GLOSSARY - Springer978-1-137-10485-4/1.pdfGLOSSARY The chapters in this volume contain words from...
Transcript of GLOSSARY - Springer978-1-137-10485-4/1.pdfGLOSSARY The chapters in this volume contain words from...
GLOSSARY
The chapters in this volume contain words from several languages: Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. Many Sanskrit and Sanskrit-related words are used in Bengali, Hindi and Nepali, so there is much overlap in the vocabulary related to renunciation in these Sanskrit-related languages. Acknowledging this overlap, we include Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali terms in a single list for Sanskrit-related languages. Because Tibetan and Sanskrit belong to different language families, we list Tibetan terms in a separate list. Where alternative Sanskritized spellings appear in different chapters, we indicate both variants (samsar I a; jnan I a; tapas I ya; vairag I ya) . Three Arabic-derived words (khilaphat, majzub, mazar) are included in the first list, as they are used by Bengali-speaking Bauls.
Sanskrit, Related Languages of Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali
acharya ahamkar ajiv akhand Bharat aryika asan ashram atman avadhut baba bairagi(f bairagini) bansuri bhakti bhandara Bharat
Sanskrit scholar; spiritual leader of renouncer group egotism insentient matter united India noble woman; nun of the Jain Digambar sect seat or posture for meditation hermitage in Hinduism soul in Hinduism ascetic believed to be above all rule an old man; an ascetic Vaishnava renouncer flute devotion in Hinduism feast India
270
bhek bhek-dhari bhog
brahman daitva dan dharma dhoti dhuni diksha
divyalok do tara gaumutra ghar ghuspeti guru havan Hindutva imani batein jati byabasa }ina
jivl a jnan/ a jnanamarg kamkarnewali karma karmayoga karmic kashaya kavatchan
khepa
khilaphat
khukuri kriyayoga
kuti
GLOSSARY
initiation into renunciation, usually Vaishnava or Baul person who has taken bhek or wears clothes signifying bhek enjoyment; suffering; experiencing the result of good or bad deeds ultimate reality; impersonal absolute duty or responsibility contribution; donation; gift duty; moral order; religion waistcloth worn by men sacred fire pit associated with wandering renouncers initiation by a guru that usually involves obtaining a mantra region of celestial beings a lute--like instrument
' . cows unne house or home of layperson infiltrator; spy spiritual teacher in Hinduism sacrificial fire Hindu nationalism human affairs caste occupation literally conqueror; omniscient spiritual teacher of]ainism; synonym with Tirrhankara soul; that which has sentience in Hinduism and Jain ism knowledge; wisdom path of knowledge literallly she who works action or good works; fruits of action in Hinduism the yoga of good works pertaining to actions or good works in this or other lives paSSions tunic worn by mumukshus, upasikas, and samanis in Jainism crazy; mad with longing for Divine; Bauls may append this adjective to their name Caliphate; used by Bauls and some Sufis ro refer to institution of renunciation traditional Nepali curved knife with an iron blade particular yogic technique; used synonymously with karmayoga by some renouncers to mean "the yoga of action" hermitage; small room, especially in a temple
Lalan panthis
ling a
madhukari
mahatma mahavratas majzub
mala maya mazar mithini
mithyadrishti moksha muhpatti mumukshu
mum murti murti puja nigodas nirguna nirjara pagal pandit paramlok path pran I a prasad pratikraman pratilekhna pravachan puja pujari
GLOSSARY 271
followers of the famous Baul practitioner and artist Lalan Shah who lived during the eighteenth century; his songs, sung by Bauls in West Bengal and Bangladesh, have esoteric meanings that are passed on from guru to disciple after initiation (diksha) phallic representation of Shiva; a sign of Shiva's divine presence and spiritual potential gathering honey by a bee; refers to mendicant practice of taking a little from many households and never a lot from one great soul; term of address usually for (male) saints great vows of a renouncer person who has renounced worldly concerns as a result of losing her or his senses; having ecstatic devotion or divine possessiOn garland or necklace; rosary used in recitation of a mantra illusion; attachments and affections one feels for others Muslim shrine dedicated to a saint ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women in Nepal state of ignorance; delusion enlightenment; state of spiritual emancipation mouth covering worn by Jain renouncers one who desires emancipation; term used to describe a first year student at school for monastic training male renouncer icon in which a deiry resides devotional worship of icons the simplest form of life in Jainism without attributes or qualities the elimination of karmas in Jainism crazy; see khepa Brahmin priest heavenly region recitation life force; breath gift from a deiry or holy place; blessed food a ritualized confessional prayer in Jainism the careful checking of clothes, books, and so on for insects religious sermon devotional ritual in Hinduism; veneration ritual officiate
272
rajya roti rup
sadhana sadhu (f. sadhvi) saguna sallekhana samaj samani
samayik samsarl a samskar I a
sannyas I a
sannyasi (f sannyasini) seva shakti shiksha silpi sindhur
sthan sudarshan chakra Sufi Sufism
swami tabla tapas I ya tirthankara
tulsi mala
GLOSSARY
rule; kingdom unleavened flatbread made from wheat beauty; form; color; menstrual blood used in Baul initiation rites religious or ritual discipline; spiritual practice Hindu renouncer; ascetic with attributes or qualities ritual fast to death in Jainism society; community semi-renouncer category within Jain Terapanthi sect; woman who is initiated but permitted some practices forbidden to "full" renouncers, such as traveling by means other than by foot meditation on true self; state of spiritual equanimity cycle of birth, death, and rebirth; worldly existence mental impression forming on the mind; habit; also life cycle rite for Hindu householders renunciation of householder life for other wordly pursuits Hindu renouncer serviCe female creative principle; strength learning; education artist; performer; craftsperson red powder worn by women to symbolize marital status place; location sacred discus associated with Vishnu Muslim mystic mystical form oflslam emphasizing inner meanings of Muslim texts, mystical states to achieve closeness to God, and the importance of a guide (pir or mursid) to gain knowledge; popular form of Islam in South Asia lord or master; term of address for male sadhus drum ascetic discipline, austerities omniscient spiritual teacher of Jainism; synonym withjina garland made of carved wood from a sacred basil plant worn by Vaishnavas
tyagi(f tyagini)
udasi upasika
vairag I ya vairagi (j vairagini) Vaishnava vanaprastha
vandana vipassana vritti vyavahar yogi (j yogini)
yoni
zildawar
ache ani aphyi be le pang byes
Bon
Bonpo brgya 'bzhi 'bum skor
chomo
GLOSSARY 273
