Glossary of RoadDesign and ConstructionTerms

3-CPlanningThecontinuing,cooperative,comprehensiveplanning processinanurbanizedareaasrequiredbyfederallaw.(e.g. Lincoln,Omaha,orSiouxCityAreaPlanning)3RProject 3Rstandsforresurfacing,restorationandrehabilitation.Theseprojectsaredesignedtoextendthelifeofanexistinghighwaysurfaceandtoenhancehighwaysafety.Theseprojectsusuallyoverlaytheexistingsurfaceand replaceguardrails.3Rprojectsaregenerallyconstructedwithintheexistinghighwayright-of-way.AbutmentAnabutmentismadefromconcreteonpilingand supportstheendofabridgedeck.AccessControlTheextenttowhichthestate,bylaw,regulateswhere vehiclesmayenterorleavethehighway.ActionPlanA setofgeneralguidelinesandproceduresdevelopedby eachstatetoassurethatadequateconsiderationisgiven topossiblesocial,economicandenvironmentaleffectsof proposedhighwayprojects.Allstatesweredirectedto developthisplanbytheFederalHighwayAdministration.AdaptedGrassesGrasseswhicharenativetotheareainwhichtheyare planted,buthaveadjustedtotheconditionsofthe environment.AdverseEnvironmentalEffectsThoseconditionswhichcausetemporary orpermanentdamagetotheenvironment.AestheticsInthehighwaycontext,theconsiderationsoflandscaping,landuseandstructurestoinsurethattheproposed highwayispleasingtotheeyeoftheviewerfromtheroadwayandtotheviewerlookingattheroadway.Aggregate Stoneandgravelofvarioussizeswhichcomposethe majorportionofthesurfacingmaterial.Thesandor pebblesaddedtocementinmakingconcrete.AggregateBaseCourseThelayerofmaterialimmediatelybeneaththe pavement.Itmaybecomposedofcrushedstone,crushed oruncrushedsandandgravel,orcombinationsofthese materials. Toprovidetheserviceintendeditmustbe uniforminstrengthtosupportthepavement.AirPollutantsThoseimpuritieswhichcausetheatmospheretobecome contaminated.Theseinclude:carbonmonoxide,nitric oxides,sulfurdioxides,particulates,andhydrocarbons.AirPollutionThepresenceofcontaminatingparticlesintheairwhich interferewithapersonshealth,safetyorcomfort,personal property, plants and animals.AirRightsThepropertyrightsforthecontrolorspecificuseofa designatedairspaceinvolvingahighway.AlignmentTheverticalandhorizontallocationofaroad.AlternateRoutesThevariousgeneralhighwaylocationsexaminedin corridorstudiestodeterminethebestalignmentfora highway.Ambient AirAnyunconfinedportionoftheatmosphere;theoutsideair.ApportionmentMethodusedtodeterminetheshareoffundseachstate highwayadministrationreceivesfromtheFederal Government.ArcheologicalSalvageProgramProgramtoprotectIndiansitesor locationsofhistoricalinterestwhichwillbedisturbedby plowing,leveling,clearing,dozing,etc.,forexcavationand investigationbyprofessionalarcheologists.ArcheologyThescientificstudyofmaterialremainsofpasthumanlife andactivities.ArterialA generaltermdenotingahighwayprimarilyforthrough traffic,usuallyonacontinuousroute.AsphalticCementBrownishblack,solidorsemisolidmixofbitumensfrom nativedepositsorapetroleumby-productusedinthe manufacturingofasphalticconcrete.Average Daily Traffic or ADTA measurementofthenumberofvehicle whichuseahighwayoveraperiodofayeardividedby 365toobtaintheaveragefora24-hourperiod.Backfill Materialusedtoreplace,ortheactofreplacing,material removedduringconstruction.Also,maydenotematerial placed,ortheactofplacingmaterialadjacentto structures.BackslopeTheslopefromthebottomoftheditchtonaturalground,ontheoppositesideoftheforeslope.BandofInterestTheareaincludedinacorridorstudywhichwillbe examinedforthebestalignment.BermA raisedmoundofearthusedindifferentways;asasite barrier,usedtoseparatetheroadwayembankmentfrom a drainage way, as a sound barrier, or for architectural reasons.BicycleLanesPortionsofaroadwaysetasideforbicycleuse,withthe lanesdistinguishedfromthemotorvehicleportionoftheroadwaybypaintedstripes,curbs,orparkingblocks.BicycleRoutesTherearethreetypes-Bicycle Trails,BicycleLanesand SharedRoadways.Bicycle TrailsSeparatepathsortrailsintendedfortheexclusiveuse of bicycles.Whensuchapathispartofahighway,itis separatedfromtheroadwayformotorvehicletravelby an openspaceorbarrier.BitumenA naturalasphaltorsubstancefoundinanaturalstateor aresidueby-productfrompetroleumrefinement.Bituminous ContainingBitumen BoardofPublicRoadsClassification & StandardsThisBoarddevelop minimumdesign,constructionandmaintenancestandards foreachfunctionalclassificationofpublicroadsand streets.The11-memberboardisappointedbythe Governorandapprovedbythelegislaturefor4-year terms. TwomembersrepresenttheNDOR. (ContacttheGovernmentAffairsDivisionformoreinformation.)BorrowExcavationWhentheDepartmentspecifiesanewroadwaytobeconstructed,theroadwayembankmentisusuallyconstructedfromearthavailableontheright-of-way,however,ifthereisinsufficientearththecontractorisrequiredtoobtaintheneededadditionalmaterialfromoff thestatesright-of-way(land). Thismaterialiscalled borrowexcavationBorrowPitThesourceofapprovedmaterialrequiredforthe constructionofembankments,orotherportionsof earthworkrequirements.BorrowPitRestorationReturningtheareausedforborrowtoa usable condition.BoxCulvertA boxculvertiscast-in-placeorpre-castreinforced concreteandhasaboxshapethatislocatedunderthe embankmenttodrainwaterfromonesideoftheroadto theother.BridgeDeckScarificationToremovetheexistingconcretebridgedriving surfaceinpreparationforaconcreteoverlay. Thisis usuallydonewithacoldmillingmachineconsistingof hardenedsteelbitsattachedtoarevolvingdrum.BridgePier A bridgepierisasupportingstructureatthejunctionof connectingspansofabridge.BufferZoneThearea15feetfromtheedgeoftheroadwaysurface includingtherestoftheright-of-waywhichisplantedwith nativeandadaptedgrassesandprovideshabitatfor wildlife.BypassRoutesAnarterialhighwaythatpermitstraffictoavoidpartorall ofanurbanarea.Capacity Maximumnumberofvehicleswhichhasareasonable expectationofpassingoveragivensectionofalaneoraroadwayinonedirectionduringagiventimeperiodunder prevailingroadwayand traffic conditions.CementA powderedproductmadebygrindingclinkersof limestone,clay,andothermaterials,andwhichreacts with watertoformarocklikesubstanceusedtobond aggregatestogetherinconcrete.CentroidAnassumedpointinazonethatrepresentstheoriginor destinationofalltripstoorfromthezone.Generally,itis thecenteroftripendsratherthanageometricalcenterof zonalarea.(AlsocalledZoneCentroid)Channel Pathinwhichwaterwillordoesflow.ChannelChangeThechangeindirectionofthenaturalpathofwaterflow, usuallyforashortdistance.ChannelCleanOutTheremovalofdebris,soildeposits,orheavybrush inanexistingpathofwaterflow.ChannelExcavationWhentheDepartmentbuildsanewbridgeor drainagestructureoveranexistingwaterwayitis sometimesnecessarytodredgeoutorstraightentheexistingwaterwaychannel.Thisworkiscalledchannel excavation.Channelization(ofroad)Thedirectionofthetrafficflowintodefinite paths,bymeansoftrafficmarkings,islands,orother means.CofferdamWhentheDepartmentspecifiestheconstructionofa bridgepierin,oradjacenttoastream,thecontractormay berequiredtodrivesheetpilingintothestream,creating acofferdam.Themudandadditionalstreambedmaterial thatmustbeexcavatedpriortotheconstructionofthe pieriscalledcofferdamexcavation.ColdMillingToprepareanexistingbridgedeckorroadwaypavement forresurfacing,thedepartmentsometimescreatesanewroadwaycrosssectionandprofilebycoldmillingtheexistingsurfacewithamachinethathashardenedsteel bitsinarevolvingdrum.CollectorConsistsofagroupofhighwaysand/orstreetswhich pick uptrafficfrommanylocalorland-serviceroadsand