1. Of all the possible threats that affect American nationalsecurity, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe themore difficult for analysis.

A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

B. is probably the most difficult to analyze

C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

D. is probably the more difficult to analyze

E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

Tony: The American Association of Universities recentlyannounced that U.S. students are less and less competitive atthe university level because of their lack of familiarity with themetric system. In addition, very few modern scientific journalsreference the imperial system of feet and pounds when citingmeasurements, and no major technical paper uses the imperialsystem. Because the imperial system seems to be an outmodedand archaic throwback, I recommend that secondary schoolsban the system outright and transition to the metric system.

Ralph: That's ludicrous. This would mean that allmeasurements such as speed and weight limits across thecountry would have to be switched to their metric equivalent,and there's no way the average American would agree to sucha change. Furthermore, our government would never approveof this change, let alone put it to a vote.

2. In his response to Tony, Ralph does all of the followingEXCEPT:

A. supply at least one way Tony's proposal would behard to put into practice

B. point out that secondary schools are not alone indetermining whether Tony's recommendation should beeffected

C. expose at least one unintended consequence of Tony'ssuggestion

D. undermine some of the premises that support Tony'sidea

E. imply that the government must be involved inimplementing Tony's proposal

American retailers spend more money on transportationlogistics than does any other industry. Almost 50 percent of the$25 billion spent on transportation logistics by retailers is wasteattributable to inefficient backhauling and route planning. At thesame time, approximately 60 percent of retailers in the UnitedStates have revenues of less than $2 million and don't have thefunds to invest in better logistics planning software.

3. Assuming the information above is true, which of thefollowing is the most reasonable conclusion that can drawn?

A. Small retailers can use logistics planning softwareto reduce their expenses by a greater percentage thanlarger retailers can.

B. The availability of affordable logistics planning softwarewill reduce transportation costs by approximately 50percent.

C. The use of logistics planning software represents apotential source of transportation logistics savings forretailers.

D. About $12.5 billion of the total spent on transportationlogistics each year by retailers is not waste.

E. Other American industries spend more than $25 billionon transportation logistics each year.

The California ground squirrel must constantly balancethe conflicting demands of self-preservation and predatorassessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairlyhigh degree of proximity and sensory contact, the groundsquirrel can only safely assess predators from whom thereis little to no immediate threat. For example, when avianpredators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle,launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservationmust take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediatedanger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity forpredator assessment.

Predator assessment might normally be hampered by theinherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But whilesquirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake'sdiet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes.Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in markedcontrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though arattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move muchfaster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebiteis mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that conferresistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels willgenerally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal toa grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are mostsusceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodiescannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.

This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to changethe dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationshipand approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire usefulinformation regarding size and body temperature. Largersnakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally moredangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster,from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visualcues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cuesare generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrelwill engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwingin an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax thesnake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake'srattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and bodytemperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel toaccurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups,but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (orlack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.

4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concludedabout adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage?

A. They are found exclusively in California.

B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.

C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake'svenom.

D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order toprotect their young.

E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

5. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrel generallydoes NOT engage in which of the following?

A. The self-application of snake scent

B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size

C. Biting rattlesnakes

D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators

E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

6. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes inorder to

A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a groundsquirrel engaged in predator assessment.

B. give an example of an attack against which the adultground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.

C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten byrattlesnakes.

D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailedhawk and golden eagle.

E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult Californiaground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

7. The passage suggests which of the following about predator-prey relationships?

A. They only allow for predator assessment when there isno danger from the predator.

B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predatorassessment.

C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.

D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.

E. They are the same regardless of the species inquestion.

Mathematicians typically formulate their greatest contributionsto the field before their thirtieth birthday. Many experts whostudy math's best practitioners believe that this occurs becauseaging impairs, rather than enhances, the creativity andstrict logical thinking that are required to create newtheorems. A recent study, however, demonstrates that nearlyall mathematicians who reached their professional peakafter their thirtieth birthday began studying mathematicsat a much older age than their peers. Because of theiratypical genius, many mathematicians are fast-tracked throughacademia and begin their professional studies five to tenyears earlier than normal. As a result, this study suggests thatage is less predictive than is tenure in determining whether amathematician over thirty may contribute greatly to the field.

8. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A. The first is a theory that is questioned by theargument; the second is new evidence used tosupport that theory.

B. The first is a theory that the argument opposes; thesecond is an objection raised against the alternative theoryadvocated by the argument.