a renouncer; one who has relinquished wordly concerns free from worldly constraints; carefree worshipper; term used to describe girls who are preparing to take initiation into renouncer order detachment; desirelessness a renouncer who is in a state of detachment worshipper of god Vishnu or of one of his incarnations forest dwelling; one of the four stages of life in classical Hinduism devotional salutation a meditative technique inner disposition wordly behavior; business practitioner of yoga; spiritual practitioner m the Hindu or Buddhist tradition female organ of generation; seat, place of rest, home, womb; usually represented at base of Shiva linga icon revenue official in Jammu and Kashmir in the colonial era
Tibetan Language
elder sister aunt grandmother expiatory rite m which ransom figures (be le) are tossed Tibetan religious tradition that predates Buddhism and is still practiced in areas of Tibet and the Himalayas. Now recognized by the Dalai Lama as a fifth sect of Buddhism practitioner of the Bon tradition (Tib. Bon po) expiatory rite involving the ritual tossing of effigies village ritual involving circumambulation of the fields female religious practitioner of the Tibetan Buddhist and Bon traditions who lives independently m a village, without monastic support (Tib. jo mo)
274
dbu mdzad
dge skos dge tsha dgu mig bzlod 'dri chang drogmo
dzo
geshe
gnyer pa
gompa
Kagyu
klu
mchodgnas mkhanpo mnga' 'og
no mo Nyingma
o ma'i rin pe rag
rdo rje slop dpon rgyal mdos ri !a bzhugs byes
Sakya
sgrol chu
GLOSSARY
chant-master; the monk or nun responsible for leading the monastic assembly in chanting a monastic office of disciplinarian village ritual to honor the ancestors expiatory rite involving the tossing of nine effigies begging for beer; event to raise funds for rituals ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women (Tib. grogs mo) yak/cow crossbreed animal used for transport and farm work (Tib. mdzo) highest qualification in Tibetan monastic system, attained after a minimum of nine years of study and thought comparable to a PhD (Tib. dge bshes) steward who organizes funding, food, and finances for a ritual or institution a temple or monastery in the Buddhist or Bon tradition (Tib. dgon pa) Tibetan Buddhist sect known for its emphasis on meditation (Tib. bKa' rgyud) underground spirits that rule over fertility and prosperity of homes, villages, individuals monks serving three-year terms as village ritual officiants abbot; head of assembly ritual, financial, and legal domain of a monastery within which it has jurisdiction younger sister literally "the old one"; earliest sect ofTibetan Buddhism that shares many practices with Bon and is known for noncelibate householder lamas (Tib. rnying ma) literally milk price, paid to a bride's mother jeweled headdress passed on from mother to (usually eldest) daughter at time of her wedding (Tib. be rag) a monastic office, head ritual officiant of monastics expiatory rite involving the tossing of thread crosses literally dwelling on the cliff; refers to a nuns' admission into assembly and more permanent residence at the clifftop nunnery Tibetan Buddhist sect widespread in the Mustang region of Nepal (Tib. sa skya) first watering; laborious process by which fields of seedlings are slowly flooded to prevent soil erosion
skal ba
Tamang
tsa mo tulku
GLOSSARY 275
the share that each nun or monk earns when public donations are divided among members of an assembly major ethnic population living in Nepal's middle hills; they speak a Tibeto-Burman language, practice their own form of Buddhism, and maintain strong links to ethnic Tibetan populations elsewhere in the Himalayas. granddaughter; niece (Tib. tsha mo) reincarnate lama in the Tibetan religious tradition (Tib. sprul sku)
NoTES ON CoNTRIBUTORS
Ann Grodzins Gold is Professor of Religion and Anthropology at Syracuse University. Her research in North India has included studies of pilgrimage, world renunciation, women's expressive traditions, and memories of environmental change. Her publications include four books: Fruitful journeys: The Wdys of &jasthani Pilgrims; A Carnival of Parting: The Tales of King Bharthari and King Gopi Chand; Listen to the Heron's Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India (coauthored with Gloria Raheja); and most recently In the Time ofTrees and Sorrows: Nature, Power and Memory in Rajasthan (coauthored with Bhoju Ram Gujar), which in 2004 was awarded the Ananda Kemish Coomaraswamy Book Prize from the Association for Asian Studies.
Kim Gutschow is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Religion at Williams College. She is the author of Being A Buddhist Nun: The Struggle for Enlightenment in the Himalayas (Harvard University Press, 2004), which won the 2005 Sharon Stephens Prize for best ethnography awarded biannually by the American Ethnological Association. She has also written numerous articles on gendering Buddhist monasticism, fasting rituals, Tibetan medicine, pilgrimage, and the politics of water. She has worked in the Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir for 15 years, researching the status of women and nuns, the female body, birthing, postpartum practices, and the relationship between Buddhist rituals, social power, and irrigation practices.
Kristin Hanssen received her doctorate from the University of Oslo, Norway, for a thesis titled Seeds in Motion: Thoughts, Feelings and the Significance of Social Ties as Invoked by a Family of Vaishnava Mendicant Renouncers in Bengal. She has worked extensively with Vaishnava Bauls in rural West Bengal, focusing on everyday activities involving singing songs for alms viewed in light of subjective experiences of menstrual blood as a source of physical and spiritual well-being. Her current interests include material culture, popular and political Islam, and issues of gender and modernity.
278 NoTES oN CoNTRIBUTORs
Sondra L. Hausner is an independent scholar researching gender, migration, and religion as a social system in South Asia. Her manuscript Wandering in Place: The Social World of Hindu Renunciation won the 2004 Joseph W Elder Prize in the Indian Social Sciences from the American Institute of Indian Studies and will be published by Indiana University Press.
Meena Khandelwal is Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Iowa. She has published several articles and an ethnography entitled Women in Ochre Robes: Gendering Hindu Renunciation (State University of New York Press, 2004). She is pursuing research interests in the areas of feminist anthropology, Indian diaspora, and transnational dimensions of Hindu renunciation.
Lisa I. Knight is Assistant Professor in the Departments of Religion and Asian Studies at Furman University. Her research, funded by Fulbright and American Institute of Bangladesh Studies, focuses on how Baul women in West Bengal and Bangladesh negotiate between their identity as Bauls who challenge normative Hindu and Muslim society and their reputation as good Bengali women in the rural communities in which they live. She is currently working on a manuscript, entitled Negotiated Identities, Engendered Lives: Baul Women in West Bengal and Bangladesh.