carryittocommunitycentersortothearterialsystem.Theyarethemainschoolbusroutes,mailroutes,and farm-to-marketroutes.CollectorStreetA streetwhichservestheinternaltrafficmovementwithinthecityandconnectswiththemajorarterialsystem.CommodityFlowPaththatproductsfollowbecauseofdivisionoflaborand specialization.Forexample,orangesareproducedin Floridaandtraveltootherstatesforconsumption.CommunityParticipationParticipationbythepublicinthehighway planningprocessatorientation,informationandpublic hearingmeetings,membershiponcommittees,and throughparticipationinsurveysandinterviews.Community ValuesThesocial,economicandenvironmentalfactors uniquetoagivencommunity.Concrete Concreteisabuildingmaterialmadeofsandandgravel bondedtogetherwithportlandcementintoahard,compactsubstance.ConcreteRevetmentMatsAsanalternativetoconcreteriprapalonga ditchorwaterwaybank,sometimesaconcreterevetment matwillbeused.Thematisaheavyfabricenvelope whichispumpedfullwithcementmortarthathardens and conformstotheshapeofthesurfaceuponwhichit is placed.ConnectingLinkAroadwayonthestatehighwaysystemwhichextends betweenandjunctionswithtwoothernumberedroutes on thestatehighwaysystem.Suchroadsareusually relativelyshortinlength.ConstructionCostsThosecostsafterthecontracthasbeenlet.This includes engineering, survey, inspection, in addition to thoseactualconstructioncosts.Thewrittencontract betweentheDepartmentandthecontractorsettingforth theobligationsoftheparties,including,butnotlimitedto,theperformanceofthework,thefurnishingoflaborand materials,andthebasisofstatehighwaypayment.ContractSpecificationsTherequirementswhicharetobefollowedinthe constructionofhighways.CordonLineAnimaginarylineencirclingasurveyareadefiningthe limitsoftheinternalsurveyandlocationofexternaltraffic surveystations.CordonStationsStationslocatedoneachstreetcrossingthecordonline wherevehicleswerecountedandclassifiedduringsurvey hours.CordonSurveyA roadside-interviewtypeofstudyinwhichdriversare stoppedandquestionedaboutoriginanddestinationof theirtripanditspurpose.Theinterviewsareconductedat stationsontheexternalorinternalcordons,oronboth.CorrelationAninterdependencebetweenvariables.CorridorAnareaofvariablewidthbetweentwopoints.Inhighway work,corridorsaredefinedareaswheretheneedsfor improvementarestudied.CorridororLocationPublicHearingPublichearingheldbythe DepartmentofRoadstoinformthepublicandobtaintheir viewsonaproposedprojectlocation.CorridorStudyThestudyofcorridorlocations,social,economicand environmentalconsiderations,andalternativesforanarea.CostBenefitRatioA methodofdeterminingtheeconomicjustificationof alternativeschemesforhighwaysystemimprovements.Thebenefitsandrespectivecostsforeachalternative are determinedandtheratioofbenefitstocostforeach projectiscomparedtotheothers.CountyRoadsThoseroadwayswhichareconstructedandmaintained primarilybycountygovernmentsandwhicharenotonthe statehighwaysystem.Cul-de-sac A localstreetopenatoneendonly,whichallowsvehicles toturnaround.CulvertAnystructure,notclassifiedasabridge,whichprovides anopeningundertheroadway.DeadEndA localstreetopenatoneendonlyandwithnospecial provisionsforturningaround.DecibelA unitofsoundmeasurement.DeckSlabRepairThewearingsurfaceofabridgemustfirstberepaired beforeitreceivesanewwearingsurface.Thedeckslab repairusuallyconsistsofpartialandfulldepthpatching followedbyresurfacing.Defense Access FundsFederalfundsareavailablewithoutregardto apportionmentamongthestatesforpayingalloranypart oftheconstructionandmaintenanceofdefenseaccess roads(includingbridges,tubes,andtunnels) tomilitary reservations,todefenseindustriesanddefenseindustry sites,andtothesourcesofrawmaterials.Thefunds may beusedtoreplaceexistinghighwayandhighway connections,ortoupgraderoadsusedformilitary purposes.DepartmentofRoadsNebraskasstatehighwayagencywhichhasthe responsibilityforinitiatingandcarryingforwardthe planning,design,construction,andmaintenanceof highwaysonthestateandfederalhighwaysystems.ReferredtoastheDepartment.DesignCapacityMaximumnumberofvehicleswhichcanpassoveralane orroadwayduringonehourwithoutoperatingconditions fallingbelowapreselecteddesignlevel.Design Hourly VolumeA volumedeterminedforuseindesign representingthetrafficthatisexpectedtousethe highwayinanydesignatedyear.Itisanhourlyvolume, usuallythe30thhighesthourlyvolumeexpectedduring thedesignyear.DesignLife Initiallyfiguredtobea20-yearperiodforpavement.DesignPhaseThedevelopmentofaprojectfromtheconclusionofthe corridorlocationworktothecompletionoffinalplans.DesignPublicHearingPublichearingheldbytheDepartmenttoinform thepublicandtoobtaintheirviewsonthedesign featuresofaproject.DesignSpeedA speeddeterminedfordesignandcorrelationofthe physicalfeaturesofahighwaywhichinfluencevehicle operation.DesignStandardsSpecificationsforsuchdesignfeaturesascurvature,grades,roadwaywidth,drainagefacilities,etc.Design VolumeA volumedeterminedforuseindesign,representing trafficexpectedtousethehighway20yearsinthefuture.Unlessotherwisestated,itisanhourlyvolume.Design Year Yearofinitialconstruction,plus20years.DestinationThezoneinwhichatripends.DetectorLoopNewtrafficsignalinstallationcontractsusuallyincludethe constructionofawiredetectorloopplacedunderthe surfaceofthepavementintheapproachareaofthe intersection.Whenamotoristdrivesoverthedetector loop,thetimephaseforthelightisaffected.DetourTherouteusedforthroughtrafficaroundconstruction areas.DiffusionModelsA mathematicalmodeltoestimatepollutionconcentrations fromaspecificsource.DikesA bank,usuallyofearth,constructedtocontrolorconfine water.DividedHighwayA highwaywithseparatedroadwaysfortrafficinopposite directions.DraftEnvironmentalImpactStatementA preliminarywrittensummaryof theprobableeffectsahighwayprojectwillhaveonthe environment,especiallythehumanenvironment.Drain TileAnundergroundpipetohandlewaterfromafarmfieldor usedtofixareasontheright-of-waytolowerwater tables.DrainageEasementEasementfordirectingtheflowofwater.DrainageStructureThosestructuresotherthandrains,levees,and pumpingplantswhichareintendedtopromoteoraid drainage.Thetermincludescatch-basins,bulkheads, spillways,pipeoutlets,etc.DropStructureA particulartypeofdrainagestructureusedtocarrywater underorawayfromtheroadwaywithaverticaldropbuilt intothestructure.EarthExcavationOnaconstructionprojectthatrequiresneworrelocated roadway,theearthwhichmustbemovedfromoneplace toanotheriscalledearthexcavation.EasementA righttouseorcontrolthepropertyofanotherfor designatedpurposes.Forexample,drainageeasement,plantingeasement,sceniceasement,sightlineeasement andslopeeasementarefivetypesofeasementsin connectionwithhighways.Easementsmaybeeither temporaryorpermanent.EcologyTheinter-relationshipsoflivingthingstooneanotherand totheirenvironment,orthestudyofsuchinter-relationships.EconomicInteractionMutualimpactbetweenthecommunityandaroad orproject.EcosystemTheinteractingsystemofabiologicalcommunityandits non-livingenvironment.EcotoneA transitionareabetweentwoadjacentecological communitiesusuallyexhibitingcompetitionbetween organismscommontoboth.EgressTheexitpointsonacontrolledaccesshighway.EmergencyReliefFundsFundsforrepairorreconstructionofhighways onthefederal-aidhighwaysystemareavailableupon applicationofthestatehighwaydepartment,ifan emergencyhasbeendeclaredbytheGovernor,and concurredwithbytheSecretaryof Transportation.Such fundsmayalsobespentonrepairandreconstructionof foresthighways,forestdevelopmentroadsandtrails,park roadsandtrailsandIndianreservationroads,whetheror