C. The first is an opinion advanced in support of a position;the second is new evidence that clarifies that position.

D. The first is a theory advocated by the argument; thesecond is new evidence used to question that theory.

E. The first is a theory that the argument questions; thesecond is new evidence on which that question is based.

In the town of Snyder, Bank A and Bank B were exhibitors atthe annual Snyder Days Summer Festival in an attempt to findnew depositors. Both Bank A and Bank B displayed booths andmanned the booths with bank employees. At the end of thefestival, Bank A had registered 50 new depositors, and BankB had registered 20 new depositors, leading to $200,000 innew deposits for each bank. Banks A and Bank B each spent$5,000 obtaining the new deposits from the festival, and eachcalculated its likely profits from the festival at $3,000.

9. Which of the following conclusions can be most properlydrawn from the statements above?

A. Bank A and Bank B generated equivalent revenue fromthe festival.

B. On average, Bank A's new depositors deposited moremoney than did the new depositors of Bank B.

C. On the last day of the festival, Bank A and Bank B eachreceived the same number of new deposits.

D. Bank A has more depositors than does Bank B.

E. At the festival, Bank B specifically targeted those whowould be able to deposit higher amounts of money.

The manager of Plant X would like to add a quality controlstation to the last leg of his production line. He reasons that thequality control station would improve the plant's scores on thecompany-wide quality assessment exams by identifying qualityissues that otherwise wouldn't be caught by plant workers.

10. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weakenthe argument above?

A. Line managers at Plant X have observed a declinein quality ever since quality control stations wereeliminated from the clean room and midpoint of theproduction line last year.

B. Nearby Plant Y added a quality control station to its linelast year and scored lower on the most recent company-wide assessment than Plant X.

C. The finance department is opposed to adding thequality control station because they would like to allocatecapital to paying down debt.

D. The owners of Plant X are concerned that the qualitycontrol station would increase the time to market of manyof their products.

E. Plant workers are less diligent in identifying qualityissues when they know that the end of the line contains aquality control station.

Traditional editorial gatekeepers at newspapers, magazines,and television outlets are being bypassed by Internet searchengines. With the arrival of ever more powerful and intricatesearch engines, information is no longer sorted by trustedhuman gatekeepers but by computer algorithms-sets ofcommands that decide in split seconds how to arrange searchresults on a browser page. Once uniform for all users, searchresults are now based on algorithms that consider the specificusage history and preferences of the person browsing.

Because of software-driven information sorting, the individualInternet user is exposed to a range of information limitedby what the algorithms predict that user wants to read. Apersonalized algorithm is based primarily on a user's previousfirst clicks; thus, the computer gatekeeper's results skewtoward the impulsive, the entertaining, and the superficial,and the array of choices initially presented is not necessarilyrepresentative of the scope of information available. Theleading search engine resolves 57 different data points abouta user before displaying results. These points include theuser's geographic location, the type of computer being used,and the browser employed. Other websites and social mediautilize similar methods, with similar results. The result is whattechnology writer Eli Pariser terms a "filter bubble." Althoughthe Internet was envisioned as a force to unite society in sharedexperiences, its use of personalized search algorithms couldincreasingly atomize users and offer a narrow experience of theworld.

11. The author's primary objective is to

A. demonstrate the intricacies of computer algorithms usedby Internet search engines.

B. provide a solution to a perceived problem developing onthe Internet.

C. explain how to efficiently use Internet search engines.

D. describe the scope and potential implications of atransforming technology.

E. describe a new technology's implications for traditionalgatekeepers.

12. It can be most reasonably inferred from this passage that

A. the computer algorithms in use could be changed toinclude a human element.

B. many Internet users are more attracted to theentertaining than to the unfamiliar.

C. companies that provide search engines seek to keepcertain information away from users.

D. personalized Internet search algorithms make someinformation inaccessible to users.

E. erasing browsing histories can spare Internet users theeffects of tailored search results.

13. The author most likely mentions the ""57 different datapoints"" the leading search engine employs in order to

A. demonstrate the array of information available to searchengine providers.

B. frighten the reader with the threat of constantsurveillance.

C. underscore the incredible technological capabilities ofcurrent search engines.

D. explain more precisely how a particular search enginetailors information to users.

E. highlight the role played by search history in tailoringsearch results.

14. It has been demonstrated that individuals who participatedin competitive sports when they are in college tend towardsremaining physically active in their later years.

A. when they are in college tend towards remaining

B. when they were in college are likely to be

C. when they were in college were apt to be

D. when they are in college are apt to be

E. when they were in college were liable to be

15. Henry VIII changed from staunch defender to activeopponent of the Church when Pope Clement VII barred hisattempts to divorce Katharine of Aragon.