Kalyani Devaki Menon is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at DePaul University. Her research has focused on women in the Hindu nationalist movement and ties into her broader interests in religious politics, gender, and modernity in India. She is currently working on a manuscript entitled Dissonant Subjects: Women in the Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, and has published articles based on this research including one that appeared in the journal of Asian Studies in February 2005.
Sara Shneiderman is a PhD candidate in Anthropology at Cornell University. She has worked in Nepal since 1994, and has published on a range of topics including women's religious identity, the ritual production of ethnic identity, and the effects of the Maoist movement on rural political consciousness. Her current research ventures across the Nepali border to India (Darjeeling, West Bengal) and China (Tibetan Autonomous Region) to focus comparatively on the construction of cultural, religious, and political identity in multiple national contexts for the Thangmi, a marginalized ethnic community with populations in all three countries.
Anne Vallely is Assistant Professor in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa with primary research interests in the Anthropology of Religion. Her work focuses on the Jain community,
NoTES oN CoNTRIBUTORS 279
both within India and outside of it, and is particularly concerned with gender, women's religious lives, asceticism, diaspora and transnational studies, ethics, and the symbolic construction of human-nonhuman boundaries. She is the author of several articles and essays on Jain teachings and practices, and a book Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community (University ofToronto Press, 2002).
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
abandonment,207,208,216,231 abstinence, 15, 17, 18 abuse, 10, 20, 198-9, 256 Acaranga Surra, 227 acharya, 229
defined, 269 ache, 179
defined, 273 Advaita Vedanta, 12, 64 Advani, L.K., 161, 162, 165n2, 165n4 Afghanistan, 154 agenc~27,218n2,249,250,251,
261,265n4 and Bauls, 193 and Hindu nationalism, 145, 165n3 and nuns, 179 spiritual, 90n3 and Tibetan women, 71, 78, 84
aging, 232, 259, 261 ahamkar, 62, 66
defined,269 see also ego
Ahearn, Laura, 161 ahimsa, 225
see also nonviolence ajiv, 225, 226, 233
defined, 269 akhand Bharat, 15 3, 154
defined,269 Allah, 193, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215 alms, 95-6, 105, 108, 109, 115, 117, 119
and Bauls, 191, 192, 194, 197, 198, 200,201,202,203
and Jains, 240
Alter, Joseph, 102 Anandamath (Chattopadhyaya), 150 ani, 179
defined,273 Annapurna, 72, 150 a phyi, 179
defined, 273 Arjuna, 63, 148-9, 153, 156 Arya Samaj, 42 aryika, 229
defined, 269 Asad, Tala!, 163 asan, 125, 129-30
defined, 269 asceticism, 2, 128-9, 195 ascetics, 3, 21, 64, 66n4, 248
images of, 4 asexuality, 18-19 ashramas, 156 ashrams, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 22, 24, 25,
39-68,45, 129, 130, 131,251 andBauls, 107,118,191,198,200,
201-2,205-7 defined, 269 support for, 8, 40, 41, 44, 118 and widows, 260
atman, 28n13, 147, 233 defined, 269 see also souls
authenticity, 71, 84 Baul, 193, 194, 195, 218n4
avadhut, 43 defined, 269
Ayodhya, 145, 161
282 INDEX
babas, 28n6 defined, 269
Babb, Lawrence, 17 Babri Masjid, 145, 161, 162,
165n4 Babur, 162 Bacchetta, Paola, 146 bairagi, 191, 194, 197
defined,269 Bangladesh, 22, 154, 191-222
map, xiv bansuri, 15 7
defined, 269 Baragaun, 72 Basu, Arnrita, 146, 159, 160 Bauls, 5, 6, 7, 22, 95-122, 98, 174,
217,259,263 and celibacy, 18 and sexualiry, 14-15, 16, 193,
194,202 and single women, 191-222
begging, 8, 249 and Bauls, 95-122 and Jains, 259
begging beers, 172, 182 be le pang byes, 183
defined,273 Bell, Sandra, 18 Bengal, 261
see also West Bengal Bengali language, 97 Bengalis, 2, 4-5, 6, 9, 95-123,
191-222,248 Bhagavad Gita, 111, 153
and Hindu nationalism, 141, 142, 144, 148-9, 155, 160, 164
and service, 21, 63 Bhagavad Gita Gyan Yagya, 141, 149,
150, 153, 155, 157, 159-60 Bhagavata Purana, 52, 58 bhakti, 41, 119, 121
defined, 269 see also devotion
bhandara, 58 defined, 269
Bharat, 141 defined, 269 see also India
Bharati, Uma, 142, 143, 145 BharatiyaJanata Parry (BJP), 144, 145,
158-9, 165n4 Bharat Ma, 132 Bharat Mata, 145, 150, 151, 152-3,
157, 158 Bhargava, Rajeev, 146 bhek, 194,195,197,198,200-9
defined, 270 and widows, 260-1
bhek-dhari, 194 defined, 270
Bhikshu, Acharya, 237 bhog, 48
defined, 270 Birbhum, 96, 193, 198, 204 BJP (BharatiyaJanata Parry), 144, 145,
158-9, 165n4 Blee, Kathleen, 159 bodily secretions, 14, 18, 95, 96,
97-9, 104-7, 114, 119, 120, 121, 193
see also menstrual blood body, 4, 12-14, 26, 249, 250, 257,
261-3 and Bauls, 96, 97 andJains, 13-14, 19,223-45 othering of, 233-8
Bolpur, 195, 200 map, xiv