notsuchhighways,roadsortrailsareonthefederal-aid system.EminentDomainThepowerofthestatetotakepropertyforpublicuse withoutownersconsentuponpaymentofjust compensation.EmissionRatesTherateatwhichtheaverageautomobileisexpectedto emitvariousairpollutants.Emulsified AsphaltAnemulsifiedasphaltisacommonconstruction materialusedtoprime,sealorresurfaceahighway.It consistsofanasphaltthatischemicallymixedwithwater inanemulsion.EnvironmentalImpactTheeffectsaprojectwillhaveuponthe environment,especiallythehumanenvironment.EnvironmentalImpactStatementA writtensummaryoftheprobable effectsaprojectwillhaveontheenvironment,especially thehumanenvironment.ErosionControlMeasuresThosestandardsusedtoretarddeterioration ordestructionofthelandsurface.ExcavationTheactoftakingoutmaterials,thematerialstakenout,orthecavityremainingaftermaterialshavebeen removed.TheDepartmenthasanagreementwiththe NebraskaHistoricalSocietytopermittheremoval (excavation) andpreservationorsalvageofanythingof historicalorarcheologicalvaluethatmaybefoundduring highwayconstruction.ExhaustEmissionsTheairpollutantsemittedfromtheexhaustofthe internalcombustionengine,namelycarbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,andhydrocarbons.Expansion Tie AnchorsWhenevertheDepartmentwidensapavementor constructsnewcurbingadjacenttoanexistingconcrete pavement,theseaccessoriesaretiedtotheoldpavement byuseofsteelanchorboltsdrilledintotheverticaledge ofthepavement.ExpresswayA dividedarterialhighwayforthroughtrafficwithfullor partialcontrolofaccessandgenerallywithgrade separationsatmajorintersections.ExternalCordonA lineencirclingthestudyareawithinwhichthedetailedstudyisconducted.ExternalSurveyThephaseofthesurveyinwhichtrafficdatawas obtainedbyinterviewingmotorvehicledriverspassing throughsurveystationsontheprincipalhighwaysor streetsenteringthesurveyarea.Federal AuthorizationCongressauthorizestheapportionmentofa stipulatedamountofmoneytobedividedamongthe statesingivenfiscalyear. Apportionmentofthistotal amongthestatesismadebytheSecretaryof Transportation.Federal Highway AdministrationA divisionoftheDepartmentof Transportation,formerlytheBureauofPublicRoads.Thefederalagencyresponsibleforsupervisionand distributionoffederalfundstovariousstatehighway agencies.Federal-AidHighwayFour categories are; Interstate, primary, secondary andurban.Thisisthesystemwhichisnormallyeligible to receivefederal-aidfunds.Federal-AidInterstateFundsFundsfromtheHighway TrustFund, designatedforuseontheInterstatehighwaysystem.The provisionsgoverningappropriations,apportionment, andmatchingratiosforstateparticipationdifferfrom those applicabletootherfederal-aidhighwaysystems.Federal-AidInterstateSystemA highwaysystemdesignedandlocated to connectbyroutes,asdirectaspracticable,the principalmetropolitanareas,citiesandindustrialcenters, toservethenationaldefenseandtoconnectatsuitable borderpointsandroutesofcontinentalimportance.The routesareselectedbyjointactionofthestatehighway departmentsofeachstateandadjoiningstatesubjectto approvalbytheSecretaryof Transportation.Thissystem islocatedinruralandurbanareas.Forecasting Procedureforestimatingfuturelanduse,populationand traffic patterns.ForeslopeTheslopefromtheedgeoftheshouldertothebottomof theditchortothebottomoftheroadwayfill.ForestHighwayFundsFundsmadeavailablefromtheU.S. Treasury to be used for survey, construction, reconstruction and maintenance.TheseareappropriatedtoFHWA andthen apportionedannuallyamongthestatesaccordingtoa formulabasedontheareaandvalueofnationalforest landswithinastateinproportiontothetotalareaand valueofallnationalforestlands.Fundsforforest developmentroadsandtrailsareappropriatedto,and apportioned by, the Secretary of Agriculture according to therelativeneedsofthevariousnationalforests.Fundsareauthorizedforconstructionofforestroads whichareofprimaryimportancetothestate,counties, or communitieswithin,adjoiningoradjacenttothe nationalforestandwhichareonthefederal-aidsystem.FrontageRoadA localstreetorroadlocatedonthesideofanarterial highwaywhichpermitsaccesstoresidencesand businessesfromthecontrolledintersectionofthearterial highway.FunctionalClassificationIdentificationofaroadbythefunctionitserves.FunctionalDesignThedeterminationofprecisealignmentsofaroadin anestablishedcorridor.Fromthefunctionaldesign,detailedplansarelaterdevelopedwhichresultinfinal design.GeotechnicalFabricPriortotheplacementofripraponanearthbank adjacenttoastream,theDepartmentfirstrequiresthe placementofthiswovenclothmadefromnylontypesof materialthatarenotbio-degradable.GradeSeparationA crossingoftwohighways,orahighwayandarailroad, atdifferentlevels.Thebridgethatspanshighwaysor railroadtracks(asinanoverpass) isagradeseparation structure.GradientThepercentofverticalorlongitudinalslope.GroundCoverGrassesorotherplantsgrowntokeepsoilfrombeing blownorwashedaway.Groundwater TableThelevelofwaterundertheearthssurface.GrowthCenterFundsThosefundswhichcanbeallocatedtothethree growthcenterareasforuseonprimaryandsecondary projects.GrowthCentersThoseareasdesignatedassuchbytheFederalHighway Administrationforthepurposeofstudyingeconomic growthperformance.TheareasareNorfolk,Scottsbluff, and Tri-cityarea(Grand Island, Kearney and Hastings).GrowthFactorMethodA procedureforforecastingtravelbyprojecting presenttravelpatternsforwardonthebasisofanticipated growthindifferentareas.GuardRailA steelrailwithtwocorrugationsattheshoulderedgeof a highway, usually in front of roadside hazards. Also cable guardrail.Habitat Totalenvironmentalconditionsofaplacethatisoccupied byanorganism,abiologicalpopulationoracommunity.HighwayCommissionAneight-memberappointedboardwhichservesin anadvisorycapacitytotheGovernor. TheBoardserves asaliaisonwiththepublicandchairspublichearings. All commissionmembersareappointedforasix-year termbytheGovernorwiththeconsentoftheLegislature.Eachrepresentsahighwaydistrictandnomorethanfour arefromthesamepoliticalparty.HighwayCommission meetingsareopentothepublicandgenerallyheldthe fourthFridayofeverymonthatthecentralheadquarters buildingoftheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsinLincoln,Nebraska.Highway-OrientedBusinessBusinessespurposelybuiltadjacentto highwaystoservethetravelingpublic.Theseinclude:motels,gasstations,restaurants,giftshops,etc. Highway, Street or RoadA generaltermdenotingapublicwayfor purposesofvehiculartravel,includingtheentirearea withintheright-of-way.Highway Trust FundSourceofalmostallfederal-aidforhighways.The fundconsistsofthefederaltaxespaidbyhighwayusers ongasoline;specialmotorfuels;trucks,trucktrailersand buses;tiresofthetypeusedonhighwayvehicles;tread rubber;andoncertainvehiclesandotheritemsrelated to highwayuse.Thetaxrevenuesaredepositedinthe TrustFundandthenredistributedtothestatesin accordancewithformulasestablishedbylaw.Home- InterviewSurveyThissurveyincludesaseriesofinterviews conductedatasampleofdwellingunitsthroughoutthe studyarea.Inadditiontooriginanddestinationoftrips madebyresidents,informationisalsoobtainedastothe time,purpose,andmodeoftravelusedforthesetrips duringweekdays.Dataoncarownershipandpopulation areotherby-productsofthisstudy. Also,sociologicaland economicdataarecollected.HorizontalCurve(ofHighway)Bendfromastraightlineorcoursealong a roadway.HumanEnvironmentThetotalofallexternalconditionsandinfluences (aesthetic,ecological,biological,cultural,social,economic,historical,etc.) thataffectthelifeofahuman.HydraulicsA branchofsciencethatdealswithpracticalapplications (asthetransmissionofenergyoreffectsofflow) ofwateror otherfluidinmotion.HydrologyThestudyofwaterintheatmosphere,onthesurface, andunderground.Impact AttenuatorsA crashcushionwhichcollapsestodissipatethe energy of an impacting vehicle to prevent injury. Impact attenuatorsarecommonlyusedwhereroadwaysseparate orsplit.ImprovementAnychangetothedesign,structureorfeaturesofan existingroadorhighway. (e.g. resurfacing,reconstruction,guardrailreplacement,lightingorlandscaping)InformationMeetingInformalpresentationofinformationbytheDepartmentrelatingtoaproposedprojectorprogramfor thepurposeofinformingthepublicandobtaininginput.IngressTheentrancepointsonahighwaywhichhaveaccess control.InnerCordonA lineestablishedforthepurposeofobtainingoriginand destinationinformationaboutvehicletripswithinthe internalarea.Roadsideinterviewstationsarelocated alongtheinnercordonwherethecordonintersectsmajor roadways.InterchangeA systemofinterconnectingroadwaysprovidingforthe freemovementoftrafficbetweentwoormoreroadways ondifferentlevels.Forexample,threetypesof interchangesare:cloverleaf,diamondanddirectional.Variationsofthesebasictypesarepossible.Interdisciplinary ApproachInvolvingavarietyofprofessionsinsolvinga particularproblem.IntermittentResurfacingThisispatchingincertainlocationswhereroad conditionswarrant,(anywhere from a few feet to one-half mile) andislesscostlythanredoinganentirehighway surface.Intermodal TransferChangefromonetypeofcarriertoanother.(e.g. truck toairplane)InternalCordonTheinternalcordonenclosesanareawithinthestudy area,suchasthecentralbusinessdistrict.InternalSurveyThephaseofthesurveyinwhichtrafficdataareobtained byinterviewingresidentsofselecteddwellingunits throughouttheentiresurveyareaandinterviewingthe ownersoroperatorsofaarepresentativesampleofall taxicabsandtrucksregisteredinthesurveyarea.Internal TripA tripwithbothoriginanddestinationwithinthesurvey area.InterstateA dividedarterialhighwayforthroughtrafficwithfull controlofaccessandingressandegressonlyat interchanges.Theinterstatesareafederallydesignated nationalsystemofinterstateanddefensehighways.InversionA weathertermwhichexplainswhathappenswhen, somewhereabovetheground,thethermalgradientis reversed,thusnotallowingtheairtomixasmuchas normal.Aninversionlowersthedepthtowhichthermal mixing(warmairrising) takesplace.Thisisofparticular concernbecauseincreasedpollutioncanresultduring periodsofinversion.Island(RaisedorPainted)Usedtoseparatevehiculartraffictravelingin oppositedirections.(seealso TrafficIsland)JackingandCribbingUndergroundconstructionoftunnels,conduitsand structuresrequiretheexcavationsbekeptfromcavingin bytheuseofasupportingframework.LandUse Thefunctionsforwhichvariouslandareasareusedor areplannedtobeused,suchas:agriculture,housing, education,culturalrecreations,religious,industrialand commercialuses.LandUseForecastAnestimateofthenumberofacresinspecificuseby aspecificdateataparticularlocation.LaneMile Onemileofatwo-lanehighwayequalstwolanemiles.Therefore,iftherearefourlanemilesoftwo-lane,there areeightactualmilestomaintain.LateralObstacleClearanceAnarearelativelyflatandfreeofobstacles beyondtheedgeofthetravelwayfortherecovery of out-of-controlvehicles.LevelofProjectAnalphabeticaldesignationassignedtoaprojectwhich indicatesfactorssuchastypeofproject,degreeof complexityandextentofsocial,economicand environmentalstudyrequired.LevelofServiceThetermusedtoindicatethequalityofserviceprovided byafacilityunderagivensetofoperatingconditions.Theseconditionsincludespeed,traveltime,traffic interruptions, freedom to maneuver, safety, driving comfort andconvenience,andoperatingcosts.LevelReviewCommitteeThegroupestablishedintheActionPlanto reviewallproposedprojects,flowingsystemsplanning,to determinetheirlevel.Theestablishedlevelservesas a guidelineforthetypeofstudywhichisneededand proceduresfortheproject.Limited Access HighwayEvery highway, street or roadway which owners oroccupantsofadjacentlandandotherpersonshaveno legalrightofaccesstoandfromthehighwayexceptat suchpointsandinsuchmannerasdeterminedbythe publicauthorityhavingjurisdictionoversaidroadway.LinkConnectingLinkisasectionofstatemarkedand/or maintainedroadwhichformsadistance-savingconnection betweennumberedhighways. A linkextendsbetweenand junctionswithtwootherstatehighways.Normally,a connectinglinkisshortinlength.LocalRoadA streetorroadprimarilyforaccesstoresidence, business,orotherabuttingproperty.Local TripA trippassingthroughthecordonlinewhicheither originatedorendedwithinthesurveyarea.MachineCountA trafficcountmadebyavehiclerecordingtraffic countingmachineontapewithavehicledetectorata specificlocationonahighway.MaintenanceThepreservingandkeepingofeachtypeofroadway, roadside,structure,andfacilityasnearlyaspossibleinits originalconditionasconstructed,oraslaterimproved.MaintenanceandOperatingCostsCostofkeepingtheroadinoperating condition. (e.g. repairofchuckholes,mowing,snowremoval)MajorStreetorMajorHighwayAnarterialhighwaywithintersectionsat gradeanddirectaccesstoabuttingproperty,andon whichgeometricdesignandtrafficcontrolmeasuresare usedtoexpeditethesafemovementofthroughtraffic.ManualCountA trafficcountmadebystationingapersonataspecific locationonahighwayandrecordingtrafficbytallysheet, handcounters,orothernon-automaticdevices.MappingA methodbywhichanynumberofdifferentfactorscanbe examinedindividuallyandincombinationinrelationto onecommonobjective.(e.g. thebestrouteforahighway afterconsiderationofthefactors)Market ValueThehighestpriceforwhichpropertycanbesoldinthe openmarketbyawillingsellertoawillingpurchaser,neitheractingwithcompulsionandbothexercising reasonablejudgment.Mean Trip TimeTraveltimedeterminedbycompilingtheelapsedtrip timesforalltripsinaparticularmovementanddividing thetotalbynumberoftrips.Thistechniqueisusedtofind aweightedtraveltimefortripsbetweenaworkzone clusterandeachring-corridorsegmentinwhichthe workerslive.Meantriptimeisusuallydeterminedfor eachmode.MedianTheportionofadividedhighwayseparatingthetraveled waysfortrafficinoppositedirections.MedianLaneA speed-changelanewithinthemediantoaccommodate left-turningvehicles.MeteorologicalConditionsWeatherconditions;temperature,windspeed anddirection,andthermalgradient;usedtodefinethe mixinglayerdepth(heightofinversion).MinimumDesignStandardsAdoptedbytheBoardofPublicRoads Classification and Standards.Thesestandardsensurethat eachroadsegmentcanhandlethetrafficpatternand volumeitisexpectedtocarry.MobilizationTheDepartmenttypicallyreimbursesthecontractorwhen completedportionsofworkareperformed.Contractors thereforemustfindfinancingtohelpstartanewproject. Thepayitemmobilizationwascreatedafewyearsago to helpthecontractorwiththeseearlystart-upcosts.ModalSplitThedivisionofpersontripsbetweenmassandprivate transportation.Mode of TravelMeansoftravelsuchasautodriver,vehiclepassenger, mass transit passenger, or pedestrian.ModelA systemofdatapresentedinamathematicalformat (as intrafficmodel).MulchA protectivecovering(e.g. native hay or grainstraw) spread onthegroundtoreduceevaporation,maintain evensoiltemperature,andpreventerosion.MultipleCorrelationCorrelationinvolvingonedependentvariableandtwo ormoreindependentvariables.MultipleRegressionA trendlineinvolvingonedependentvariableand twoormoreindependentvariables.MultipleUseofSpaceProjectsinwhichusagebythepublicorsome otheragencycanbemadeofthatspacewhichwas