A. staunch defender to active opponent of the Church

B. staunchly defending to active opposition to the Church

C. staunch defender to actively opposing the Church

D. staunch defender of the Church to actively opposing it

E. being a staunch defender to an active opponent of theChurch

Editorial: The faltering economy has driven more voters toview undocumented immigrants as competitors for jobs and todemand stricter border controls. The logic of such demandsis superficially compelling: fewer immigrants would seem tomean less competition for jobs, especially jobs that requirelittle specialized training. However, stricter controls are bothunnecessary and counterproductive. They are unnecessarybecause the flow of undocumented immigrants has alreadyslowed. They are counterproductive because they woulddiscourage undocumented immigrants from leaving thecountry, for fear that immigrants would be unable to returnwhen the economy rebounds.

16. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A. The first is a causal claim that the editorial argues doesnot apply; the second is a causal claim in support of theeditorial's position.

B. The first is a causal claim in support of the editorial'sposition; the second is a causal claim that the editorialargues does not apply.

C. The first is a prediction that weighs in favor of theeditorial's conclusion; the second is that conclusion.

D. The first is a prediction that weighs against theeditorial's conclusion; the second is that conclusion.

E. The first is a prediction that weighs in favor of theeditorial's conclusion; the second is a prediction thatweighs against the editorial's conclusion.

Although the difference is commonly misunderstood in thegeneral public, mental health experts recognize a cleardistinction between introversion and social anxiety disorder.Introversion exists on one end of a continuum of normal,healthy personality traits, with extroversion at the opposite end.Introverts draw their energy from an internal world of thoughtsand feelings, whereas extroverts derive their energy fromengaging in activities with the people around them. Introvertsare not socially inept; in fact, they typically enjoy the companyof others-only on a more limited scale than is common forextroverts. Introverts value time spent alone or in the companyof a few close friends. This is a normal state for introverts, not acondition requiring treatment.

However, social anxiety disorder is a mental disorder thatusually requires medical and psychological intervention. Peoplewho struggle with social anxiety disorder are uneasy even insmall groups of close friends or relatives. Interacting with alarge group or entering a public setting can cause sufferers toexperience not only severe emotional distress but also suchphysical symptoms as nausea, flushing, racing heartbeat, anddisorientation. People with the disorder may find that eventhe thought of a social interaction, such as ordering food in arestaurant, is enough to trigger symptoms. As a result, peoplewith social anxiety usually dread public settings and do all theycan to avoid everyday social encounters. The symptoms ofthis disorder, quite unlike the qualities of an introvert, are oftendebilitating and require professional treatment. Sufferers usuallybenefit from a combination of anxiety-reducing medication andlong-term cognitive behavior therapy.

17. The author most likely takes care to differentiateintroversion and social anxiety disorder for which of thefollowing reasons?

A. Introverts are more likely to develop social anxietydisorder than extroverts are.

B. Like people suffering from social anxiety disorder,introverts are uneasy in the company of other people.

C. Introversion may be viewed by some to be an unhealthyquality.

D. Social anxiety disorder is a more debilitating form ofintroversion.

E. Unlike introversion, social anxiety disorder may respondto anxiety-reducing medications.

18. The author most likely lists physical symptoms of socialanxiety disorder in order to

A. arouse compassion in readers for sufferers of thedisorder.

B. help distinguish the disorder from introversion.

C. urge treatment of individual symptoms.

D. activate readers' memories of similar experiences.

E. seek the cause of these reactions.

19. According to the passage, why do introverts ""value timespent alone"" more than extroverts do?

A. Introverts tend to have a few close friends rather thanmany acquaintances.

B. Introverts can trace their behaviors to unpleasant socialexperiences in their past.

C. Introverts do not require medical or psychologicaltreatment.

D. Introverts feel anxious days before large socialgatherings.

E. Introverts have rich interior worlds that allow them torecharge.

20. One reason some particle physicists are switching toastronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spendingyears constructing environments in which they can conductexperiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-madesupply of environments at their disposal.

A. One reason some particle physicists are switchingto astronomy late in their careers is that they tire ofspending years constructing environments in which theycan conduct experiments; astronomers have an infiniteand ready-made supply of environments at their disposal

B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supplyof environments at their disposal

C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments isat the disposal of astronomers

D. The fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal is onereason, late in their careers, some particle physicists areswitching to astronomy

E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply ofenvironments at the disposal of astronomers comparedwith the fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments suggests one reason some particle physicistsare switching to astronomy late in their careers

American Diversity

The history of diversity - of race, national origin and politicalcreed, to name a few - in the United States is marked bycontradictions; the country prides itself on being inclusive, butits history is rife with examples that prove this open-mindednessto be, at best, an aspiration rather than a fact.

