Glut, mastering information through the ages
Transcript of Glut, mastering information through the ages
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Or, how did we get from
to
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Stone Age Information Architecture
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Animals
Birds Mammals Fish
Dogs Cats
Burmese Tabby Siamese
Brown mackereldomesticlonghair
Unique beginner
“Life form”
Generic
Specific
Varietal
What a folk taxonomy looks like:
Sheep Cows
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Hierarchies and Networks
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The Ice Age Information Explosion
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The Ice Age Information Explosion
• Folk taxonomies evolve into mythic systems
• Symbols beget wider social networks
• A “release from social proximity”
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The Age of Alphabets
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BullaeSumeria, circa 5000 BC
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Cuneiformcirca 3000 BC
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The Age of Alphabets
• Counting begets writing
• Birth of the “knowledge bureau”
• Schism between oral and literate cultures
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The Codex
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The Library at Alexandria3rd century BC
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Roman de Troie13th Century
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Adam naming the animalsfrom The Aberdeen Bestiary, c.1200 AD
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Canon Tablefrom Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
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The codex
• The “networked” book
• Random access, pagination and indexing
• Early mass production techniques
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Gutenberg
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Gutenberg Press
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Trinity College Library, Dublin
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Gutenberg’s impact
• Rise of secular literacy
• Schism between the “book” and the “work”
• Disruption of old institutional hierarchies
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The Industrial Information Explosion
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Desk Set1957
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The Industrial Information Economy
• Mass literacy
• Knowledge as product
• New institutional hierarchies emerge
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The Post-Industrial Web
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Charles Cutter“The desks had ... a little key-board at each, connected by a wire. The reader had only to find the mark of his book in the catalog, touch a few lettered or numbered keys, and [the book] appeared after an astonishingly short interval.
Charles Cutter, “The Buffalo Public Library of 1983” (Library Journal, 1883)
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H.G. Wells“The whole human memory can be, and probably in a short time will be, made accessible to every individual. [T]his new all-human cerebrum ... can have at once, the concentration of a craniate animal and the diffused vitality of an amoeba...”
H.G. Wells, World Brain, 1938
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Teilhard de Chardin
“A sort of ‘etherised’ human consciousness... a single, organized, unbroken membrane over the earth” that will “pave the way for a revolution.”
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Paul Otlet
• Creator of Universal Decimal Classification
• Founder of Mundaneum
• Author of Monde, Traité de documentation
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Otlet
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How the UDC works
• Universal Decimal Classification for top-down categorization
• Auxiliary Tables to mark relationships between topics (e.g., “+” “/” “:”)
• Constructing the “social space” of a document
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What would Otlet’s Web have looked like?• Marriage of top-down classification with
bottom-up categorization
• Constructing the “social space” of a document
• Gradations of links, e.g.:
• Agree / Disagree / Approve / Disapprove
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Vote-links
http://microformats.org/wiki/vote-links
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Vannevar Bush
• Science advisor to FDR
• President of Carnegie Institution
• Author of “As We May Think”
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As We May Think
“Thus [the user] goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it to the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item… Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.”
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“Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the Memex and there amplified.”
As We May Think
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What would Bush’s Web have looked like?
• Two-way links
• Visible trails
• Microfilm!
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Eugene Garfield
Founder of Science Citation Index
Inventor of citation ranking
Forefather of PageRank
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What would Garfield’s Web look like?
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Doug Engelbart
Former SRI Researcher
Creator of oNLine System (NLS)
Author of “Augmenting Human Intelligence”
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Doug Engelbart
• 1968 NLS Demo
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What would Engelbart’s Web have looked like?
• Tools for small group collaboration
• Process hierarchies
• Built-in audio/video conferencing
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Xerox PARC
Founded by Alan Kay and several early Engelbart collaborators
Mission: “The Architecture of Information”
Invented the GUI, precursors of the modern PC
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TextText
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Apple Hypercard
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Ted NelsonCoined the term “hypertext” (1965)
Author of Literary Machines, Dream Machines, Computer Lib
Creator of Xanadu
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• http://www.digibarn.com/collections/books/computer-lib/dm-cover.jpg
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Andries Van Dam
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http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/HARTadj5in.jpg
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On Hypertext
“I mean non-sequential writing-text that branches and allows choices to the reader… a series of text chunks connected by links which offer the reader different pathways.”
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Nelson-isms
TransclusionDocuverseStretchtext Zippered listsWindow sandwichesIndexing vortexesPart-pouncesTumblers
Collateral hypertext
HumbersThinkertoysFresh hyperbooksAnthological hyperbooks
Grand systems
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What would Nelson’s Web have looked like?
• Transclusion
• Two-way linking
• Intellectual property controls
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I Don’t Buy In
The Web isn’t hypertext, it’s DECORATED DIRECTORIES!
What we have instead is the vacuous victory of typesetters over authors, and the most trivial form of hypertext that could have been imagined…
There is an alternative.
Markup must not be embedded. Hierarchies and files must not be part of the mental structure of documents. Links must go both ways. All these fundamental errors of the Web must be repaired. But the geeks have tried to lock the door behind them to make nothing else possible.
We fight on. More later.
- Ted Nelson
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Andries Van DamEarly collaborator with Nelson
Created the first working hypertext systems:
Hypertext Editing System (HES)
File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS)
Intermedia
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Intermedia
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What would the IRIS Web have looked like?
Networked applications embedded in the GUI
Two-way hyperlinks
Closed system
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Tim Berners-Lee
Former researcher at CERN
Built first version of Enquire in 1980
Released WorldWideWeb in 1989
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Which brings us to...
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Orality Literacy
Additive Subordinative
Aggregative Analytic
Participatory Objective
Situational Abstract
Source: Ong
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Conclusions
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Glut: Mastering Information Through the Ages
by Alex Wright
http://alexwright.org/glut/
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Thank you