acquiredforthedevelopmentofahighwayproject.This caninvolveuseunderanexistingoverheadstructure, the useofairspaceabovetheroadway,usagealongside thehighway,oracombinationoftheseandcouldbe developedeitheratthetimeofconstructionorlater.NSI NebraskaServiceabilityIndex.Thevalueisanumerical indexrepresentingtheobservedsurfacedistressonthe pavementbasedonascaleof0to100,with0beingthe worstand100thebestcondition.NationalHighwaySystem(NHS)A systemofroadsnation-widethat includestheInterstatehighwaysystemaswellasother roadsimportanttothenationseconomy,defense,and mobility. Almost160,955milesofroad,3,000ofwhichare inthestateofNebraska,havebeendesignatedasbeing ontheNHS.NativeGrassesThosegrasseswhicharecommontotheareainwhich theyareplanted.NegativeDeclarationA writtenstatementthattheprobableeffectsofa projectontheenvironmentwillbeminimal.NeighborhoodA primaryinformalgroupconsistingofallpersonswho liveinlocalproximity.Oftenconsideredtobethelocality servedbyanelementaryschoolorneighborhood convenience shopping center. Neighborhoods form the moreorlesscohesivecellsofalargercommunity.NeopreneExpansionJointThetransversejointfoundattheendsof bridgedeckslabsissometimesfilledwithaprefabricated blackrubberizedmaterialcalledneopreneexpansionjoint. Therubberexpandsandcontractswiththebroadrange ofNebraskatemperatures. Node A specificpointonastudysystemnetworkwheretwoor morelinksintersectandwhereachoiceoftravelrouting ispossible. A nodemaycoincidewithazonecentroid andmaybeusedforthepurposeofdescribingthe network.NoiseLevelThedegreeofundesiredsoundwhichaffectstheauditory senses.Allowablenoiselevelshavebeendefinedin FederalHighwayAdministrationPolicyandProcedure Memorandum.Noise Sensitive AreasThoseareasadjacenttoaproposedimprovement whichwouldbeadverselyaffectedbyexcessivenoise levels. (e.g.hospitals, schools, churches)Obligation AuthorityTheactualamountoffederalfundswhichare availableforexpenditurewithinafiscalyear.One-and Six-Year PlansTheimmediateone-yearconstructiontobedone inthecurrentfiscalyearandtheproposedhighway constructionobjectivesforthenextfivefiscalyears. Theseplansareupdatedannuallytoincludethenext fiscalyear. TheseplansarepreparedbytheDepartment.OperatingSpeedThehighestoverallspeedatwhichadrivercantravelon agivenhighwayunderfavorableweatherconditionsand underprevailingtrafficconditionswithoutatanytime exceedingthesafespeedasdeterminedbythedesign speedonasection-by-sectionbasis.OpportunityModelA mathematicalformulabasedonthepremisethatthe probabilityofatriporiginatinginonezonewillfinda destinationinanotherzoneisproportionaltothepossible tripdestinationsintheotherzone,andtothenumberof triporiginsthathavenotpreviouslyfoundadestination.OrientationMeetingInformalpresentationofinformationbytheDepartmentrelatingtoaproposedprojectorprogramfor thepurposeofobtainingthepublicsviews.Thesearethe firsttypeofmeetingsheldwiththepublicbeforea corridorstudyisbegun.Thepublicisinformedaboutthe areaofinterest,theproceduresandtechniquestobe followed,andanestimatedtimetablefortheproject.OriginThezoneinwhichatripbegins.Origin-DestinationStudiesTripdataisobtainedfromvehicledriversas to wheretheystarted,wheretheyaregoing,andthe purposeoftheirtrip.ThisdatahelpstheDepartmentto forecast traffic patterns.Over-AllSpeedTotaldistancedividedbytotaltime,includingalldelays.OverpassA gradeseparationwherethehighwaypassesovera highwayorrailroad.(SeeGradeSeparation).P.R.1 TheinitialfederalformsubmittedtotheFHWA which describesprojectlocation,typeofconstructionproposed, estimatedcostsofengineering,right-of-wayand construction.Thisdocumentservesasarequestfor fundstoproceedwithprojectdevelopment.PSI PresentServiceabilityIndexrepresentstheridequalityof apavementbasedonascaleof0to5,with0beingthe worstconditionand5thebest.PaleontologyA sciencedealingwiththelifeofpastgeologicalperiods asknownfromfossilremains.PAMPozzolanic Aggregate MixtureParkingLaneAnauxiliarylaneprimarilyfortheparkingofvehicles.Partial TakingTheacquisitionofaportionofaparcelofproperty.PavementThepartofaroadwayhavingaconstructedsurfacefor thefacilitationofvehicularmovement.PavementFabricTheseareprefabricatedsheetsofsteelmeshthatare occasionallyplacedintonewconcretepavements.PavementLifeThedesignlifeforaroadwayis50years.PavementMarkingThelanelinesorsymbolspaintedonpavement surfaces.Markingcanbedonewithseveraldifferenttypes ofmaterials.Pavement/PotholePatchingWhenthepavementbeginstodeteriorate duetotheinfluencesoftheenvironmentandtraffic,holes,rutsandcracksareusuallylocalizedatexisting pavementjoints.Therepairofthistypeoffailureconsists ofsawingout,removingandreplacingthematerialwith newPortlandcementconcreteorbituminousconcrete.PeakHourThatone-hourperiodduringwhichthemaximumamount oftraveloccurs.Generally,thereisamorningpeakand anafternoonpeakandtrafficassignmentsmaybemade foreachperiod,ifdesired.PedestrianAnypersonafoot.PedestrianCrossingsDesignatedcrossingswherepedestriansmaysafely crossabusyhighwayorroadway.PerformanceGradedBinderA performancegradedbindercameabout withthedevelopmentsofSuperpave.Thesuperpave systemincorporatesperformancebasedasphaltmaterials characterizationwiththemixdesignandenvironmental conditionstoimproveperformancebycontrollingrutting, lowtemperaturecracking,andfatiguecracking.PermanentSeedingPlantingofgroundcoveraftercompletionofthe improvement.Thesegrassesandlegumeswillbeofa lastingnaturetoinsurecontinuedcontrolofsoilerosion.PlanningandResearchFundsFederalfundsareavailableforresearch onallphasesofhighwayconstruction,modernization,development, design maintenance, safety, financing, and trafficconditions.Theresearchmaybeconductedby governmentagenciesorprivategroups.Oneandone-half percentofeachstatesfederal-Aidapportionmentis reservedtobeusedexclusivelyforthesepurposes.Federalfundsmadeavailableforplanningandresearch projectsmustbematchedbythestateinaccordance with prescribedratiosunlessFHWA determinesthatno matchingfundsarerequired.PlanningStudyReportA Departmentdocumentwhichispreparedatthe beginningofaproject.Thisbasicdocumentwillcontain a locationmap,typeofimprovement,documentationof thesupportingneedsfortheproject,statementasto whetheranysignificantenvironmentalimpactis anticipated,statementofalternatives,andalistofstudy areasexamined.Thisdocumentwillbecirculatedwithin theDepartment,tootheragencies,andtothepublicfor theirinput.PlantingEasementAneasementforreshapingroadsideareasand establishing,maintainingandcontrollingplantgrowth thereon.PolicyandProcedureMemorandumFormusedbytheFederalHighway AdministrationtoinformagenciesoftheFHWAs interpretationsandapplicationsoffederalstatutesdealing withhighwayandtransportationmatters.PopulationEstimateEstimatingcurrentpopulationonthebasisof demographicandeconomicdata.PopulationForecastEstimatingfuturepopulationonthebasisof demographicandeconomicdata.PossibleCapacityThemaximumnumberofvehiclesthatcanpassa givenpointonalaneorroadwayduringonehourunder prevailingroadwayandtrafficconditions.PozzolanicThisisamixtureofaggregate,waterandacementing agentthatconsistsoflimeandflyashtocreateadurable roadsurface.PracticalCapacityThemaximumnumberofvehiclesthatcanpassa givenpointonalaneorroadwayduringonehourunder theprevailingroadwayandtrafficconditionswithout unreasonabledelayorrestricttothedriversfreedomto maneuver.PrecastConcreteBridgeSlabA newconcretebridgeslabcanbe constructedbytheuseofeithercast-in-placereinforced