A particular example of this is the case of Fernando Saccoand Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian immigrant anarchists wholived in Massachusetts in the early twentieth century. Saccoand Vanzetti were convicted of the murders of a companypaymaster and security guard and the theft of the $16,000payroll in their charge. Sacco and Vanzetti were found guiltyand were executed, despite the worldwide protests of thosewho decried the trial, verdict, and sentence as overrun with anti-Italian, anti-immigrant and anti-radical prejudice.

Further, more institutionalised evidence of possibly racist anti-immigrant sentiment is found in the Immigration Act of 1924.This law permitted the nearly unfettered inflow of immigrantsfrom western and northern Europe, while reducing immigrationrates from eastern and southern Europe to a trickle - andeliminating immigration from most Asian countries.

During World War i, over 100,000 ethnic Japanese people- over 60% of whom were American citizens - were forciblyremoved from the west coast of the United States and relocatedto internment camps, ostensibly to prevent their spying forthe Japanese empire (which in fact may have happened)but generally acknowledged to be the further enactment ofthe anti-Asian sentiment that was endemic throughout theearly twentieth century but was intensified after the Japanesesurprise attack on Pearl Harbour.

21. Those who argue Sacco and Vanzetti were unfairly triedbelieve that anti-Italian sentiment played a bigger role in thecase than anti-radical sentiment.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

22. Protests of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial were heard even incountries outside the United States.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

23. Within the broad history of American anti-immigrantsentiment, the differential treatment of immigrants based ontheir country of origin is apparent.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

24. Acts of bigotry do not have practical implications in certaincircumstances.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

25. Bottle-nosed dolphins have a highly developed senseof taste, enabling them to detect various chemicals in thewater; however, since this animal has no olfactory lobe, theyapparently have no sense of smell.

A. since this animal has

B. these animals have

C. those animals have

D. since these animals have

E. since the dolphin has

Montezuma's Treasure

The conquest of the Aztec civilisation by Spanish

conquistadores took place in the early 16th century. The story

of the conquest engendered a legend of lost treasure that hasserved to tempt adventurers and treasure-hunters for centuries.

The Spanish had settled various Caribbean islands and hadsent several exploratory expeditions into the Aztec empireand its environs, when in 1519 an expedition led by HernandoCortes, was launched. This expedition arrived at Tenochtitlan,the Aztec capital city, and was welcomed by the Aztec king,Montezuma. Gifts of gold were presented to the Spaniards,which served to whet their appetite for lucre.

The Spanish ultimately took up arms against their hosts, killingMontezuma and stealing tonnes of treasure. Confronted byAztec warriors, they fled Tenochtitlan and were pursued tothe banks of Lake Tezcuco. A bloody fight ensued, in whichthe Spanish troops were devastated and, along with much ofthe plundered gold, thrown into the Lake. Cortes and a fewof his men escaped, stashing the rest of their treasure at thelake in order to travel more quickly. They returned a year later.Warned of their impending arrival, the Aztecs buried much oftheir remaining gold, also on the shores of the lake.

In the centuries since these events, hundreds of people havesought the lost treasure, but to no avail. Five hundred years ofsediment have hidden the cache so effectively that not evena government-sponsored dredging of the lakebed revealedits location. The treasure, which would certainly be worth atleast several hundred million pounds today, remains to bediscovered.

26. The hidden Aztec treasure on the shores of Lake Tezcucowas placed there by both Spanish and Aztecs.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

27. The gold taken by the conquistadores was a combination ofsome items stolen from the Aztecs, and other items given to theSpanish by the Aztecs willingly.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

28. The Aztecs welcomed Cortes as the personification of a godwhen he first arrived at Tenochtitlan.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

29. The value of the lost Aztec treasure was worthapproximately £50-100 million at the time it was buriedat Lake Tezcuco.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

30. Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes failto maintain good eating habits caused by the desire to be asthin as possible.

A. Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimesfail to maintain good eating habits caused by the desire tobe as thin as possible

B. Good eating habits sometimes fail to be maintainedby young female ballet dancers and gymnasts caused bydesiring to be as thin as possible

C. Because they desire to be as thin as possible, goodeating habits are sometimes not maintained by youngfemale ballet dancers and gymnasts

D. Because they desire to be as thin as possible, youngfemale ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail tomaintain good eating habits

E. Young female dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail tomaintain good eating habits because they desire to be asthin as possible

Charles Dickens

Perhaps the most common advice given to fledgling writers isto 'write what you know.' The wisdom of this advice is borne outin the works of one of the most popular and successful writersin the history of English literature, Charles Dickens. Dickens'sworks, while fictional, pay homage to many of the people andsituations he knew in his early life.

As a child, Dickens enjoyed the modest but comfortabletrappings his father's clerical salary provided. When Dickenswas 12 years old, however, his father's excessive spendinglanded him in debtor's prison, and Dickens's mother andseven siblings moved to the prison as well. The circumstancesDickens observed there, and the broader themes of misfortuneof the destitute, were reflected in many of his novels, includingLittle Dorrit and David Copperfield.

Later, Dickens worked in a blacking warehouse (the proprietorsof which were fictionalised in characters in The Old CuriosityShop and Dombey and Son), as a law clerk (gaining knowledgehe used to good effect in Nicholas Nickleby and Bleak House),and as a journalist before becoming a fulltime novelist.

Individuals from Dickens's life were reflected in his fiction, too.Various characters reveal the personal characteristics and lifeexperiences of his father, mother, and various siblings and in-laws, and one of his most famous characters, Fagin the gangboss from Oliver Twist, was named after a childhood friendof Dickens. Many students of Dickens's work believe that thecharacter Pip from Great Expectations was based on the authorhimself.

31. Dickens gained so much knowledge of English Law inresearching Nicholas Nickleby that he qualified for work in thelegal profession.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

32. None of the individuals with whom Dickens worked as ajournalist are reflected in his writings.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

33. In his youth, Charles Dickens had a friend named Fagin.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

34. The theory that Dickens's character Pip is to some degreean autobiographical one has been discredited by modernscholars.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almostentirely a story of white males: scientists, traders andmissionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as anexception.

Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she couldconduct research on fetishes and complete the academictreatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsleytold a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she haddreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless,she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors,missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her notto make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for WestAfrica carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimencases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insectsfor the British Museum.

Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of theCongo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspiciousof Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsleypurchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inlandfor six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food andshelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895,Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with suchchallenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeatinga leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a nativecanoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first whitewoman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot MountCameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaignedfor an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels inWest Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnologicalstudy of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town duringthe 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic ofdysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contractedtyphoid, and died.

35. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned Africanexplorers are at risk due to disease.

B. To outline the early history of African exploration.

C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy

in 19 th century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer.

E. To argue that the contributions made by womenexplorers in Africa were as important as those made bymen.

36. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone toAfrica for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. to serve as an Anglican missionary

B. to complete her father's fetish research

C. to fulfill a childhood dream

D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the BritishMuseum

E. to die

37. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and othersupplies at the mouth of the Congo was:

A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way

B. to earn extra money to finance her trip

C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives

D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father'sresearch

E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

38. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley'stravels in paragraph three?

A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts.

B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelerswith those faced by male explorers of the day.

C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling bookTravels in West Africa.

D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels.

E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety ofchallenges.

John Dillinger

American bank robber John Dillinger was active in the 1930s,stealing over $300,000 with his gangs. As a depression-eragangster, he was equally reviled and admired by the public;many saw him as a thug but many others admired his skill inavoiding arrest and viewed him as a modern-day Robin Hood.

Dillinger learned the bank-robbery trade when he was in prisonfor other minor infractions. When he gained his release, heplotted the escape of two seasoned mentors and set out on aseries of high-profile robberies.

Dillinger's suave, audacious tactics earned him early notoriety.Through the use of guileful deceptions theretofore unknown- for example, posing as a bank-security expert or as aHollywood location scout so that he could gain access tosensitive areas of his victim-banks - his exploits quickly becamethings of legend. That he availed himself of hundreds ofthousands of dollars at a time of great poverty only served toheighten the myth of Dillinger.

Dillinger was captured twice during his string of bank robberies,but managed to escape both times. He evaded further capturethrough a series of shoot-outs with police and FBI agents,and fled to Chicago where he assumed a false identity andcontinued to evade justice.

Dillinger's end came as the result of a shootout outside a movietheatre in Chicago when a female acquaintance, the infamous'Lady in Red,' tipped the police that Dillinger would be there. Hismyth endures; a number of stories report his epic taunts of theFBI, his prideful gratitude toward the Ford Motor Company forbuilding reliable getaway cars, and even that it wasn't Dillingerwho was killed outside that theatre at all.