Bon,2, 13,26,69,81 defined, 273
Bonpos,69-93,248 defined, 273
boundaries, 22, 41, 64, 164, 248, 249,263
Bourdieu, Pierre, 184 Brahma Kumari movement,
16-17 brahman, 147
defined,270 Brahmanical Hinduism, 136n11
INDEX 283
Brahmins, 39, 40, 57 and Bauls, 96, 97, 106, 107, 114,
120, 121 and caste, 42, 109-11, 112, 115 and rituals, 62, 66n4, 95, 97, 116 and sacred thread ceremony, 108-9
brgya bzhi, 183 defined, 273
Brhradyaranyaka Upanishad, 24 British colonialism, 49, 64 Buddhism, 2, 4, 23, 69, 71, 73-4, 81,
91n18, 171-89,248 Buddhists, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 20,
171-89 'bum skor, 183
defined, 273 burial, 219n11, 253
Calcutta (Kolkata) map, xiv
c~te,4-5,40,42,48,96,99, 100, 111-16, 129, 133
and Bauls, 193 and Brahmins, 42, 109-11, 112, 115 lower, 119, 120, 121, 184 and mobility, 10
Cech, Ktystyna, 7 4 celibacy, 11-19, 26, 76-7, 85, 160,
195,248,249,262 and Bauls, 191 and chomo, 71, 80 male, 16, 18 see also sexuality
"Chandra's Death" (Guha), 260-1 Char Dham, 135n6 Chasey Kengtse Bon Hostel, 83-4 chastity, 14, 15, 17, 18, 29n19, 119
see also sexuality Chattopadhyaya, Bankimchandra, 150 childbearing, 16, 27, 80, 96, 117,
237,243 Chill uri
map, xiv Chinmayananda, Swami, 144, 148 Chitgopekar, Nilima, 256
chomo,69-93, 70,232 Christianity, 63 Christians, 146 Chudala, Queen, 166n5 circumambulation, 74, 183 communities, 2, 3, 7, 125-6,
127, 130, 132, 133 householder, 5, 8 lay, 2, 5-6 monastic, 1, 7 natal, 2, 6
compassion, 64, 80, 116, 130, 132, 225 Congress Party, 163 cosmology, 17, 247 cremation, 96, 243, 253
daitva, 141 defined, 270
Dalai Lama, 74, 81, 171 dan, 40
defined, 270 Daniel, E. Valentine, 100, 101 Dashnami, 41, 66n5 Dayananda Saraswati, 42 Dazey, Wade H., 64 dbu mdzad, 181
defined, 274 death, 1, 41, 60, 110, 179, 183,264
and Hindu nationalism, 142, 151, 153, 157
and Jains, 225, 239, 242, 243 deities, 46, 53, 55, 66, 120, 201
Bon, 73 worship of, 41, 42, 110, 111
Descartes, 225, 226 detachment, 12, 19, 63
and Bauls, 96, 191 and Hindu nationalism, 141, 147-9,
157, 163, 164 and Jains, 225, 232, 233-4, 237 and service, 65, 66, 147 and wandering, 125 and yoginis, 125
Dev Narayan, 252, 254, 255, 257 shrine, 253
284 INDEX
devotion, 1, 26, 47,49-51,59, 116, 172, 199,251-5
and Bauls, 27, 96, 114, 120, 121, 209-12,214
and Brahmins, 111 ecstatic, 214 and fasting, 234 and Hindu nationalism, 150, 155-7 and Jains, 236 and love, 119 and suffering, 115 see also bhakti; pujas
dge skos, 181 defined, 274
dge tsha, 183 defined, 274
dgu mig bzlod, 183 defined, 274
Dhaka, 193, 220n17 map, xiv
Dharamsala, 82 dharma, 69-93, 117, 142, 150-1, 153,
161, 162 defined, 270 of money, 21
Dharmashastras, 166n16 dhoti, 109
defined,270 Dhritarashtra, 166n15 dhuni, 22, 128, 129, 131
defined, 270 diaspora, 22, 144 Digambar Jains, 227-30 diksha, 200, 234, 237, 238-9
defined, 270 divyalok, 43
defined, 270 Dolanji, 82, 84, 85 donations, 7, 8, 63, 82, 181, 182 dotara, 101, 103
defined, 270 dowry, 8, 175, 203, 206, 244n3 Draupadi, 113, 116, 120 'dri chang, 172
defined, 274
drogrno, 87 defined, 274
Drolma, Khenmo, 30n23 Drugpa Kadyud, 176
see also Kagyu dualism, 225, 241-2 Dube, Leela, 230 Dundas, Paul, 227 Durga, 42, 150 Duryodhana, 153 dzo, 76
defined,274
economics, 4, 8, 16, 21, 25, 70, 71, 75, 80-3,259
for nuns and monks, 180-5 in Zangskar, 173-6, 179
education, 8, 16, 25, 40-1, 42, 77, 80-7
religious, 3, 65, 71, 83-4, 86,88
see also schools Eggan, Fred, 258 ego,4,24,62,63,65,66, 79,156 embodiment, 3, 4, 12-13, 27, 257 emotion, 3, 6, 11, 12, 14, 19, 131,
152,232,238,259,263 and Bauls, 105, 106, 119-20,
121 and Hindu nationalism, 152,
155, 159 and Jains, 242, 243 and widows, 260
ethnography, 22-4, 257-8, 264 exchange of women, 185
faith, 2, 7, 8, 142, 146, 150, 197, 230, 231, 232
fakirs, 97 families, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11-12, 16, 17,
50,232 and Bauls, 191 in Lubra, 75, 76 and nuns, 177-9 poor, 8
fasting, 14, 15, 20, 121, 231, 233-4
feminists, 29n 17 fertility, 16, 173, 183,231,242 fire sacrifices, 41, 42, 59-60, 66n4,
147, 182 food, 45-8,51,65, 101,
113-14, 120 at concerts, 118 and motherly qualities, 132 and ritual purity, 55 and yoginis, 134 see also ritual feasts
Gandhari, 154 Gandhi, M., 144, 148, 260, 261 Ganga Ma, 132 Ganges (goddess), 53, 112-13,
114,115
INDEX
ghar, 129 defined, 270
gharjamai, 200 Ghatiyali, 251,252 Ghosh, Bishnupriya, 151, 152 ghuspetis, 158
defined, 270 Gitagovinda, 157 global perspective, 19-22 gnyer pa, 181
defined, 274 Gold, Ann Grodzins, 115-16, 163,
247-67 gompa, 75, 83
defined, 274 Gopi Chand, King, 256 graves, 202
285
Ganges (river), 10, 13, 21, 56, 95, 104,
Great Prayer Festival, 182 Grosz, Elizabeth, 241 Guha, Ranajit, 260-1 Gujar, 257 112, 126-8, 132
Garhwal, 135n4 "Garland of Devotees," 262 gaumutra, 49
defined, 270 gayak, 194 Gelugpa, 171, 176 gender, 4, 5, 8-9, 26, 27, 57,