concrete,orbytheuseofprecastconcretedeck segmentsmanufacturedoffsite,transportedtothejob, andliftedupandsetonthebridgepiers.Thesesegments arethentiedtogetherwithsteelboltsandthejointsfilled withacementmortar.Dependinguponthetypeofdesign, theseprecastconcretebridgeslabswillbeeitherdriven upondirectlyorfirstsurfacedwithabituminousconcrete surface.PreliminaryEngineeringCostsIncludes all the survey, design, material exploration,andplanpreparationuptolettingtheproject forconstruction.PriorityCommercial SystemsA continuousnetworkofroutes,withinthe StateofNebraska,whicharedesignedtocarryhigher trafficvolumes,especiallylargervolumesofcommercial vehicles.Thissystem,whichincludestheruralexpress- waysystem,includesabout3,300milesofroad.It directly servesallofthefirstclass(5,001-100,00population)and largercities;directlyserves80ofthe113secondcities (800-5,000population),andcomeswithin10milesof 23 secondclasscities.Program(noun)A prioritylistingofprojects,usuallyforadefinedperiod of time (e.g. 6 years, 20 years). Programsaresubjectto continuedreviewbeforetheyareestablishedasprojects bytheDepartment.Program(verb)Toestablishandexecuteprocedures.Infiscalaccounting - toallocatefundsforspecificprojects.ProgramBalanceTheamountofmoneyleftoutoftheFederalapportionmentwhichhasnotbeensetasideforparticularprojects.Project Thespecificsectionofthehighwaytogetherwithall appurtenancesandconstructiontobeperformedthereon underthecontract.Project AgreementAnagreementbetweenthefederalgovernmentand thestatewhichspecifiesthefederalfundstobeused for aparticularproject.Theformisnecessaryfor reimbursementfromFHWA.(See Transfer of Federal Funds toState)ProjectNumberA numberwithaletterprefixwhichisassignedtoa projecttoidentifyitoncorrespondence,documentsand plans.Thenumberindicateslocationandfunding. Public, Mass or Rapid Transit(a)Vehiclesusedtoconveypeoplefrom oneplacetoanother.(b)Thesystemorcompanywhich ownssuchvehicles.RadialHighwayAnarterialhighwayleadingtoorfromanurbancenter.RailroadGradeCrossingThegeneralareawhereahighwayanda railroadcrossatthesamelevel,withinwhichareincluded therailroad,roadway,androadsidefacilitiesfortraffic traversingthatarea.RaisedIslandThatportionoftheroadwaywhichisraisedabovethe travel-waybymeansofacurbtoseparatetraffic.RampA connectingroadwaybetweentwointersectinghighways atahighwayseparation.RandomSelectionEverycombinationofsamplesofagivensizefroma population,nomatterhowsmallorhowlarge,hasan equalchanceofbeingselected.RateofChangeTheproportionalandconsistentchangeinthesizeofa variablefromoneperiodtothenext.RecreationRoadA roadwaywhichisnotpartofthestatehighwaysystem butwhichhasbeendevelopedandimprovedbymoney fromtheStateRecreationRoadFundinaccordancewith Section39-1390oftheStateStatutes.Reflective Crack Control TreatmentA methodusedtoretardthe reflectivecrackingintoorthruthenewasphaltsurface;fabric,heavyoverlayorotherstrategiesareused.RegionalGrowthModelA land-usemodelusedtoestimategrowthand futureland-usepatterns.Regional Planning AgencyAn area-wide A-95 Review Agency (SeeA-95 Review Agency).Thereispresentlyonesuchagencyin Nebraskalocatedinthesoutheastportion.Thecounties whichformthisagencyare:Nemaha,Johnson,Pawnee, andRichardson.RegistrationTheregistrationcertificateorcertificatesandregistration platesissuedunderthelawsofthisStatepertainingto theregistrationofvehicles.ReinforcementBarsConcretepavementsandstructurescanbedesigned towithstandmosttypesofloadingiftheconcreteis reinforcedwithsteelbars.Thesebarsarecalled reinforcementbars.Relocation Assistance ProgramProgramforprovidingadviceand assistancetopersons,businesses,etc.whichhavetobe relocatedduetohighwayconstruction.RemainderTheportionofthetractoflandretainedbytheowner afterapartofsuchtractoflandhasbeenacquired.RemnantA remaindersosmallorirregularthatitusuallyhaslittle ornoeconomicvaluetotheowner.Retaining WallStructureusedtocontainanembankment,alsousedona backslope.RightofImmediatePossessionTherighttooccupypropertyforhighway purposes,afterpreliminarystepsforacquisitionhavebeen takenandbeforefinalsettlement.RightofSurveyEntryTherighttoenterpropertytemporarilytomake surveysandinvestigationsforproposedhighway improvements.Right-of-WayLandacquiredbypurchase,giftoreminentdomainin ordertobuildandmaintainapublicroad.Right-of-Way AppraisalA determinationofthemarketvalueofproperty includingdamages,ifany,asofaspecifieddate,resulting fromananalysisoffacts.Right-of-Way EstimateAnapproximationofthemarketvalueofproperty includingdamages,ifany,inadvanceofanappraisal.Right-of-Way Strip MapA planofhighwayimprovementshowingits relationshiptoadjacentproperty,theparcelsorportions thereof,neededforhighwaypurposes,andotherpertinent information.Riparian Relatingto,living,orlocatedonabankofanatural watercourse(asariver) orsometimesofalakeora tidewater.RiparianRightTherightsofanownerofwater-frontinglandsinthebed, banks,accretions,water,access,moorage,andrelated items.RiprapWhentheDepartmentconstructsanembankment adjacenttoastreamorlake,thebankislinedwith brokenconcreteorlimestonerocktopreventerosion.Riverine Livingorsituatedonthebanksofariver.RoadUserBenefitsTheadvantages,privilegesorsavingsthataccrueto driversorownersthroughtheuseofonehighwayfacility ascomparedwiththeuseofanother.Benefitsare measuredintermsofthedecreaseinroadusercosts andtheincreaseinroaduserservices.RoadUserCostsVehicularoperatingcosts,usuallyexpressedincents per vehiclemile,coveringallitemsinvolvedinvehicle ownershipandoperation.Thevalueoftimeisincluded as oneoftheitemsofcost.RoadUserServicesAdvantagesorprivilegesaccruingtothevehicle driver or owner through features of safety, comfort,convenience,etc.Insomecasesthesecanbeevaluated incentspervehiclemile.RoadsideControlThepublicregulationoftheroadsidetoimprovehighway safety,expeditethefreeflowoftraffic,safeguardpresent andfuturehighwayinvestment,conserveabuttingproperty values,orpreservetheattractivenessofthelandscape.RoadsideDevelopmentThoseitemsnecessarytocompletethehighway whichprovideforthepreservationoflandscapematerials andfeatures;therehabilitationandprotectionagainst erosionofallareasdisturbedbyconstructionthrough seeding,sodding,mulchingandtheplacingofother groundcovers,treesandshrubs,andsuchsuitable plantingandotherimprovementsasmayincreasethe effectivenessandenhancetheappearanceofthehighway.RoadsideZoningTheapplicationofzoningforroadsidecontrol.RoadwayTheportionofahighway,includingshoulders,for vehicularuse.RoadwayCutsSegmentsofroadwaylowerthanthesurroundingground.RoadwayEmbankmentA raisedstructureofsoil,soil-aggregate,sand or rock.Rural AreaAnareawhosecharacterisruralinnatureandwhich mayincludetownsoflessthan5,000population.SafetyFeaturesHighwayfeatureswhichprovideforsafetravel.These includeflatslopes,nohazardousobstacleswithinthirty feetofthedrivinglanes,breakawaysignsupports,and safetybeamsandcableguards.SafetyZoneTheareaorspaceofficiallysetapartwithinaroadway for theexclusiveuseofpedestriansandwhichis protectedorissomarkedorindicatedbyadequatesigns astobeplainlyvisibleatalltimeswhilesetapartasa safetyzone.Salvage Savingdifferentmaterialsfromprojectswhereexisting surfacingandstructuresareremovedandusingthesein otherconstruction.SawingConcretePavementWhenpatchingafailedareaofexisting pavementthecontractorisrequiredtomakeafulldepth sawcutaroundtheperimeterofthepatchsothatthe segmentcanbedislodgedandremoved.Alsodoneto controlcrackinginconcrete.ScenicEasementAneasementforconservationanddevelopmentof