39. Dillinger's love interest, the 'Lady in Red,' betrayed him tolaw enforcement.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

40. Dillinger broke two of his gang members out of jail.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

41. John Dillinger was never arrested during his string of bankrobberies.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

42. Dillinger was broadly admired by the general public, if not bylaw enforcement.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

In 1943, Baade obtained photographs of stars in the galaxyAndromeda. Using these photographs, Baade divided starsinto two groups. The brightest members of Population I werehot, blue stars with surface temperatures up to 30,000 degreesKelvin. The brightest Population II stars (called "red giants")were large, cool and red, and fainter than Population I stars.Later observations showed that most Population I stars occurin the arms of spiral galaxies, while Population II stars are mostcommon between the arms and in the centers of spiral galaxies,and in elliptical galaxies.

According to Baade, the two populations compose distinctstellar age groups. Since the rate at which stars consume theirfuel is directly proportional to their brightness, and brightnessincreases with mass, large, bright stars burn their fuel morequickly than dimmer stars. Baade concluded that the brightestPopulation I stars were probably less than one million years oldwhile Population II stars were older.

Baade found support for his views in the distribution of redgiants. It is believed that most of a star's hydrogen fuel isgradually converted to helium. When the helium core comprisesabout one-tenth of a star's mass, the star expands and itssurface cools. This phase lasts until the red giant consumesall of its fuel and disintegrates in either a single explosion or aseries of outbursts. Most red giants occur in Population II.

The composition of red giants supports Baade's conception.It is thought that all elements evolved from hydrogen as aresult of nuclear reactions in stars. When a star explodes, itthrows out heavy elements. Thus, the dust and gas from whichnew stars are produced gradually become richer in heavierelements. Studies of red giants in both populations reveal thatheavier elements are more abundant in Population I giants.Thus, Population II stars evolved from material poor in heavierelements and are older.

While Baade's basic insights have been sustained, analyses ofstars in our galaxy have shown variations in concentrations ofheavy elements, indicating that the stars must be of assortedages. As a consequence, stars are now classified into fivedistinct populations.

43. The primary purpose of this passage is to

A. explain how to determine the age of a star

B. describe a system of star classification and some of theevidence supporting it

C. discuss Population II stars

D. compare and evaluate competing theories of stellarevolution

E. examine the importance of Baade's contributions toastronomy

44. According to the passage, Baade considered all of thefollowing to be characteristics of Population I stars EXCEPT:

A. They are relatively young stars.

B. The brightest members are hot, blue stars.

C. They are found mainly between the arms of spiralgalaxies.

D. They are brighter than Population II stars.

E. They have surface temperatures of up to 30,000degrees Kelvin.

45. According to the passage, when the core in which hydrogenhas been totally consumed amounts to approximately one tenthof a star's mass, then

A. the star will expand and its outer layer will cool

B. its life as a normal star will end

C. the star may disintegrate in a single explosion

D. the star will throw out the heavy elements it hasproduced

E. its classification will change from Population I toPopulation II

46. Which of the following statements can be inferred from thepassage as characteristic of red giants?

I. They are all Population II stars.

II. Each red giant is cooler than it once was.

III. They all have a low percentage of heavy elements.

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and II only

D. I and III only

E. I, II, and III

47. The passage provides support for all of the followingstatements EXCEPT:

A. The death of a star involves either one major or severalminor explosions.

B. The chemical compositions of red giants support theclassification of stars into different age groups.

C. Population II stars are older than Population I stars.

D. Elliptical galaxies have existed for a longer period oftime than spiral galaxies.

E. The chemical composition of a star is indicative of itsage.

48. The author would most probably agree that

A. astronomers can ascertain with ease to which of the fivepopulations a star belongs

B. more recent information has discredited Baade's earlyideas about stars

C. eventually the spiral arms of the galaxies will be devoidof interstellar dust

D. the classification of stars has helped to lend order totheir study

E. the present classification of stars into five populations isoutdated

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the lastten years have shown that patients who had regularlyattended support groups or received counseling experiencedsignificantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery timesfrom chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly,although the mainstream scientific community has been slowto acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on thebody's ability to heal.

49. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen theargument above?

A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in thestudy were virtually identical regardless of whether or notthey received support.

B. The patients who did not attend support groups chosenot to do so, even though they were healthy enough toattend.

C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a rolein the causation and prevention of illness.

D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergomore than one round of treatment.

E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on theirpremises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

50. During her testimony, the witness referred to facts about thedefendant that had been ruled inadmissible as evidence, so thejudge ordered that her remarks were stricken from the record.