65,211,212,250,251,256, 257,262
and Arya Samaj, 42 and Bauls, 120, 121, 192, 193,
196, 216 and celibacy, 14, 17, 18 and Hindu nationalism, 142-5,
150-2, 165 and Jains, 230, 232 and kinship, 174 in Lubra, 71, 72, 77-80,
87,88 and monasticism, 185 and suffering, 115 and Tibetan Buddhism, 173
geshe, 85 defined, 274
gurus, 20, 25, 42, 52-4, 61-3, 107, 108, 195, 248, 256,258
and Bauls, 201 and bodily secretions, I 06 defined,270 and food, 65
Gutschow, Kim, 5, 171-89
hair-cutting ceremony, 75-6 Hanssen, Kristin, 5, 95-123 Hanuman, 162, 167n22 Haridwar, 10, 39-68, 125-38
map, xiv Harlan, Lindsey, 262-3 Hart, George, 119 Haug, Frigga, 14, 230 Hausner, Sondra L., 1-36, 125-38, 256 havan, 41
defined, 270 see also fire sacrifices
Hawley, John S., 262 healing, 115, 252 health, 100-1, 102
286 INDEX
Hinduism, 2, 20, 21, 42, 63, 64, 141-2,259,260
Brahmanical, 136n11 classical, 14 7
Hindu nationalism, 5, 7, 16, 64, 141-69
Hindus, 5, 7, 22, 23, 25, 110, 141-69, 194, 197
and alms, 11 7 and body, 14 and celibacy, 18 and marriage, 11, 17 and solitude, 9
Hindutva, 141-69 defined, 270
holism, 242 hot and cold, 99, 101, 119,
120, 121 householders, 12, 26, 53, 61, 62, 130,
248,258-63 and alms, 15, 117, 119 and Bauls, 104-8, 118-19,
191,194-6,203-4, 208-9,216
communities and, 2, 5, 8 and families, 11 and Jains, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241,
242,243 and karma, 63 and kinship, 50 and Muslims, 195 and rituals, 41 roles of, 150 and service, 65-6 and songs, 257 and widows, 251-2 and women, 10, 24, 150, 231,
232-4,249-50 andyoginis, 125-6, 133-4 and yogis, 129-30 see also laypeople
husbands, 207, 208, 216 and Bauls, 196-204, 205
identity, 247, 249, 251, 254 Baul, 192, 193, 199, 202, 203-4,
207,219n14 caste, 121 and gender, 77-80, 87 and Hindu nationalism, 150 lay, 89 political, 146 religious, 21, 71, 74, 87, 89 yoginis, 134
immorality, 160, 162 inaction, 63, 148-9 incest, 188n17 India, 22
map, xiv see also Bharat
initiation, 11, 23, 41 BauL95,96, 108-9, 12~ 121,192 see also diksha
insani batein, 141 defined,270
interaction, 5-6, 13, 25, 39, 99-100, 119, 121-2, 181
and yogis, 125, 131 In the Name of God, 167n21 intimacy, 6, 19, 24, 26 intuition, 43 Islam, 2, 145, 204 Islamabad, 152 isolation, 9-11 itinerancy, 191
see also wandering
jadugari, 256 Jainism, 2, 225 Jains, 5, 6, 7, 20, 25, 28n9, 223-45,
247,248,259,263 and body, 13-14, 19, 223-45
Jammu, 25, 171 map, xiv
jangli rani, 255-6 jati byabasa, 197
defined,270 Jayadeva, 157
jina, 232 defined,270
Jinnah, 152 jiv, 225, 226, 233
defined, 270 see also souls
jnana,41,64 defined,270
jnanamarg, 43 defined, 270
Juergensmeyer, Mark, 262
Kagyu, 74,91n21 defined, 274 see also Drugpa Kadyud
Kali,67n9,97, 150 kamkarnewali, 46
defined, 270 Kamlesh Bharati, Sadhvi, 149, 150,
155, 161 Kanak Prabha, Sadhvi, 237 Kandahar, 154 Kangra, 255-6 Karachi, 152 Kargil War, 146, 151, 153, 154,
157, 158 karma, 41, 48, 63, 64, 81, 232, 234,
243,244n5 defined, 270 and Jains, 225, 226-7, 239,
240,241 karmayoga, 63
defined,270 karmic, 130, 149, 225, 226, 227,
240,244n1 defined, 270
Karnataka State, 176 Karsha, 171-2, 177, 178, 181, 182,
186n8 kashaya, 225
defined, 270 Kashmir, 25, 146, 152, 166n13,
171, 187n8 map, XIV
INDEX
Kathmandu, 74, 81, 82, 187n9 Kauravas, 153, 166n15 kavatchan, 236
defined, 270 Kelley, Gina, 30n23 Kham (Tibet), 76 Khandelwal, Meena, 1-36, 39-68,
148,232,256 khepa, 193
defined, 270 see also madness
khilaphat, 194, 209 defined, 270
khukuri, 76 defined,271
King, Ursula, 25, 63 kinship, 173, 174-6, 177, 179,
181-2, 185 klu, 173
defined, 274 Knight, Lisa 1., 5, 9-10, 22, 95,
191-222,259 Kolkata (Calcutta)
map, xiv Krishna, 52, 63, 97, 104, 107, 113,
148-9, 153, 155, 156, 157, 193,262,263
kriya yoga, 75, 132 defined, 271
Kumaon, 127 map, xiv
Kumbh Mela festivals, 128 Kurukshetra, 153, !66n15 kuti, 129
defined, 271
Ladakh, 176, 186n4 Ladnun,223-45
map, xiv Lahore, 153 Lakshman, 56 Lakshmi, 11 7 Lalan Fakir (Lalan Shah), 105, 195,
209,219n14
287
288 INDEX
Lalan panthis, 195 defined, 2 71
Lalan Shah (Lalan Fakir), 105, 195, 209,219n14
lamas, 73, 74, 78, 81-2, 85 Lama Tashi Gyalzen, 73, 83 Lamb, Sarah, 99, 161-2, 261 land ownership, 181, 184 laypeople, 2, 5-6, 25, 39-40,
44-51, 88 and Bauls, 195 and celibacy, 77 donations from, 7, 8 and fasting, 233-4 identity of, 89 andJains, 13, 15,224,227,231-2,
235-8,240,243 and nuns and monks, 176-7, 179,
181-3 and travel, 1 0 and yoginis, 126-7 see also householders
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 185 liberation, 147, 148, 156, 166n5, 225,
227,228,234,264 Liberation War, 197 linga, 105
defined, 271 literacy, 78-80, 82, 83 Lo Monthang, 76 love, 119, 120, 121 Lubra Village, 5, 21, 69-93, 186n7
ill., 72 map, xiv
madhukari, 194, 202 defined, 271
madness, 131, 214 see also khepa; pagal
Mahabharata, 63, 113, 153, 154, 166n18