roadsideviewsandnaturalfeatures.SchedulingTheprocessofdevelopingaplanofoperationstocarry outtheprogram.Theprocessfirstinvolvesbreakingdown projectsintoactivities,settingstartingandendingtimes forthoseactivities,determiningtheresourcesrequiredtoperformthework,thenadjustingthetimesasnecessary tobalancetheresourcerequirements.ScreeningTheuseofanyvegetativeplanting,fencing,ornamental wallofmasonry,orotherarchitecturaltreatment,earthen embankment,oracombinationofanyofthesewhich will effectivelyhidefromviewanyundesirableareas, especiallyjunkyards,fromthemaintraveledway.ScreenLineAnimaginaryline,usuallyalongphysicalbarrierssuchas riversorrailroadtrackssplittingthestudyareaintotwo parts. Traffic counts (andpossiblyinterviews) areconducted alongthisline,andthecrossingsarecomparedtothose calculatedfromtheinterviewdataas a checkofsurvey accuracy.SealCoatAnexistingcountyortownshiproad,orstatehighway can berehabilitatedorgivenanewwearingsurfaceby sprayingitwithaliquidasphaltfollowedbyauniform sprinklingofaggregate.Thisprocedureiscalledaseal coatorchipandseal.SeasonalChangesChangesbroughtaboutbyseasons. Section4(f)LandAnypubliclyownedparks,recreationareas,historicsites, orwildlifeorwaterflowrefugesofnational,state,orlocal significanceasdeterminedbyfederal,stateorlocal officialshavingjurisdictionoversuchlands.Sector Acombinationoftrafficzoneswhichpresentsamore meaningfultabulationoftrafficdata.SedimentBasinStructureinwhichwatermovesslowlyenoughfor suspendedparticlestosettle.SeveranceDamagesLossinvalueoftheremainderofaparcelresulting fromanacquisition.(SometimescalledIndirectDamages)SharedRoadwayFacilitiesofficiallydesignatedandmarkedasbicycle routesbutalsoopentomotorvehicletravelwithno provisionforphysicalseparationofthetwotypesof vehicles.Shoo-fly Localizeddetouradjacenttotheconstruction.ShoulderTheportionoftheroadwayadjacenttothetraveledway foraccommodationofstoppedvehicles,foremergency use,andforlateralsupportofthebaseandsurface courses.Onsecondaryroadwaystheshoulderusually consistsofturf.Onheavilytraveledroadstheshoulder is usuallyabituminousmixtureorconcrete.SightDistanceThelineofsightavailabletothedrivertoseeanother car forpassingsightdistanceortoseeafixedobject for stoppingsightdistance.SightLineEasementAneasementformaintainingorimprovingthe sight distance.Signing Visualmethodofprovidingthevehicledriverwithguide, warningandregulatoryinformationalongahighway.Simulate Toreproducesynthetically. (e.g.,tosimulatetripdistribution)SlopeDrainsThedrainagestructuresusedtopreventwatererosion damagetoslopes.SlopeEasementAneasementforcutsorfills.SocialCostsCoststhatarenotincludedintheusualcalculations concerningengineering,constructionandright-of-way costs.SocialandEconomicGeneratorsThosesocialandeconomicactivities which generate traffic.Socio-EconomicFactorsTheseareusedtoassesstheeffectofthe highwayonthehumanenvironment.Someinclude: populationtrendsandgrowth,economicactivity, transportationfacilities,wildlife,scenicandwildlife,scenic andrecreationalfacilities,historicalresources,aesthetics, socialservicefacilities,landuse,andnationaldefense.SoilErosionThewearingawayofsoilbytheactionofwater,wind,or glacialice.SpaceUtilityAddedvaluegainedbymovementofaproductfromone placetoanother,e.g.wheatincreasesinvalueasit movesfromfarmtomarket.SpecialExcavationOnaroadwaycontractthatrunsthroughacity,there arenumerousmiscellaneousitemsthatneedtobe removed(curb, sidewalk,driveways,earth,etc.). These itemsarecombinedundertheitemSpecialExcavation.SpecificationsThestandardspecifications,supplementalspecifications, specialprovisions,andallwrittenorprintedagreements andinstructionspertainingtothemethodandmannerof performingtheworkortothequantitiesandqualitiesof thematerialstobefurnishedunderthecontract.Speed-changeLaneAnauxiliarylaneincludingtaperedareas,primarily fortheaccelerationordecelerationofvehiclesentering or leavingthethroughtrafficlanes.SpursA roadwayonthestatehighwaysystemwhichradiates fromanothernumberedrouteonthestatehighway system.Theprincipalcharacteristicisthatonlyone end oftheroutejunctionswithanotherhighwayroute.StabilityClassesA weathertermwhichdenotesclasses A throughF derivedfrommeteorologicaldatathatdeterminethe severityofairpollutionpotential.Class A -verymuch turbulentmixingofair;classF-verylittlemixing,pollutionstayswhereitisemitted.StandardMetropolitanStatisticalArea(SMSA)Area or SMSA: An integratedeconomicandsocialunitwithalarge populationnucleus.EachSMSA contains:(a)one central cityof50,000or(b)twocitieswithcontiguous boundaries,foreconomicandsocialpurposes,asingle communitywithacombinedpopulationof50,000,the smallerofwhichmusthaveapopulationof15,000. It includescountiesandmaycrossstatelines.State Highway AgencyTheagencywiththeprimaryresponsibilityfor initiatingandcarryingforwardtheplanning,designand construction of highway. In Nebraska this is the DepartmentofRoads(DOR).StateHighwaySystemRoads,streetsandhighwaysprovidedforinthe NebraskaHighwayandBridgeLawwhichformthegroup oftransportationlinesforwhichtheDepartmentwillhave primaryresponsibility. Thesystemshallinclude,butnot be limited to, right-of-way, connecting links, drainage facilities,andbridgeappurtenances,easementsand structuresusedinconjunctionwithsuchroads,streets, andhighways.StateUserFundsRevenuefromstatetaxonmotorfuel,motorvehicles registrationandmotorcarrierfees.Notallofthesego intotheStateRoadFund-somearewithheldfor administrativecostsandotherstate,county,ormunicipal costs.Othersourcesincludepropertyrental,saleof surpluspropertyandequipment,saleofsignpermitsand interestoninvestedfunds.Statewide Traffic Assignment ModelA computerizedprocedurefor simulatingpresentand/orfuturevehiculartripsonan existingorproposednetworkofhighwaysonastatewide basis.Station(Survey)A numericaldesignationforpointsonaprojectcenterline whichdenotethedistanceofthatpointfromanotherpoint ontheproject.Station (Traffic)A locationattheexternalcordonlinewheredriver interviewsareconducted.Alsovehiclecountstationor vehicleweightstation.SteelBasculeBridgeA kindofdrawbridgecounter-weightedsothatit can beraisedandloweredeasily.StorageLaneAnauxiliarylane,primarilytoallowthosevehicleswhich turntowaitforthroughtraffictoproceedacrossthe intersection.Study AreaTheareaencircledbytheexternalcordon. (SeeExternal Cordon)Surfacing Materialusedtoconstructtheroadway. Therearefour types: Asphalt, Bituminous, Concrete, Gravel.SurveyPeriodThattimeduringwhichtheexternaloriginanddestination surveyisconducted.Thesurveyperiodbeginstheday thatthefirstinterviewstationisoperateduptoand includingthedayofthelastinterviewstation.SystematicInterdisciplinaryTheinvolvementofpersons,from professionsinadditiontoengineering,intheplanning,locationanddesignphasesofprojectdevelopment.The purposeofthisinvolvementistoapproachandinsure adequateconsiderationofthesocial,environmentaland economiceffectsofhighwayprograms.SystemsPlanningThestudyoftransportationneedsinaparticulararea. Theareastudiedmaybeanurbanarea,aDORfield districtortheentireState.Theresultofsystemsplanning maybearecommendationofimprovementsoradditions totheexistingtransportationsystem,orthecreationof newmodes.SystemsPlanningPhaseThepreliminaryworktostudyneed and establishpriorities.TerminusTheoriginordestinationofatrip.Alsothelocationofthe startingpointandendingpointofahighwayconstruction project.TerrainThephysicalfeaturesofatractofland.ThermalGradientA weathertermwhichdescribesthechangein temperaturewithachangeinaltitude(heightabove ground). Normallytemperaturedecreasewithincreasing altitude.