A. were stricken from the record

B. are stricken from the record

C. be stricken from the record

D. are not recorded

E. will not be recorded

Trial by jury is considered a hallmark of U.S democracy. Thecitizen jury is the cornerstone of U.S. courts, protecting thenation from social injustice. But today's jury system evolvedfrom one that was sanctioned by King Henry II in an eraappropriately dubbed the Dark Ages. In medieval England,a jury of peers consisted of 12 men deemed worthy to servebased on personal knowledge of the event in dispute. Foreignto King Henry II was the concept that the guilt or innocence of adefendant could be accurately judged based solely on evidencepresented in court. Over the next few centuries, the judicialprocess grew more complex, and the medieval jury system waslargely outmoded by the time the Dark Ages were eclipsed bythe Renaissance.

Today, personal knowledge of a case is discouraged and candisqualify a person from jury service. However, the modernU.S. judicial system is a highly criticized institution, and theeffectiveness of a trial by jury is still a subject of dispute.The question arises whether evidence presented in court issubstantial enough to ensure that a guilty verdict is correct.Also at issue is whether a jury verdict is questionable due to thefallibility of human judgment. Perhaps the juries of today are nobetter equipped than their medieval predecessors to pronounceinnocence or guilt or to presume with any certainty knowledgeof the truth.

51. The author would most likely agree with which of thefollowing?

A. Today's trial by jury system should be abolished.

B. Modern jurors may overestimate the sufficiency ofevidence, pronouncing guilt when the evidence does notactually warrant this conclusion.

C. Most court decisions today should be challenged inappellate courts.

D. The U.S. judicial system today fails to reflect lessonsfrom history.

E. Many lawsuits today could be settled without a jury trial.

52. The author most likely refers to the Dark Ages in order to

A. allude to the improvement of the jury selection processused in the U.S. today.

B. heighten the contrast with the jury system that arose outof the Renaissance.

C. stress the need to revise the jury system sanctioned byKing Henry II.

D. imply that today's trial by jury system is based onunrealistic ideals.

E. emphasize the flawed nature of the juries selected inKing Henry's time.

53. According to the passage, why did the medieval jury systemfall into disuse?

A. The opinions of the jurors were likely to be biased bytheir dealings with the person on trial.

B. It could not meet the increasingly complex demands ofthe legal system.

C. The jury appointments were made by the king.

D. The system was revealed to be corrupt.

E. The verdicts too often proved to be incorrect.

54. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same way theyapply to established economies, because they are developingand are not in equilibrium.

A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balancedo not apply to small, emergent economies in the sameway they apply to established economies, because theyare developing and are not in equilibrium

B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same waythey apply to established economies

C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,small, emergent economies are not subject to the sameapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance as established economies

D. Because small, emergent economies are developingand are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domesticproduct and trade balance do not apply to them in thesame way they apply to established economies

E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to theapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance in the same way as established economies,because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

55. Unlike the Puritan ethic, extolling hard work as the supremevirtue, many modern psychologists focus on the goals of innerpeace and self-discovery.

A. Unlike the Puritan ethic, extolling hard work as thesupreme virtue, many modern psychologists focus on thegoals of inner peace and self-discovery

B. Unlike believers in the Puritan ethic, which extols asthe supreme virtue hard work, the goals of inner peaceand self-discovery are focused on by many modernpsychologists

C. Unlike the Puritan ethic, which extols hard work asthe supreme virtue, the focus of the doctrines of manymodern psychologists are the goals of inner peace andself-discovery

D. Unlike the Puritan ethic, which extols hard workas the supreme virtue, the doctrines of many modernpsychologists focus on the goals of inner peace and self-discovery

E. Unlike those of the Puritans, who extol hard work as thesupreme virtue, many modern psychologists focus on thegoals of inner peace and self-discovery

Urban legends proliferate in contemporary society, anddetermining why these stories survive sheds light on howideas gain acceptance in social environments and how thoseideas influence social beliefs. It is commonly assumed thatideas retain power primarily because of their truthfulness andthat urban legends, by extension, are shared because of theirpresumed truthfulness. The perceived truth of urban mythsis certainly one reason these stories are exchanged and onereason why they are deemed worthy of transmission in thefirst place. People hunger for news and are fascinated bysensational news transmitted in the form of plausible stories.But recent studies have linked the success and longevity ofurban legends to their ability to evoke common human emotionsthat are primarily negative, such as fear or disgust.

