ŏƟ� ŉ]', 'ȕīȀ'Ŵ �Ż`c.

Research into physiological causes of aging – that process characterized by decreased survival capacity on the part of an organism – has produced few undisputed facts

SȔ --- ďÐƴ ŸûŴ ƙł� ďƑ§ŵ�� ĕÐz ğ ż] ǹ¬Ęĥ--- Ŵ Ù¾Ɔ ŨŷŌ kȀ ő&] ĴƠ ÐȕȀ Ĉīű IXƟ ÖǾ� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] character] 'ŷÙ', 'Ǣƥ' ŵ� �ŵ żĦ`c. ��đ wĈ¬ characterize] ĕÐǾc, ǢƥƤcŴ �ŵ {`c. undisputed] ȐŢĈ¬ 'TƄŴ ŏƟ� ŉ]', 'ȕīȀ'Ŵ �Ż`c.

the like noun ŬĈȀ � ĂħȀ �

Samuel Charters’ best-known work, The Country Blues , has a chapter on postwar developments in which the adjectives “crude,” “loud,” “unsophisticated,” “monotonous,” and the like are applied liberally throughout. Charters, like other writers, seems to feel that the blues have been diluted and polluted beyond recognition.

Samuel CharterŴ ŬÐȀ ƅđ, The Country Blues, ] ƇƄ ƠȜ blues ƇƴŌ crude, loud, unsophisticated, monotonous .¾� ŵŜ ŬĈȀ ȐŢĈ�ŵ ŽŬ°� ÿŏơ åƇ"ƋŌ kȅ ĕÐǾ� żc. Chaters] cº ž��" �ŵ blues] ĸĴø ğ ŉű Ƌt¬ ȣĒx� ŗœxŋc�� \B� ż] � Ǿc.

[õƾĕÐ] the like (eğ) ů¬ ĈŢxł 'ŬĈȀ �'ŵ�] �ŵ {`c. Jazz, Rock and the like Ʋ£ ıŵƕ. beyond recognitionŰ 'ŷĩǾƟ Öȁ Ƌt¬', 'ĸĴø ğ ŉ]'Ŵ �Ż`c.





beckon verb ŬȒǾc õŏƟc

Once an occupation came to be perceived as "female," employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned.

Ȁ ë 'ŏėŴ Ÿ"ŵ�� ŷĩy ƠňŌ kȅ, �ŢƖ�Ű . Ȁ ŷĩű à>¦]r ƇȌ ȢÛ� ŉŋc. ĭƟł l WŰ ŵŶ īȎŵ �_ȅ õŵl�t.

proliferate verb ȕĉǾcM¾ ǪƟc

An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate.

Dengue ŒôŴ åďŵ 1950Qk Ƈœôŵ y rŌ] dengue àŵ ĥ» ƇœĨǎ] Ò5ŷ Aedes aegypti� 4ƞǾt Ŀ5ĨǏ ďǖǿƆ òȔ� ŸƏ» ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] proliferationŰ 'ȕĉ'ŵ� �Ż`c. "� IAEA� üȀŴ ȆĨĕű ĈƬǾ� üȀŵ Ȇ×5» Ã�Ɵ ÖǾt �ŻĨǎ¦ȇm Əŀŵ NPTŔĦ`c. Ɲ Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty (Ȇ×5 Ăȕĉ Əŀ)ŵƕ. ŬĈ eł¬] disseminate.

appropriate verb ŗŢǾc misuse

Relational feminist's arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege.

ČkƖŴƆ Fŏǯ�Ž�Ŵ ƖƂŰ ǂÐƆŷ ȂƋű ��żc: ŵ ƖƂŰ ŏėŴ Ù¾Ɔ, ĭ¾Ɔŷ ƪŵ» �ƏǾ�ż5 �ØŌ, ƒƒ ƋǂƆŷ ãkǨŌ Ŵȅ tŢxł Fė ţũƖŴ» ƟƟǾ]r ĈŢxłƟ� żc] �ŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] appropriateŌ kȅ kûý ȐŢĈ (ƆjȀ)Ŵ �ů¬ ĸ�żƟÃ, GMATŌđ] ŽƖ wĈ¬Į 'ƀÖĈŢǾc'Ŵ �ů¬ ĈŢ{`c. (×Ŋŵ� Ž5 �Ō Æ� ƆjȤ �Ƶ ı] �Ű 'ŗŢ','tŢ'Ǿ] �ŵƕ)pitfallŰ 'ȂƋ' (pit] &qŵŴ �ŵ� ŵ &qŵŌ fallǾ� Ã�] �ŵ`9) �] 'Ūȋ'Ŵ �ŵ�, endorse] ƟƟǾc, đÐǾcŴ �Ż`c.

buttress verb ƟƟǾcsupport

To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding to specific receptors, Snyder et al. compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice.