(SeeInversion)ThroughStreetorThroughHighwayEveryhighwayorportionthereofat theentrancetowhichvehiculartrafficfromintersecting highwaysisrequiredtostoporyieldbeforeenteringor crossingandwhereappropriatesignsareerectedas providedbylaw,unlessentryorcrossingismadeonthe properindicationofatraffic-controlsignal.Through TripA triphavingbothoriginanddestinationoutsidethe SurveyArea,passingcompletelythroughtheareaand crossingthecordonlinetwice.TimeCost Traveltimebycarortransit(door-to-door),convertedto costvalues(cents per minute) sothattimecostsmaybe combinedwithotheritemsofcost.Topography Representationonmapsorchartsdepictingnaturaland man-madefeaturesofanareaorregion.Tourism Pleasuretripsusuallyoflongerthanlocaldistance. Traffic Alltypesofconveyances,togetherwiththeirload, whethersinglyorasawhole,aswellaspedestrians, whileusinganyroadwayforthepurposeoftransportation ortravel.Traffic AssignmentA methodofdistributingtripsonaroadnetworkoron atheoreticalnetworktoillustratehowvarioussetsof physicalconditionsandtravelcharacteristicswouldaffect thetrafficflowpattern,forinstance,speed,distances,etc.TrafficControlDeviceAnysign,signal,markingorinstallationplaced or erected under public authority, for the purpose of regulating,warning,informingorguidingtraffic.TrafficCountA countoftotalvehiculartrafficpassingagivenpointon ahighwayduringaspecifiedtimeperiod.Thismightbea manualormachinecount.TrafficDemandsThenumberofvehiclesdesiringtouseaparticularroute.TrafficFlowThemovementofvehiclesonahighwaysystemorona singleroute.TrafficForecastingEstimatingfuturetrafficpatternsonthebasisofknown transportationvariables.TrafficIslandAnislandprovidedinaroadwaytoseparateordirect streamsoftraffic;includesbothdivisionaland channelizingislands.TrafficLaneTheportionofthetraveledwayformovementofasingle lineofvehicles.TrafficMarkingA trafficcontroldeviceconsistingofline,patterns,or colorsonthepavement,curbs,orotherobjectswithinor adjacenttotheroadway,orwordsorsymbolsonthe pavement.TrafficSign Atrafficcontroldevicemountedonafixedorportable supportwhichconveysaspecificmessagebymeansof wordsorsymbols,andisofficiallyerectedforthepurpose ofregulating,warning,orguidingtraffic.TrafficSignalA power-operatedtrafficcontroldevicebywhichtrafficis regulated,warned,oralternatelydirectedtotakespecific actions.Traffic VolumeTheamountoftrafficonaparticularroute.TrafficZoneA subdivisionofthestudyareaestablishedforthe purposeoftabulating,analyzing,andprojectingfuture vehiculartravel.TransferofFederalFundsto StateFederal-aidforhighwaysisreceived bythestateintheformofreimbursementforwork alreadydoneandpaidforbythestate.Thestatemay claimthefederalshareofthecostofworkintheform of monthly progress payments. All federal-aid highway projectsmustbeapprovedinadvancebyFHWA. A projectagreementisrequiredbeforeastatemayreceiveanyreimbursementfromtheFHWA.Travel TimeThetimeoftravel,includingstopsanddelays,except thoseoffthetraveledway.Traveled WayTheportionoftheroadwayforthemovementofvehicles, exclusiveofshouldersandauxiliarylanes.TrenchBackfillSoilorsandusedtobackfillstormsewertrenches.TripA one-directionmovementofavehiclewhichbeginsat theoriginatthestarttime,endsatthedestinationatthe arrivaltime,andconductedforaspecificpurpose.TripGenerationCommonlyusedtodescribethenumberoftripsstarting orendinginaparticularareainrelationtothelanduse orsocio-economiccharacteristicsofthatarea. A studyof tripgenerationdoesnotattempttodescribeallofthe characteristicsoftrips,direction,length,orduration,but simplytoidentifyandquantifythetripendsinaparticular area/unit.TubularThrieBeamRetrofitRailSeveralofthebridgesconstructed yearsagowereprovidedwithsiderailsthatwere designedtostandardsthathavesincebeenupgraded to betterredirecterrantvehicles.Infrontoftheoldrail a newmetalbeamretrofitrailisconstructed,consisting of threecorrugationssimilartoaguardrail,andwill redirectmostvehicles.UnchannelizedIntersectionAnat-gradeintersectionwithoutislandsfor directingtrafficintodefinitepaths.UnderdrainsThepipethatisputintothetrenchnexttothehighway (a multi-lanedividedhighway). Itisbackfilledwithporoussandwhichlowersthewatertableandmakesthegrade ofthehighwaymorestable.UnderpassA gradeseparationwherethehighwaypassesunderan intersectinghighwayorrailroad.(See Grade Separation)Unrestricted AccessCrossingsofthehighwayarepermittedat-grade alongtheentirelength.Urban AreaAnareawhosecharacterisurbaninnatureandwhich mayincludetownsofmorethan5,000population.VehicleEverydevice,in,upon,orbywhichanypersonor propertyisormaybetransportedordrawnupona highway,exceptingdevicesmovedbyhumanpoweror usedexclusivelyuponstationaryrailsortracks.VehicleMilesNormallyobtainedbymultiplyingtheaveragedailytraffic by365andbymultiplyingthemileageofroadtowhich theaveragedailytrafficisapplicable.VehiclesPerDayorVPDNumberofvehiclesthatpassaparticularpoint ontheroadduringaperiodof24consecutivehours.VerticalCurveA smoothtransitionbetweentwoslopinggradelines; a hill orvalley.VerticalCurve(ofHighway)A curveonthelongitudinalprofileofaroad toprovideforchangeofgradient.ViaductA bridgeforcarryingaroadoveravalley,anotherroad, orrailroad.VisibilityThefarthestobjectthatcanbeobserved.Indaylight landmarksareused;butatnightunfocusedlightsserve asreferencepoints.VisualImpactAppearanceoftheroadwayandappurtenancestoan observer.VMT Vehiclemilesoftravel.VolumeThenumberofvehiclesthatpassoveragivensectionof alaneorroadwayduringatimeperiodofonehouror more.Volumecanbeexpressedintermsofdailytraffic or annualtraffic,aswellasonanhourlybasis.WaterPollutionTheadditionofharmfulorobjectionablematerialtowater inconcentrationsorinsufficientquantitiestoresultin measurabledegradationofwaterquality.WaterproofingMembraneSystemA combinationliquidasphaltandfabric placedontopoftheconcretebridgedeckpriortothe placementofthebituminouswearingsurface.Oncertain typesofbridgedecks,abituminouswearingsurfaceis specifiedontopoftheconcretedeck.WatershedTheareacontainedwithinadivideaboveaspecificpoint onastream.Weekday TrafficThenumberofvehiclesthatpassesagivenpointonthe roadduringaconsecutive24-hourperiodfromMondayto Friday, inclusive.WeightRelatedCostTheextracostofhighwayconstructionbrought aboutbybuildingcapacityforheavyloads.WetlandThoseareasthatareinundatedorsaturatedbysurface or groundwateratafrequencyanddurationsufficientto support,andthatundernormalcircumstancesdosupport, aprevalenceofvegetationtypicallyadaptedforlifein saturatedsoilconditions.Wetlandsgenerallyinclude swamps,marshes,bogs,andsimilarareas.WildlifeHabitatTheenvironmentalconditionsofaspecificplacethatis occupiedbyaspecificspeciesofwildlife.WindRose Historicaldataforaspecifictimeperiodthatshows cumulativewinddirectionsandspeeds.Suchadiagram showswhatdirectionthewindblowsfromforacertain percentageofthetime.Zone Aportionofthestudyarea,delineatedassuchfor particularlanduseandtrafficanalysispurposes.There maybetwotypesofzonesusedinthetrafficassignment process:(a)Surveyzone- A subdivisionofthestudy areawhichisusedduringthedatacollectionphaseof the study. (b) Trafficassignmentzone- A subdivisionof thestudyarearepresentedbyacentroid.ZoneCentroidA pointoftriporiginordestination.ZoningThedivisionofanareaintodistrictsandthepublic regulationofthecharacterandintensityoflanduse and improvementsthereon