mahatmas, 50, 56-7, 58-9 defined, 271
Mahavir I a, 4, 227, 233
mahavratas, 225 defined, 271
Maira, 112 Maitreyi, 24 majzub, 210, 214-15
defined, 271 malas, 20
defined, 271 male characteristics, 24, 26, 48, 72,
77-80, 151 male institutions, 8, 25, 84 males, 4, 8, 19, 44, 56, 57, 74, 75, 76,
118, 132, 208, 255, 256, 260, 261,263
and Arya Samaj, 42 and Bauls, 193, 200, 203, 259 and bodily secretions, 97, 105,
106, 107 and celibacy, 16, 18 and Hindu nationalism, 142, 145,
151, 154, 163 and Jains, 25, 224, 233, 234, 235 see also monasteries; monks; munis
Manang, 73 mandalas, 176 Mankekar, Purnima, 151, 152, 164 mantras, 74, 108, 109, 110,
111,200 map, xiv marami, 220n20 March, Kathryn, 79 marital homes, 10, 11, 126, 133, 257 marriage, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 27,
133, 134, 173, 192,209,210, 211,212-13
and Bauls, 97, 104, 197, 198, 203, 204,205-6,207-8,259
and chastity, 18 child, 64 foreign, 22 in Lubra, 75 and nuns, 185 in Zangskar, 175
Marriott, McKim, 99
INDEX 289
maya, 195, 208 defined, 271
mazar, 210 defined,271
mchod gnas, 183 defined,274
meditation, 20, 43, 71, 76, 130-2 and Jains, 239
men, see males Menon, Kalyani Devaki, 5, 7, 64,
141-69,258-9 Menri Gompa, 82, 84 menstrual blood, 95, 101, 106-7, 263
see also bodily secretions menstruation, 55, 98, 104, 114
first, 107-8 merit, 183, 184, 185, 194 Miller, Joseph, 257 Mira Bai, 262-3 mithini, 87
defined, 2 71 mithyadrishti, 242
defined, 271 mkhan po, 181
defined, 27 4 mnga' 'og, 181
defined, 274 mobility, 9-11, 192
social, 176 modesty, 261-3 moksha, 63, 142, 147, 149, 226, 227
defined, 2 71 see also liberation
monasteries, 8, 9, 10, 74, 81, 82, 85,87
in Tibet, 187nl1 in Zangskar, 172-8, 181-8 see also monks
monastic institutions, 6, 15, 20, 25, 28n9,64, 73,81-2,84,87,88-9
monasticism, 21, 77, 85, 174-6, 185 monkeys, 161, 162 monks, 8, 81, 171-89 morality, 18, 49, 163, 230
mothers, 1, 5, 13, 27, 65, 108, 128, 196,197, 199,207,219nl2,231
and Bauls, 209 chomo as, 65, 80 goddesses as, 107 and gurus, 51 and Hindu nationalism, 149, 151 single, 4, 178, 209 and yoginis, 132-4 see also Bharat Mata; families
Muci Das, 112 muhpatti, 239
defined, 271 Mukta, Parita, 262, 263 mumukshus, 236-7
defined, 271 Mundaka Upanishad, 142, 146-7 munis, 232, 241
defined, 271 see also males
murti puja, 42 defined,271 see also pujas
murtis, 46 defined, 271
music, 22, 98, 192,212,214,217,223 see also singing; songs
Muslims, 22, 110, 161, 197, 210, 216 and alms, 117 and Hindu nationalism, 145, 146 in Zangskar, 187n8 see also Bauls
Mustang Bon Action, 84, 85, 86 Mustang District, 69-93, 248
map, xiv
Nabhadas, 262 Narayan, Kirin, 129, 130-1, 255 Narayan, Uma, 256 Narayana, 62 natal environment, 7 natal families, 5, 6, 249, 259 natal homes, 7, 10, 11, 126, 133,
177-8,179,248
290
Naths, 28n9, 256, 264n2 nationalism
Hindu,5, 7, 16,64,141-69 religious, 22
Nav Terapanth Jains, 20 Nepal, 8, 26, 69-93
map, xiv Nepali language, 78, 82 New Delhi, 141-69, 142, 153
map, xiv nigodas, 226
defined, 271 nirguna, 41
defined, 271 nirjara, 234
defined,271 no mo, 179
defined, 274 nonviolence, 14, 224, 225, 227, 231,
238,241,243 nunneries, 7, 8, 20, 23, 25,
91n21 in Nepal, 74, 187n11 in Zangskar, 171-89
nuns, 1, 77-8,88,89,89n1, 118-19, 186n7,228,250
Jain, 223-45 support for, 6, 259 in Zangskar, 171-89
Nyingma, 74 defined,274
ochre,67, 193,194,199,200,251, 252,253,254
o ma'i rin, 185 defined,274
oral traditions, 250, 256 Organization of Sadhvi Strength
(Sadhvi Shakti Parishad), 141, 145, 149, 150, 153, 160, 161
Padum, 187n8 pagal, 193, 210-15, 216
defined, 271 see also madness
INDEX
Pakistan, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158
Palmo, Tenzin, 28n14 Pandavas, 153, 166n15 pandits, 39
defined, 271 see also Brahmins
paramatma, 62 paramlok, 52
defined, 271 Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha (PSS),
234-8 path, 60
defined, 2 71 pativrata, 263 Patwardhan, Anand, 167 n21 Pechilis, Karen, 20 pe rag, 175
defined, 274 pilgrimages, 10, 126, 130, 259 place, 128-34 Pluralism Project, 20 politics, 80-3, 259
and celibacy, 15-17 and Hindu nationalism, 141-69
polyandry, 75 possession
divine, 214 power, 12, 25, 26, 85, 126, 127, 241,
242,254-6,259 and aging, 252 and Bauls, 14, 15, 27, 95, 96, 97,
119-20 and Hindu nationalism, 144, 145,
160, 162-4, 165n3 institutional, 71 and nuns and monks, 174,
182, 184 religious, 85, 120, 126, 127, 131 spiritual, 10, 44, 52, 53, 66, 133 and suffering, 115, 119 yogic, 17
Power, Margaret, 146 pran, 101, 115
defined, 271
INDEX 291
prasad, 47, 51, 54, 57, 60, 65, 160 defined, 271
pratikraman, 234, 241 defined, 271
pratilekhna, 240, 241 defined, 272
pravachans, 143-4, 146, 153, 158, 160, 163, 164
defined, 272 prayers, 42, 81, 150, 187n15
and Jains, 223, 231, 239, 241,243
priests Christian, 29 Hindu, 39-40, 48-67, 73, 91, 97,
167,206,252-54,271 householder, 73 see also pandits
primogeniture, 175 PSS (Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha ),
234-8 pujaris, 62
defined, 272 pujas, 42, 45, 47, 52-3, 62, 113,
118,234 and Brahmins, Ill defined, 272 see also devotion
Puranas, 41 purity, 14, 15, 46, 54-6, 96, 114, 160,
162, 173, 183-4 and Jains, 224, 225, 231, 239,
244n7 Puvali ka Devji, 252, 253-4
Qur'an, 193, 215
Rabi' a of Basra, 21 0 Radha,97, 107,157 Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 163 Rai Das, Ill Rajagopal, Arvind, 160, 162 Rajasthan, 223-45
map, xiv Rajasthanis 252
Rajputs, 262-3 rajya, 156, 157
defined,272 Ram, 145, 161, 162 Rama, 67n7 Ramakrishna, 64 Ramakrishna Math and Mission,
148 Ramakrishna Order, 147 Ramanujan, A. K., 26 Ramaswamy, 25 Ramayana, 44, 161 Ramble, Charles, 26, 78 Ramjanmabhumi movement, 145,
165n4 Ram rajya, 156, 157 Ranganathananda, Swami, 148 rape, 15, 110, 179 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS), 144, 145, 163, 165n4
Ravana,67n7, 167n22 Rawalpindi, 152 rdo rje slob dpon, 181
defined, 274 rebirth, 67, 142, 147, 149, 184,
219n13,227,232 see also samsar
reciprocity, 173, 174, 179-80, 183 reflections
of Jains, 239 religion, 4, 7, 12, 25, 162
Tibetan, 70, 71, 73, 82, 84, 85 religious authenticity, 71, 84 religious authority, 16, 71, 81, 85, 160,
162, 163 religious discipline, 3, 9, 42 religious education, 3, 65, 71, 76, 78,
81,83-4,86,88 religious practices, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13,
19,21,24, 74,85, 129,130, 131-2,250
Baul, 9, 192, 210 Bon,5 andJains, 231
292 INDEX
religious practices-continued and laywomen, 15, 231 in Lubra, 70, 71, 73-9, 81-2, 84,
85, 89 Tibetan, 79 and yoginis, 134 see also ritual practices; spiritual
practices religious roles, 73, 77, 78, 84 religious traditions, 2, 4, 20, 27, 73,
80,84-5,163,195,257,258 and body, 12, 13
religious training, see religious education
remarriage, 3, 197, 199,206,207,208 renunciation
history of, 3-11 Reynell, Josephine, 231, 234 rgya! mdos, 183
defined,274 ri Ia bzhugs byes, 1 79
defined,275 Rishi Ashram, 39-68 Rithambara, Sadhvi, 141, 142, 144,
145, 147, 149, 151-5, 157, 159, 160, 162
ritual activities, 24, 40-1, 63, 64, 184 ritual feasts, 56-61
see also food ritual practices, 18, 41, 71, 83, 132,
184, 196,219 see also religious practices; spiritual
practices ritual purity, 54-6 rituals, 2, 20, 64, 81, 182-3, 184
and Bauls, 97 Bengali, 6 household, 3, 5 at nunneries, 182
rosaries, 20, 102-3 rotis, 60
defined, 272 RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh),
144, 145, 163, 165n4 Rubin, Gayle, 185
rup, 122n5 defined, 272
sacred duty, 142, 153, 154-5, 157, 164
sacred thread ceremony, 108-9, 121 sacrifices, 42, 120, 151
and Hindu nationalism, 149, 151, 153, 154, 159
see also fire sacrifices; self-sacrifice sadhana, 9,40,43, 57,63, 106,130,
132,209,212 and Bauls, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,
204,207 defined,272 and Jains, 243 see also spiritual practices; worship
sadhus, 39, 53, 61,64-6, 104, 106, 107, 109, 117, 120, 194,248
defined,272 and wandering, 129
sadhvis, 1, 5, 6, 126, 131-2, 150-1, 232,237,238,250,259
Hindu nationalist, 141-69 Jain, 236, 239-41, 243
Sadhvi Shakti Parishad (Organization ofSadhvi Strength), 141, 145, 149, 150, 153, 160, 161
sages, 56, 66n4, 67n8 saguna, 41
defined,272 Sakya, 74,91n21
defined, 275 sa!!ekhana, 243
defined, 272 samaj, 194, 208
defined, 272 samanis, 20, 236, 237
defined, 272 samayik, 234
defined,272 Samnyasa Upanisads, 128-9 samsar, 233
defined,272 see also rebirth
INDEX 293
samsara, 1, 142, 147, 149, 160 samskaras, 47
defined, 272 Samuel, Geoffrey, 73-4 sannyas, 96, 108-9, 122n3, 194
defined, 272 sannyasa, 21, 41, 47, 50, 56-7, 58
as service, 63-6 sannyasinis, 14, 39, 59, 65, 192, 250-1 sannyasis, 57, 208-9, 216, 241
and Bauls, 191, 194 defined, 272
Santiniketan, 193, 195, 199,204 map, xiv
Saraswati Dashnami, 39 Sarkar, Tanika, 150, 151, 152, 158 schools, 5, 13, 40, 57, 78, 82, 128,
159,205 Bon,83-7 Jain, 234-6 see also education
sedentariness, 11, 126-30, 131, 132, 133
seed (human), see bodily secretions self, 79, 146, 224, 225, 230, 232,
234,241 self-sacrifice, 99, 115, 119 self-suffering, 260, 261 seva, 21, 41, 53, 62, 65-6, 75, 147,
148,232 defined, 272 and Hindu nationalism, 148 andJains, 231-2
sexuality, 4, 11-19,26,27,65, 151, 192,231,232,250
and Bauls, 14-15, 16, 193, 194, 202 and Hindu nationalism, 151 and Jains, 230, 238, 241, 242, 243 and suffering, 115 in the United States, 29n 19 and widows, 261 see also celibacy; chastity
sgrol chu, 177 defined,275
Shah Ali Bagdadi, 211
Shah Jalal, 210 shakti, 96, 115, 119, 149-54
defined, 272 Shakyamuni Buddha, 73 shame, 231, 262, 263 Shankara, 66n1 Shanta, N., 233 Sherab Miwo, 73 shiksha, 218n6
defined,272 Shiva, 42, 97 Shiva Saraswati, Sadhvi, 154-7 Shneiderman, Sara, 5, 21, 26,
69-93 Shudras, 110 Shvetambar Jains, 118-19
ill.,228 silpi, 194
defined,272 sindhur, 166n8
defined,272 sindhuri, 151, 166n8 Singhal, Ashok, 161, 162 singing, 193,211-15,253
and Bauls, 95-104, 116-18, 121, 197,198,200,205
and suffering, 115 see also music; songs
Sita, 67n7 skal ba, 181
defined, 275 sleep, 14, 18, 52, 129, 227, 230, 239 Smith, Margaret, 210 Saba, Elisa]., 18 social distinctions, 5, 57, 212 social hierarchies, 4, 184, 185 social involvement, 65, 131 social nerworks, 1, 96, 121, 184 social roles, 2, 26, 57, 72, 132, 192,
209,210,212,216,224,231, 247,251
and Bauls, 196, 199 social structures, 2, 16, 126 social values, 3, 64 solitude, 6, 7, 9-11, 66, 199
294 INDEX
songs, 7, 27, 191, 193, 197, 205, 214,257
see also music; singing souls, 115, 147, 223-6, 230, 233, 234,
239,243,255 see also atman; jiv
sound, 99, 119-20 speeches, 158-64 spiritual practices, 144, 148, 215,
224,243 in Lubra, 71, 74-7, 79, 80, 83, 86 see also religious practices; ritual
practices spirituality, 20, 26, 160, 227, 236, 248 Sri Mad Bhagavad Gita Cyan Yagya,
141, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 159-60
status, 5, 11, 18,25-6, 126, 134, 176, 184,250
and Bauls, 192-7, 202--4, 207, 214,216
and caste, 41, 42 economic, 71 and Hindu nationalism, 142, 151,
160, 162 and Jains, 225, 229, 234 in Lubra, 75, 79, 88, 89
sthan, 125 defined,272
sudarshan chakra, 157 defined, 272
suffering, 115-16, 119, 120, 121 Sufis, 194,210,212,214
defined,272 Sufism, 210
defined, 272 support
for ashrams, 8, 40, 41, 44, 118 for Bauls, 118 financial, 1, 6, 28n9, 85 for institutions, 7, 8, 9, 28n9,
81, 85 for nuns, 6, 259 for yoginis, 126
Svetambar Jains, 227-30 ill.,228
swamis, 20, 43, 51 defined,272
see also individual names Sylhet, 193,209,210, 220n17
map, xiv
tablas, 109 defined, 272
Tagore, Rabindranath, 97 Tamang, 79
defined,275 Tambiah, Stanley, 173 Tamil Nadu, 115 Tamil poetry, 119 Tamils, 99, 100, 101 Tantrics, 14, 27n4, 96-7, 172, 182-3,
184,263 tapas, 131
defined, 273 tapasya, 64, 260 Tarapith, 96 Tattvartha Surra, 239 Terapanthi Jains, 223--45, 229 Tibet, 8, 21, 69, 70, 73, 262, 263
Chinese occupation of, 80-1 Tibetan language, 78, 82, 83 tirthankara, 237
defined, 273 trade, 76, 77, 80-1, 82, 83,
87, 89 tradition, 21, 86, 134 transmission, 70, 90, 99, 264 travel, 10-11,20-2,24,25, 129, 176,
203,248,251 and Bauls, 7, 191, 203 in Lubra, 73, 76-7, 82, 83,
88,89 see also wandering
Trawick, Margaret, 99, 115, 116, 119-20
tsa mo, 179 defined,275
tulku, 76, 85 defined,275
tulsi, 199 Tulsi, Acharya, 234 tulsi mala, 20 1
defined, 273 tyagi, 191, 194
defined,273
udasi, 220n20 defined, 273
untouchability, 42, 57, 64, 99, 115, 121
Upanishads, 24, 66n4, 67n8, 142, 146-7, 148
upasikas, 236-7 defined, 273
Uttaranchal, 135n4 map, xiv
Uttar Pradesh, 126
vairagini, 233, 237, 238-9 defined,273
vairagya, 66, 233 defined, 273 see also detachment
Vaishnavas, 97, 102, 104, 109, 194, 260-1
defined, 273 see also Bauls
Vajpayee, Atal Behari, 145, 153, 159 Vajrayana Buddhists, 12, 14, 23 Vallely, Anne, 6, 7, 13, 14, 118-19,
223-45 vanaprastha, 156, 166n16
defined,273 vandana, 238
defined, 273 Vande Mataram, 150 Vashisht, 56 Vatuk, Sylvia, 259 Vedanta, 12, 43, 64, 66n4 Vedas,42,63,64,66n4,67n8, 105,
107, 147, 193
INDEX 295
Vermont, 20 VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad), 141,
145, 148, 156, 159, 161, 165n4 Vinaya, 173 violence, 8, 9, 28n9, 145, 148, 151,
154,232,240,241 vipassana, 20
defined,273 Vishnu, 42, 67n7, 166n18 Vishvarupa, 153 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 141,
145, 148, 156, 159, 161, 165n4 Vivekananda, Swami, 64, 144,
147, 148 Volatile Bodies (Grosz), 241 vrittis, 55
defined, 273 vyavahar, 62
defined, 273
wandering, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134 see also travel
Watkins, Joanne, 73 weaving, 79-80 West Bengal, 5, 27, 95-123,
191-222 map, xiv
Westerners, 20, 64, 81, 85, 131, 225,242
widows,64, 133,134,192,207,216, 251,252,260-1
Willis, Janice, 71 wives, 1, 5, 13, 17, 27, 126, 134, 185,
192, 196,216,231,251 Baul, 204-9
womanhood, 11-19 Women in Ochre Robes: Gendering
Hindu Renunciation (Khandelwal), 39
women's roles, 1, 2, 11, 71, 73, 77, 84, 126,133,134,156,257
andBauls, 192,196,199,216 in Lubra, 77 and yoginis, 132
296
Woolf, Virginia, 179 World's Parliament of Religions, 64 worldly involvement, 141-2, 148,
149, 164 worship, 20, 25, 41-4, 57, 97,
102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 117,251,257
and Bauls, 120, 121, 201, 212, 213,215
and Brahmins, 110 and Hindu nationalism, 156, 157 of husbands, 17 and Jains, 236 and suffering, 115 see also sadhana
INDEX
Yajnavalkya, 24 yoga,20,63, 130 yoginis, 77, 125-36, 192, 256 yogis, 43, 125, 132, 256
defined, 273 yoni, 104-7
defined,273 yugal mantra, 200
Zangskar, 5, 6, 8, 14, 25, 75, 77-8, 171-89
map, xiv zildawar, 171
defined,273 Zurba Tashi, 172-3