ǅǬŷŵ adenosineŵ ǢƋ ğŢƴŜ �ȃǾ] �ű çȅǾ] žŢű Ȁc] .�Ŵ ƖƂű ŻƞǾ5 Ūȅđ, Snyder Š ő&ơ�Ű īȋƜŴ Y ĜŌđ Ÿ¨Ŵ ǅǬŷ ƹƼÙ�ŵ Ã�ł I] Ž/ț"Ŝ ŵ ƹƼÙ�ŵ adenosineű ğŢƴ¬ ûǘ ý¾Ĩǎ] žŢű đ¬ Ă%ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] buttress] ÐĈ¬ 'ƟƟk', 'êǦÓ'ŵ�] �Ż`c. Case] Ĉ , Ĉ«�] �t żƟÃ, ŽƖ 'ƖƂ'ŵ�] �ů¬ ıŻ`c. �Ȁ, et al] TØŴ žėŽ�ŵ ŏ ÐŸ � ' ~ Š' (and others)� �Ż`c. dislodge] wĈ¬ 'ƹƼǾc,' 'ÕĴIc'Ŵ �Ż`c. lodge] ÐĈ¬ 'ŗ|Â' 'Ġě'�] �Ż`c. Ɗ|ł dis- � ÿłđ ƣŌđ IƨcŴ ŴÛ¬ y�ƕ.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

speculate verb ƹǀǾcǞ5Ǿc

Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventually be discovered in intergalactic space or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect.

ŗ�5� wĶ ƳØǿŽ�Ű Ɵ39Ɵ ƯƟ ÖǾ� ż] (missing) baryonic mass� �' ŰǾ�(galactic)Ŝ ŰǾ� Ĉŵ (intergalactic) Ōđ å�x�C ȒŰ æȌI5 ȥ� ğÄŰ �¡Ĩ� ĜŌđ å�xƟ ķű9 ƹǀǾ� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] readingű ƀ Ǿ5Ūȅđ] wĈ� IǱǾ� ż] ƋȕȀ sense» ,ÐǾÍ Ź] �ŵ ƛšȃ`c. ŵ ØƂŌđ speculate] ȕīȀƟ ķŰ Ž± (inconclusive evidence)» àǕů¬ 'ƹǀǾc'Ŵ �Ż`c. ��đ, �ƋƆů¬ ǿŽ�Ŵ Ŵ�ŵ Ƌȅơ �Ű Ĵ`ƕ. � cº �Ű 'Ǟ5Ǿc'Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c. 'Ǟ5'] �' ȕīǂ ķŰ Ƌõ¬ ǞŽǾ] �Ÿ ğt żů`9. ƹƋǾcŴ ŬĈȀ wĈ] assume.

Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventually be discovered in intergalactic space or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect.

ŗ�5� wĶ ƳØǿŽ�Ű Ɵ39Ɵ ƯƟ ÖǾ� ż] (missing) baryonic mass� �' ŰǾ�(galactic)Ŝ ŰǾ� Ĉŵ (intergalactic) Ōđ å�x�C ȒŰ æȌI5 ȥ� ğÄŰ �¡Ĩ� ĜŌđ å�xƟ ķű9 ƹǀǾ� żc.

[õƾĕÐ] readingű ƀ Ǿ5Ūȅđ] wĈ� IǱǾ� ż] ƋȕȀ sense» ,ÐǾÍ Ź] �ŵ ƛšȃ`c. ŵ ØƂŌđ speculate] ȕīȀƟ ķŰ Ž± (inconclusive evidence)» àǕů¬ 'ƹǀǾc'Ŵ �Ż`c. ��đ, �ƋƆů¬ ǿŽ�Ŵ Ŵ�ŵ Ƌȅơ �Ű Ĵ`ƕ. � cº �Ű 'Ǟ5Ǿc'Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c. 'Ǟ5'] �' ȕīǂ ķŰ Ƌõ¬ ǞŽǾ] �Ÿ ğt żů`9. ƹƋǾcŴ ŬĈȀ wĈ] assume.

chore noun Ÿ, ƣĶŸ(Ǿ5ĬŰ)routine

Early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women's employment in wage labor, made much assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores.

ƶ5 çƠ!Ƃ Ĉň��Ű, ŏėű SwŽ (wage labor: ź3 Sw)¬ �ŢǾ] �ű ƋjȔ ȁ �, ŏėŰ ĔƳƆů¬ ĘĭȀ ň×Ō _ĠǾ� ãöƆŷ ŸŌ ƭűėŵ Äc�] ƹǀű ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] chore] ŸČƆŵÍ +ƫŰ Ÿ (ǢȤ ƣĶŸ)ű ŴÛȃ`c. ŵŌ Ăȅ task] ğȈǾ5 ĤƟ ķŰ ź×� �ŵ ż�, jobŰ eġȤ ň× Žƴ» ŴÛȃ`c. mission, assignment Ò| ×ń� Ʊź�ŵ IǱxł ż] ź×�� ø ğ żĦ`c.

conventional adj 5ƑŴ These low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars --- that is, they evolve much more slowly.

ěŪ ŵ¤� ǳÎæ5� HŰ �¡Ĩ�Ű, 5ƑŴ �¡Ĩ�õc ŨĨƆ �ĥ» ųƺȅđ óŵ x�Ǿ]r Ĩ�ŵ l ŗ� �¿c. cĨ Åȅ ŵ Ȁ �¡Ĩ�Ű ơȔŴ Ĝt� ȝĳ l�c.

[õƾĕÐ] conventionalŰ "�Ŵ (old, established), 5ƑŴ�] �Ż`c. ReadingŌđ Ă%ØŰ Øƌ¬ Ƽƌz �_ėŵ W5�ØŌ Çţ ƛšȃ`c. ��đ, '5ƑŴ � vs ȎƃŴ �' ŵ Ă%z ğ âŌ ŉ] conventionalŵ� eł] ƟØű ǨĵǾ]r Çţ ƛšȀ Őȁű Ǿƕ. conventionŰ Ũ� '#Ħ', '#«'�] �Ż`c. ŨĨ ûƐ�ŵ đ¬ Òŏđ ŴĈ�Ƌű Ǿ] #ĦŌđ Ǩďxł 'Òź', 'șŴ' �] �ŵ xƕ. ŵ ŠŌt ',ǃ', 'Əŀ'ŵ�] �t żĦ`c. ��đ, conventionalŰ ȐŢĈ¬ '5ƑŴ', '#«Ɔŷ', 'ƃ�ĩŴ'� �ŵ żĦ`c.

Negotiation on conventional armed forces ƃ�ĩ×5 �ƺȏČ





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

channel verb õIc ŵwĨǎc direct

Acquisitions may well have the desirable effect of channeling a nation's resources efficiently from less to more efficient sectors of its economy, but the individual acquisitions executives arranging these deals must see them as advancing either their own or their companies' private economic interests.

5ňȃôŰ Ȁ '�Ŵ ŽŨű n țŭƆŷ �ƌ ûØŌđ õl l țŭƆ �ƌ ûØů¬ ŵwĨǎ] à�ƠȀ ț"� żc. . C, 5ňȃôű ƹơǾ] źŨ�Ű ŽĪŴ ŵŶŵC ŵ�Ŵ 5ňŴ ŵŶű ţĔĨ ȅĿȀc.

[õƾĕÐ] channelŰ ÐĈ¬đ ƖǨğ ưM, ȅȏ, ğ¬�] �ŵ żĦ`c. ğ¬» Ǩc�] ŴÛ» �ƟÍ, wĈ¬ ıŵÎ '~¬ õIc', 'ŵwĨǎc'Ŵ �ŵ żĦ`c.

incorporate verb ǱȂǾcinclude

Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.

5ĢŴ òȔ] ȏČŴ �"¬đ ȅĒyc. ŽĪ�Ŵ ŵȅ#�» machinery» �ŽŷǾ� èǂĨǎ] �Ō ǱȂĨǎ¦] ŵŶƣe�Ŵ ȏČŴ �"��.

[õƾĕÐ] incorporateŰ Ũ� corporate Ɲ șĈ» 'ĕÀǾc'Ŵ �Ż`c. șĈ» ĕÀȁ �Ō] ĕÀŽ�ŵC ƖƖ�ű ƖƖÐûŌ 'ǱȂĨǎ]' ȈŪ� żłĿǾ�ƕ.

Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.

5ĢŴ òȔ] ȏČŴ �"¬đ ȅĒyc. ŽĪ�Ŵ ŵȅ#�» machinery» �ŽŷǾ� èǂĨǎ] �Ō ǱȂĨǎ¦] ŵŶƣe�Ŵ ȏČŴ �"��.

[õƾĕÐ] incorporateŰ Ũ� corporate Ɲ șĈ» 'ĕÀǾc'Ŵ �Ż`c. șĈ» ĕÀȁ �Ō] ĕÀŽ�ŵC ƖƖ�ű ƖƖÐûŌ 'ǱȂĨǎ]' ȈŪ� żłĿǾ�ƕ.

manner noun çĩway

This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine.

ŵ Ȁ īŢƆ Ɗ0Ű Arizona - California Ĉ Ōđ lŤ ƟƟxŋc. ŵ ŵ ǩ�Ōđ kîŨŰ cŲ" �ŵ ÐĨȇc. ł� reservation (ŷ�ńõȑ&Ő) ŵm �Ō ŵ reservationŵ Ã�łơ çĩŵ Winters Ũǃű reservationŌ (to it) ƆŢĨǎ] �Ō ŕȉű BƵđ] Ķyc�.

[õƾĕÐ] Arizona v. California Ōđ ' v.' Ű Ũ� versus Ż`c. õǝ ŀŽ¬] vs. �� Ĳ`cÃ, î¸Ɔů¬ ǩ�, Ĉ Ōđ ıŸ �] 'v.' ��Ã Ĳ`c. ReservationŰ ŷ�ńõȑ&Őű ŴÛȃ`c. buttress] ƟƟǾcsupport Ŵ �.

This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine.

ŵ Ȁ īŢƆ Ɗ0Ű Arizona - California Ĉ Ōđ lŤ ƟƟxŋc. ŵ ŵ ǩ�Ōđ kîŨŰ cŲ" �ŵ ÐĨȇc. ł� reservation (ŷ�ńõȑ&Ő) ŵm �Ō ŵ reservationŵ Ã�łơ çĩŵ Winters Ũǃű reservationŌ (to it) ƆŢĨǎ] �Ō ŕȉű BƵđ] Ķyc�.

[õƾĕÐ] Arizona v. California Ōđ ' v.' Ű Ũ� versus Ż`c. õǝ ŀŽ¬] vs. �� Ĳ`cÃ, î¸Ɔů¬ ǩ�, Ĉ Ōđ ıŸ �] 'v.' ��Ã Ĳ`c. ReservationŰ ŷ�ńõȑ&Őű ŴÛȃ`c. buttress] ƟƟǾcsupport Ŵ �.

prefigure verb Û¾ ĸ¦Ɩcļđ ĕÐǾc

Among ordinary citizens, political activism by women in the nineteenth century prefigured trends in twentieth century politics.

ǯíȀ ĨÜ� ĈŵŌđ, 19Ę5Ō ŵ²łơ ŏėŴ ƋǂȗwŰ 20Ę5ƋǂŴ ǡ¥�» ļđ õŏƘ �ŵc.

[õƾĕÐ] prefigureŜ �Ű �ů¬] foreshadow.





eł ǶĈ � ŖØ

ailment noun Ƣô Often researchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied.

k� ő&ơ�Ű ő& kČű ő&xłƟ] Ƣô ŵŠŌ ł� Ƣôt �� żƟķ] ȖŽ�¬ 'ȀȀc. (ő&xłƟ] ƢôÃ �� ż] ȖŽ�¬Ã)

[õƾĕÐ] besides] '~ ŵ ŠŌ', restrict A to B ] 'A» B¬ ƌȀǾc' Ŵ �. ŵ ØƂŌđ those] ailments» äĦ`c.

appeal noun ƂƉ Ç§

The appeal of a particular methodology and some concerns about its use.

ǢƋ çî®Ŵ ƂƉ" ŵ�ű ȗŢǾ]r #Ȁ ţ¦

[õƾĕÐ] ŵ ØƂŰ ƟØŵ Ĵ`� Øƌ ƛ anwser choice Ō CŜż] ØƂŻ`c. ŏ5đ appealű ǢƋ methodology» ưǗȅĿȀc] ŴÛ¬ 'ȑě'�� ȅĒǾ� xÎ hòű ƀ �¹Ɵ Öȃ`c. appealŴ special meaningů¬ 'ƂƉ', 'Ç§'ŵ� �ŵ żc] �ű ĸĴĿ ȃ`c.

supposedly adv ĴÁt

Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements.

Ñ Ñ ő&ơ�Ű 1980Qk Û'Ōđ źĨƠŵ 4ƞȀ �Ŵ ŵŬ¬ ǢƋ .µ�, Ɲ Ƹƶ ƿňŽ �] ƃƿňŽ�, ŵ . Ȁ źĨƠű ĴÁt l ĔȑȀ Ĉ��ŵ SwĨƂŌ ơŻȀ �ŵ l ^łG5 �Øŵ�� õĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] ƟØű ŵȅǾ]r żł ûĈ(adverb)Ŵ ƛšėű Ĵ×¾ �Əȅt ƟCǂǂ ķĦ`c. ŏ5đ supposedly (ĴÁt)� ıŔcÎ jőȤ cŲō īƌ¬] Ĉ��ŵ źĨƠű l ĔȑǾơ ķĺc�] IŢŵ Cŗ�c] Ŗǀŵ �_ȅƍđ .¤Ħ`c. � Ȁ�Ɵ attribute A to B ] Çţ ƛšȀ idiomŻ`c. AŴ ŵŬ� B�] T¾ (cause-effect) �Øŵƕ. Ÿe casue-effect#�] kûý Øƌ¬ CŘc� õĨÎ {`c.

Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements.

Ñ Ñ ő&ơ�Ű 1980Qk Û'Ōđ źĨƠŵ 4ƞȀ �Ŵ ŵŬ¬ ǢƋ .µ�, Ɲ Ƹƶ ƿňŽ �] ƃƿňŽ�, ŵ . Ȁ źĨƠű ĴÁt l ĔȑȀ Ĉ��ŵ SwĨƂŌ ơŻȀ �ŵ l ^łG5 �Øŵ�� õĺc.

[õƾĕÐ] ƟØű ŵȅǾ]r żł ûĈ(adverb)Ŵ ƛšėű Ĵ×¾ �Əȅt ƟCǂǂ ķĦ`c. ŏ5đ supposedly (ĴÁt)� ıŔcÎ jőȤ cŲō īƌ¬] Ĉ��ŵ źĨƠű l ĔȑǾơ ķĺc�] IŢŵ Cŗ�c] Ŗǀŵ �_ȅƍđ .¤Ħ`c. � Ȁ�Ɵ attribute A to B ] Çţ ƛšȀ idiomŻ`c. AŴ ŵŬ� B�] T¾ (cause-effect) �Øŵƕ. Ÿe casue-effect#�] kûý Øƌ¬ CŘc� õĨÎ {`c.

compound verb ö¾ƆŢǾc(ŵŽ)ȓȃǾc

If $10,000 is invested at 10 percent annual interest, compounded semiannually, what is the balance after 1 year?

1Ãþű őŵŽ 10Ǫęǡ, 6ũÁc ö¾¬ ƆŢx] ČǶŌ ǞŽxŋcÎ, 1Q Ȝ ſĽŰ ņÁŷ�?

[õƾĕÐ] compound] Math part Ōđ ö¾¬ ƆŢxc�] ŴÛ¬ ıŻ`c. �Ȁ compound] cº ŢĽ" ēc, ȓȃǾcŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ{`c.

If $10,000 is invested at 10 percent annual interest, compounded semiannually, what is the balance after 1 year?

1Ãþű őŵŽ 10Ǫęǡ, 6ũÁc ö¾¬ ƆŢx] ČǶŌ ǞŽxŋcÎ, 1Q Ȝ ſĽŰ ņÁŷ�?

[õƾĕÐ] compound] Math part Ōđ ö¾¬ ƆŢxc�] ŴÛ¬ ıŻ`c. �Ȁ compound] cº ŢĽ" ēc, ȓȃǾcŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ{`c.

place noun ƟŪ position

The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?

Hypothalamic hormoneŵ wÙŴ ȑ¹ÔŴ �4&ƏŌđ ƪƟǾ] ƟŪ] ĩÙŴ ȑ¹Ô &ƏŌđ ł� �Ŵ ƟŪŜ ŬĈȀ�?





TRUE adj ƋȕȀ correct

It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler's law.

ƇȐƆŷ ěŢvŵ Ȑǖ» Ȁ �¡ĨŴ æŰ ƛĭŌđ ÌłƟ�xÎ, ƛĭű ïłE ğ luminosity] 4�Ȥ �łơc. ÃŸ luminosity� Ƣ�ű �¾ǎ] ƋȕȀ Ɵǳ�Î, Ƣ�Ŵ kûýŰ ƛĭ Ƨů¬ Ƒƃȁ �ŵc. Kepler îǃŌ �¹Î, ƛĭŌđ à;Ƨů¬ ïłC] �¾Ō �� ¡ĨŴ șƇĜt] ƙł�� yc.

[õƾĕÐ] true] ŸČƆů¬ Äŵ ıŵ] ȐŢĈŵƟÃ, ƟØű ƌk¬ ŵȅǾ5Ūȅđ] true � 'ƋȕȀ'ŵ�] �ů¬ äĴ�ŏƍĿ ȃ`c. �' if ƈŌđ ÅǾ] �ŵ Ƌȕǂ ķc�] IŢŵ �äǄ z �ŵ� � ŖǀǾÍ ƟØű ŹłI¦� ğ żű �`c. in confomity with] '~Ō �¹Î'ŵ�] idiom. ��đ, Kepler îǃŰ Ƣ�ŵ ƙł�Î șƇĜt] HĴơc�] T¾t Ǩĵȁ ğ żĦ`c. �' ł� îǃ(law)�� Ȁ �ŵ f�Ƣ ğ] ŉ] �ŵ�, ƲŲ �Ƌȇm �, Ɲ if~ ƈŌđ ŵĿ5Ȁ luminosity� ƋȕȀ Ɵǳ] Ĵ`�] IŢŵ ń4xłĿ Ǿ�ƕ.

undergo verb �c

experiencepass through

Io is extremely geologically active, Europa seems to be active on a more modest scale, and Ganymede has undergone bouts of activity in its geological past. Only Callisto reveal no geological activity.

Io ] ƟƢƆů¬ Çţ ȗėȔxł ż] Čǖŵ�, Europa] ŵõc ƆŰ ƟŐŌ �Ƶ ȗåȀ ƟƢƆ ŦƠźŵ żůÍ, .¾� Ganymede] ȗėȔy e�» ŵÛ ŏ ƪ« �Ű Čǖŵc. ŗƠ CallistoŌđÃ ƟƢƆŷ ŦƠźŵ ŉc.

[õƾĕÐ] bout] ÐĈ¬đ 'Ȁ ƪ«', 'Ȁ ë'ŵ� �Ż`c. öğ¬ ıŏ 'ŏ ƪ«'Ŵ ŴÛ� {`c.





crater noun

verb

ýȔ&

ýȔ&» Ã�c

Callisto's surface is very heavily cratered from the impact of comet and asteroids; Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily cratered in parts; Europa is very lightly cratered; and no craters have been detected on lo, even though Jupiter's gravity attracts comets and asteroids passing near it, substantially increasing the bombardment rate of the inner moons compared to that of the outer ones.

CallistoŴ ǳÎŰ Ŭė" ěȈė�Ŵ ƾv¬ ŷȅ Çţ ÄŰ ýȔ&� ďėxŋůÍ; Ganymede] Áǂ Ɵ&Ŵ fŌđ õŏƟ] �Ʋ£, Ÿû ƟŐŌđ ýȔ&� ď��; Europa] ýȔ&� /ěğżc; .¾� Io] ýȔ&� ƇȌ ƑƃǾƟķ]c, Ă ÓėŴ ƛ§ŵ ŬėŵC ěȈėű lo 0Ʋ¬ ƟC�t Ã�ł à;ƐŌ ƑƃǾ] moonsõc ĶƧŌ ż] moonsŴ ǲå Ŭåŭű l WŏƚŌt þ&Ǿ�.