Crediting the success of urban legends to their emotionalimpact is intriguing, as the tales have the power to alter thesocial environment in which they thrive. The ideas conveyed inthese stories play on people's fears and phobias; they reinforceexisting attitudes and magnify perceived threats. According tothe studies, this power prevails regardless of the truthfulness orthe viability of the ideas within the stories. Thus, urban legendsbecome part of a shared psychology, and the impact of thesemodern myths can be compared to that of traditional, fictionalfairy tales. Both are commonly composed of motifs that inciteemotional reactions and propagate irrational fears, such asthe poisoned apple and its contemporary equivalent: poisonedcandy.

56. It can be inferred from this passage that the ideasconveyed through urban legends

A. are less believable to people who have had extensiveexposure to fairy tales.

B. are popular based on their ability to reflect concepts thatembody common but unwarranted concerns.

C. can be difficult to recognize based on the function theyserved in traditional oral tales.

D. have been studied extensively by scholars to enhancecomparative literature research.

E. had different implications when they were conveyed byother methods.

57. The author probably likens the impact of urban legends tothat of traditional fairy tales in order to

A. allude to the exaggerated quality of these legends.

B. convey the appeal of the formulaic plot structure.

C. confirm the assertion that they have little or no basis inhistorical fact.

D. stress their ability to explore universal truths about thehuman experience.

E. reinforce the idea that they evolved from an establishedliterary genre.

58. ""Poisoned candy"" is mentioned in the passage as anexample of all the following EXCEPT

A. a long-forgotten idea that has resurfaced in moderntimes.

B. a metaphor for a piece of sensational news peoplecrave.

C. an older idea that was modified to suit a contemporaryaudience.

D. a motif that appears to invalidate the idea that urbanlegend are presumed to be true.

E. a classic human phobia.

59. Prosecutors use a reliable forensic method. graphology, inforgery cases, which may also be use by employers to uncoverclues to prospective employees' characters.

A. Prosecutors use a reliable forensic method, graphology,in forgery cases, which may also be use by

B. Prosecutors in forgery cases that have used graphologyas a reliable forensic method and may also be used by

C. Graphology, a reliable forensic method used byprosecutors in forgery cases, may also be used by

D. As a reliable forensic method, prosecutors usegraphology in forgery cases, which may also be used by

E. Prosecutors use graphology in forgery cases, a reliableforensic method may also be used by

Practice vs. Talent

Most people assume that those who are truly great atsome pursuit - for example, David Beckham at footballor Midori at playing the violin - are naturally, or perhapssupernaturally, talented. Those who hold this belief generallywould acknowledge that some practice is necessary for theseextraordinary individuals to hone their talents, but that at theroot, they were born with innate talents that no amount ofpractice could replace.

Recent research, however, reveals that talent contributes farless toward success than does practice. In fact, in none of thefields studied - which included sport, music, chess and medicine- have experts found any evidence that experts have any morenatural talent than amateurs. In short, the successes of world-class performers are almost entirely attributable to practice. Theimplications of this are obvious: a lack of success in any area ofinterest can no longer be blamed on a lack of talent - each of uscan achieve elite status in virtually any pursuit through copiousamounts of practice.

The structure of effective practice that emerged from the studiesis different from what might be expected, however. Researchershave defined a term known as 'deliberate practice' - repeatedefforts to improve the weakest aspect of performance, donewith forethought and with evaluated results. Practice in the waythat most people define it -- randomised activity, or repetition ofthe most enjoyable aspects of the performance -- is insufficient.

The concept of directed practice is best explained through anexample. Suppose that one wishes to improve one's golf gameto the elite level. Most people would approach their practiceby either playing more rounds of golf, or by practicing theirfavourite part of the game - say, their long game. Directedpractice, though, would dictate that the person analyse thecurrent state of his or her game, determine which aspect of the

game is his or her greatest weakness, and then repetitively andintensively practice that particular aspect. Suppose that yourweakness is putting the ball- to embrace the concept of directedpractice, you should spend hours on the practice green hittingthe same putts over and over again, planning and visualisingthem beforehand, and analysing and making improvementsafterward. Once your putting improves to the point that it isno longer your greatest weakness, move on to that part of thegame that now is, and repeat the process.

60. For most golfers, a trip to the driving range will improve theirgame more than would equal time playing a full round of golf.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

61. Directed practice aimed at improving the weakest elementof your performance is likely to yield better results than directedpractice aimed at improving any other element.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

62. Natural talent and practice are equally important in gainingmastery of an activity.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

63. An individual who finds himself unable to do well at golfsimply has not spent enough time practising.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell