Quality Assurance and Accreditation: A Glossary of Basic Terms and
Glossary of Basic Public Health Terms
of 162
-
Upload
nguyenquangy -
Category
Documents
-
view
14 -
download
0
description
Public health terms
Transcript of Glossary of Basic Public Health Terms
Glossary of Basic Public Health Terms
Glossary of Basic Public Health Terms
1. Aberration
2. Abiotic
3. absenteeism
4. Abscissa
5. Absolute Risk
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
jjJUJi ^^i ^JUlLI s^ilk* s^ll*
Absorption a^l*\
Abuse j$u^(')^ '^Us* 1 J'j^ 3
Antagonism
4_JaislJw c M liaJ
Antenatal
SjVjII Jj*
Anthropaphilic
(t * jijii iuil
Anthropometry
4_J y ii Ml CllLk-uLlSJI
Antibody
'Am l >i a ~a iii-vl * JuJa
Antidote
L&LP
Antigen
^jJaj ni^a
Antigenic Drift
(g liJaAi a a (J j^-J
Antigenic Shift
^g^jJalui^a J^.jj / ^LjjjI
Antigenicity
4 i M V >>'i i l'1
Antiserum
/g Aii ^^j*i
\
.(J^IaI) i bjP *M = 1 j j *M -
;
.'"lj-'^^l (^yaxA *Lia -
ij
4_aUJI 'i n*iH ,-.u 1U.^ .*. .
C&SO
-j . - ,t< li ,-. *j ~I *
[11]
Artificial Intelligence
^i-.l 'iU, ^.l t lj;
Ascertainment
CjVUJ! i .i* SCiilU
Ascertainment Bias
. s j^
Bias Due To Digit Preference CA'j J*^' j^
Bias Due To Instrumental Error cA 3 h\ LU. j^s
Bias In Assumption i>=IjjWi ^J j^i
Bias In Handling Outliers >iijili ^ J^uii jJLs
Bias In Publication >slll ^ ji
Bias , Presentation Of Data cjUiUi jij 3^
Bias Of An Estimator jSill ji
Bias Of Interpretation j.^1 ^j jlii
Bias Of Measurement o-Uali jlii
Bias, "Lead-Time" "fiSUi c^jll" jii
[14]
Bias, Ascertainment
i'il aJlmVI jj^'i
Bias, Berkson's
UJ^Ji j^
Bias, Design
, 1^1 ^i 'ill ji-^'i
Bias, Detection
i i.';,Case, Induced
4j^>^ 4JU.
Case-Base Study
o^tlill j 4JUJI 4-uiljJ
Case-Case Study
aJL*. JjLLo aJL*. j
Clinical Algorithm
Aj u uj A-Lo \ )l^^ $ jC u uj ^ * La
Clinical Decision
^
Correlation, Positive
^JjL- i (Jla^l iaLlJ jl
Cost- Benefit Analysis
AJljill j4ilill Jjkj
Cost - Effective Analysis
^Jclill j 4ili]l (JjLlj
Cost- Utility Analysis
^iuji j mail jjkj
Cost Analysis
Ailill Jjlaj
Cost Shearing
A aK'i\l ~ , tl l ia'i
Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis
AiKjJI a JUi Jjkj
Counseling
) g\ t tl .ft
Covariance
' lal i .a-a (jjlfi
Covariate
t]jLi-a jjaIlo
Coverage
(J^a-a^u ^A-iiaiJ
Credibility
AjalAj-a-o i jLoJfcl
Credit
^Liicl
Criteria, explicit
^
] Curriculum
^IjJ g*i
Curriculum Vita
OJAulJI (JUJ
CutOff
^Ua
Cut Point
(JjLaill 4 JaflJ $ (J l^ jfl
Cyclicity, Seasonal
-uL-flfl So lSjjj-^
Cyclicity, Secular
*Lli-G^) Ajj 5J^
Cyst Count
(jiJSVl ic.
1 1
D
i
DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years
I
j^JI
JJ9j 4 ^-v .^y>li ^oxjl dll^ioj
Data
CjULu i ' " il J "
Data Analysis
CjUUll! - J CjLJaxJI Jjkj
Data Cleaning
i'i1*i1ii\I_ ' i ' i i L. />\l I a'UYi
Data Dredging
ciiLjLull - i ''Data Processing
CllULull - t,--j;U^l M G&SO J
j , . ,*< II ,-, ,^j Aa_ii J
[24]
Decentralization
LjSj-iUI
Decade
Decimal
cS _>--
Decision Analysis
jljail Jj'*-*'
Decision Tree
jl \jijI va '''
Deduction
r'UiJloil
De Facto Census
(Ji jIjxj
Deforestation
dlLjlil 1 ^J __>-iJ S -i. j
Degrees Of Freedom "df"
- * 11 *. 1 - - *
De Jure Census
(_J^)JaJ j|j*J
Delegation
jji-UjiiH
Demand
i til ' i tlu
Demographic Transition
"cr*^" 1 '
g?--' J-J-J- -!-- Jj- 5 ^
Demographic Trap
^1 S l i) - i ( ^ s $\ jC. yall 7&
Demography
Lialjcj-ajJI ijliiJI iic.
Demonstration Model
^.^-.jj jljL
Denominator
' '^U i *rj-- " S alia
Density Of Population
jl -villi AiliS,
Density Sampling
^jiliiS (jUjc-l
Dependency Ratio
JIjV 1 - i JjjLSI (-LmS) Uuij
Dependent Variable
uU __y*-i-
Descriptive Study
*Lli--*aj **-ojl iJ
Desertification
\a i aj
Design
- i a i *aJ
Design Bias
Design Effect
* i/%. *-*Mi j i-^'i
,i^.^i'ill ji'il'i
Design Variable
Desmoteric Medicine
/jj-< , aj) < . iU
Detection Bias
t i.**\ll jj-"
;
.uUill
Jj-ila jiajl _ A^jjIaA^jj -A
I
kAxl\ ~i n*i H *Jt lli,^ .-.. .
OJSO
. - .\A (JJ A u'..i'l (jij Sj_pajjaj
Diagnosis
tyaJA '"'
Diagnostic Criteria
jjxiiA'll "(J.^l i" jnl.*
I Diagnostic Index v
Dichotomous Variable
( C.jsij]\ )jjlxj]l ,-jlJJ JJ*J-a
Dichotomy
LS-^jj J?"*^ '(e^-" ' rc *'
Differential Diagnosis
^Jii jj^rLiii
Digit Preference
t5-?3j 3^
Dignity
AJjS
Dimensionality
jLxjVI JJ^ii
Direct Adjustment,
u^U-g 7Ll^j*aJ
Direct Standardization
ujLia ^yiuflj
Direct Obstetrical Death
^Jjjll o^iLiAll diLiajll
Directionality
A \l^\ -**'\ 1 4j /i -v A ^ aj
Directives
t " )| d i-^ aj
Disability
j4^
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS)
3 7-* " (Jj^J AAA 11 a\ 1 >AXJl Clll^iui
Disability-Free Life Expectancy
;
j-ajxJ! jjA AjlLiJI lj-vti Jj^Lo
Discordant
^allLo
Discount Rate
jj^na-v ill J V. ->
Discrete Data
*> 1 -al ' " ' " ll J * * "
Discriminant Analysis
=>"
Disease Burden
^a >^a^)-all A-ja^jl 4 juij
4_aUil 3a*all CiUIk^aj ^u G&SO
.j , ,*< II ,-. .Sj \. .i \
[26]
Disease Registry
[Via VAJI (J*^ ul
Disease Taxonomy
(_pal^)-c,'VI t"ll jam"
Disease, Preclinical
LS JiJ^ ci--- 9 O^J-
Disease, Subclinical
QSJiJ* ' -*- O* 3 ^
Disinfection
J-k-*-*"
Disinfestation
J N)*-.l -Uljj
Dispensary
4 ili.vi^i ' t ii^ij'in.^
Disposal
lJuj^
Distribution
b Oj--
Distribution Function
^jjill Uli
Distribution-Free Method
P jj-"' L> *'" * 4i-! __>Ja
Doctrine
'/*'
Document
4iiij
Dogma
rtii rt A
Domain
-MJaS
Domestic
tA) 1 * u-?-'--
Domiciliary
iJj^
Dominant
JuLui
Dose-Effect Relationship
jjjbJI j -Ift jaJ 1 --iMc
Dose-Response Relationship
*ULajL*Vlj jjuSjall -*i!%
Dot Chart, Dot Plot
(^ill) Uki-Wltijl
Double-Blind Trial
Aj^xlill *--ijIjj '"-J^'H
Doubling Time
' asl i iajll (j-a)
Drift
t-ilj-ijl S(Jjaj
Droplet Nuclei
jljj t ' " '1 j.; '-' '1 cS_jJ
Dropout
^j ' ' i*"i*
Dummy Table
Jj^C
'LiaJ iClLaL-a (JjAa. 5(JjJ-. J'ij-aJ
Dummy Variable
4-LcO JJ*1*-
Dynamic Population
4 ;*s ; 1 'i p a j^
;
Aliull
Sjj^all ^A; ^_4j l^juii j *U-aJ j\jlij i4_ii J
[28]
Encounter
i\L*
End Results
Fertility Rate
Fertility Ratio
A. ij.^i-^ll 4 'itojii '2 ij. -~i4.il 4 i.u'l
Fetal Death
4 i'ii'i-v 'Al ^j
1 Fetal Death Rate
2 iiiWft i"i1 lijll Ji.