[õƾĕÐ] (Semi-colonŴ Ţî - 1) semi-colon (;)ŵ kûýŴ �ţ conjunction (ƊĜĈ) Őȁű ȃ`cÃ, ŵ ØƂŌđ] comma, (,) » kĪǾŏ ĈŢȇĦ`c. (;) Ű ØƂ&Ə� öƁȀ ČǖŌđ comma (,) kĪ ĈŢ{`c. ŵ ØƂŌđ Ę Ŵ (;) ŵ ĈŢxŋĦ`c. ŵŬ] ØƂ --- Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily cratered --- Ō ż] commaŜ ȓwű ǻǾ5Ūȅ (;) ű (,) kĪ ĈŢǾŔĦ`c.

asteroid n ěȈėbombardment n ǲå

Callisto's surface is very heavily cratered from the impact of comet and asteroids; Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily cratered in parts; Europa is very lightly cratered; and no craters have been detected on lo, even though Jupiter's gravity attracts comets and asteroids passing near it, substantially increasing the bombardment rate of the inner moons compared to that of the outer ones.

CallistoŴ ǳÎŰ Ŭė" ěȈė�Ŵ ƾv¬ ŷȅ Çţ ÄŰ ýȔ&� ďėxŋůÍ; Ganymede] Áǂ Ɵ&Ŵ fŌđ õŏƟ] �Ʋ£, Ÿû ƟŐŌđ ýȔ&� ď��; Europa] ýȔ&� /ěğżc; .¾� Io] ýȔ&� ƇȌ ƑƃǾƟķ]c, Ă ÓėŴ ƛ§ŵ ŬėŵC ěȈėű lo 0Ʋ¬ ƟC�t Ã�ł à;ƐŌ ƑƃǾ] moonsõc ĶƧŌ ż] moonsŴ ǲå Ŭåŭű l WŏƚŌt þ&Ǿ�.

[õƾĕÐ] (Semi-colonŴ Ţî - 1) semi-colon (;)ŵ kûýŴ �ţ conjunction (ƊĜĈ) Őȁű ȃ`cÃ, ŵ ØƂŌđ] comma, (,) » kĪǾŏ ĈŢȇĦ`c. (;) Ű ØƂ&Ə� öƁȀ ČǖŌđ comma (,) kĪ ĈŢ{`c. ŵ ØƂŌđ Ę Ŵ (;) ŵ ĈŢxŋĦ`c. ŵŬ] ØƂ --- Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily cratered --- Ō ż] commaŜ ȓwű ǻǾ5Ūȅ (;) ű (,) kĪ ĈŢǾŔĦ`c.

asteroid n ěȈėbombardment n ǲå

obscure verb

adj

ÒȑǾ� ǾcÐȕǾƟ ķc

to make dim,indistinct

indistinct, not readily noticed

Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s, the largest revitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends to obscure the consciousness of identity, strength, and sense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression.

Ÿû ǿŽ�Ű Garvey] Ƞŷ ŐĈŌđ �Ƃ ǌ ,ÒŴ revitalization movement (ƃȗėȔ ťw)» Ã�ů¬Į ȠŷĈșŴ Ŵĩű ƮƏȇc� ĕÐȀc. . C, . Ȁ ƖƂŰ "� Ƞŷ Ĉș ĜŌ ŵÛ Ƒƃȅ żm identity, strength, sense of historyŌ #Ȁ consciousnessŴ ŴÛ» l ÒȑǾ� ȁ Ćŵc. Garvey] ŵ Ȁ consciousness» ƮƏȀ �ŵ Ĵ`ŋc; .õe, .] ŵ Ȁ consciousnessŌ ƋǂƆů¬ ǳȎȁ ğ żt Ã�ŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] (Semi-colonŴ Ţî - 2) ļđ semi-colon (;) ŵ ƊĜĈŴ Őȁű Ȁc� ȇĦ`c. ŪŴ ØƂ Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression. Ōđ (;) Ŵ ŐȁŰ ƊĜĈ however, whileŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢxŋĦ`c. (;)ŵ ƊĜĈ¬đ ȄČ however, whileŴ ŴÛ¬Ã ıŵ] �Ű Ĵb`c. ØÈŌ �� because (RC passageŌđ] Čj ûý becauseŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ), and, meanwhile, although �� ŏ �Ɵ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ{`c. ��đ (;)Ŵ ŴÛ» ƋȕȤ ŵȅǾ5 ŪȅĔ ØÈű Ëƅ ǨĵǾ] �ŵ Ǽšȃ`c.

Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s, the largest revitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends to obscure the consciousness of identity, strength, and sense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression.

Ÿû ǿŽ�Ű Garvey] Ƞŷ ŐĈŌđ �Ƃ ǌ ,ÒŴ revitalization movement (ƃȗėȔ ťw)» Ã�ů¬Į ȠŷĈșŴ Ŵĩű ƮƏȇc� ĕÐȀc. . C, . Ȁ ƖƂŰ "� Ƞŷ Ĉș ĜŌ ŵÛ Ƒƃȅ żm identity, strength, sense of historyŌ #Ȁ consciousnessŴ ŴÛ» l ÒȑǾ� ȁ Ćŵc. Garvey] ŵ Ȁ consciousness» ƮƏȀ �ŵ Ĵ`ŋc; .õe, .] ŵ Ȁ consciousnessŌ ƋǂƆů¬ ǳȎȁ ğ żt Ã�ŋc.

[õƾĕÐ] (Semi-colonŴ Ţî - 2) ļđ semi-colon (;) ŵ ƊĜĈŴ Őȁű Ȁc� ȇĦ`c. ŪŴ ØƂ Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression. Ōđ (;) Ŵ ŐȁŰ ƊĜĈ however, whileŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢxŋĦ`c. (;)ŵ ƊĜĈ¬đ ȄČ however, whileŴ ŴÛ¬Ã ıŵ] �Ű Ĵb`c. ØÈŌ �� because (RC passageŌđ] Čj ûý becauseŴ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ), and, meanwhile, although �� ŏ �Ɵ ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ{`c. ��đ (;)Ŵ ŴÛ» ƋȕȤ ŵȅǾ5 ŪȅĔ ØÈű Ëƅ ǨĵǾ] �ŵ Ǽšȃ`c.





foothold noun å�� ƶĒ foundation achievement

Marcus Garvey had to change a number of prevailing attitudes in oder for his mass movement to find a foothold in the United States.

Marcus Garvey ] .� ŵ? kƛťwŵ Û' I ƶĒŵ x�Ǿ5 Ūȅđ] "� Ãőȇm Ĉ�çĩű òȔĨǊĿ ȇc.

[õƾĕÐ] foothold] 1Ž .k¬ 'åű �� ' Ɲ ƶĒŵ� ŴÛ¬ ĈŢ.ŬĈ eł¬] cornerstone (Ɩƽv)ŵ żĦ`c. ƭ�¬ touchstoneŰ 3$Ōđ 3ŷƟ ĴaƟ ǩóǾ5 Ūȅ 2łõ] v¬Į 'Ĩ3Ē', '5Ƙ'ŵ� �ů¬ ĈŢ{`c. KeystoneŰ İ5vŵ�] eł¬ 'Ȇĭ'.

by virtue of by virtue of ~ �ØŌ

because of due to

Large plants can spread compliance cost such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or report requirements by virtue of their size.

ǌ ,ÒŴ !Ƃ�Ű ǰ5Ù #¾Ŝ �Ű Ŵ× ĂŢű õc ǲNŰ íŪ¬ ýĉĨǊ Ę3ű û"Ǿ] �ŵ �_Ǿc; ãÎŌ, Ÿû ,Ò� ƆŰ !Ƃ�Ű . ,Ò�ØŌŷȊ� �] Ī�Ŵ×Ŝ �Ű îƆ ƏȄŴ kČŵ ėÀxƟ ķű ğ żc.

[õƾĕÐ] by virtue of ] '~ �ØŌ' �] �ů¬ ĊƦ formal Ȁ ǳȎŻ`c. (in virtue of t �Ű �) Compliance cost] ł� Ŵ×» īƳǾt Ã�]r ěšx] ĂŢ. ŵ ØƂŌđ revenue] Ęğ, Ɲ 'Ę3Ŵ ğŻ'ű Åȃ`c. provisionŰ cŲ" �Ű Ò� �ů¬ ĈŢxÚ¬ ƀ ĠƟǾĨ5 à�`c.

provision n. 1. !4 (provideŴ ÐĈȐ) 2. ĩ� (Ɩ¬ öğȐů¬ ĈŢ) 3. (îƆ) ƏȄ





GMAT u +§ q W O ] ü Vocabulary

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