Fetal Death Ratio
_ ^\l ~ \i
Hypothesis
4 u-'-> \9
I
1
ll
Iatrogenic Disease
L-HaJI /tfjJa ^jia >a
Iceberg Phenomenon
JJ*
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
xjjaj\\ C. 1 fij (J^aLo
Infectibility
^j^xJi iC. C_1J jJu
Informatics
(.
Intervention Study
2 ...j^' _t 2 \- ;r" 2..,lji
Interview Schedule
- j*-?-
Isolate (^i)sjjiL^
Isolation J> sij&J
' ] i
Job Description ut4M Ul^jII
I
K
Key Indicator ( s>l!
Keywords ijalsL. - s3Jb cjUS
Koch's Postulates ^^cJJLl
Kurtosis z^j&
]|
Late Maternal Death SjaJui v^Vi cAJj
Latent Heterogeneity (^ iU -) ^^ j^
Latent Immunization (y?^) ^-^5^
Latent Infection a^u. ^yc
Latent Period *UiJi SjSa 5 ^uji jjJi
Latin Square ^V ?>>
Lead Time ?&ilcj
Lead Time Bias ? jsiJI ci^li ji^i
Least Squares lsj^= til|>>
Length Bias JjUi ji^i
Liabilities i_ijikJ s (aJJ - a iJi
5-UJI 4i^ail ,'.utU,^. (i aji J , 0&J5O JJ J - -< II ia
Moderator Variable
Molecular Epidemiology
Ajjj^^JI CjLijIjjII
Monitoring
4jullo S. ^j Ul -v ^ ^.HalLo ft Jal a a
Multiplicative
ar-.l , Villi ^jj^ijjl
Multiplicative Model
ai-.l , >" jl^)Ja
Multistage Model
J.=JjJI AUe Jljia
Multistage Sample
Jjklj-all oAjJC - a
Outliers
'Jju.'-^a S j'.*lj'i
Output
J=^
Outreach
2j.jLaJ1 '"'I a-laJl
Over Adjustment
t-v , ^v\ j-iji
Overcrowding
pUjjl J JiUiiSV/l
Overhead Costs
S j .*! J /% jji ] 1 i 'a j 11 Sjll
Overmatching
tjSljjJI iajS
Overview
4_-al_C. o Jaj $ A.l,.al jjd A.jl^1 >a
1 p
1
i Package
P Value
P ^-^
3
(jl Ajjj*JI jjjijl " ;ul2 S\j ; AijjAa 4-aajJ
-f lf i&, t> Jl
SJia t(_jj_iajl SJia
Period Prevalence Rate
(_5XaJI jl tal'iVI (_)._*_
Periodic Medical Examination
c5 JJ J cs^ 3 o 3 ^
Periodicity (Of A Disease)
(u^j*) '^-iJJJ^
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
T" jAi.il ..all ^a utllll J^.
Perquisites
A_Jlj all SblJ-ll
Person -Time
L>> j (j-ai-ui
Person -Years
dll alul -j *>- lb
Personal Health Care
i_Uj "
Process Analysis
4,-lLmdl (JjJaj
Process Indicator
dlLlLfiJUl \jZiJA
Product Limit Method
-^cjLiJI JjJ-**. *Jj^)Ja
Professional Activity Study (PAS)
'^ \\ y .*'iti "Luiijji
Profile Plot
Prognosis
JL* *(>]!
Program Review
7WU UJl 4.JL**J >0
Program Trial
TT-o^-J^W-' 4-0-H
Program
?! t * a '-* J W
Prolective
^Iji'a'iinl
Promoter
O^^P 1 -*
Promotion, Health
2 -* . *\\ 2 i5j - ; '2 -* . ^.11 j y j"
Proportion
' ' o J i aS $ i Loll 13
Proportional Hazards Model
^^Uil! J-kkVl j\jL
;
uL&
J;*- ^ ->^J 4*fcJ-& ^-""KP ^
I
kAxl\ ~i n*i H ,-.u 1U.^ .>.
OJSO if
j , . ,*< II ,-. .Sj i. .i \
[S3]
Proportional Mortality
Ratio
4 i ^ i l- 1 M>
Quasi-Experiment
4_Ll jjc. Aj^kj
Questionnaire
r 1 . ^.a">,.| ' jjl ii'>,.|
Quetelefs Index
t"l ll'ilj^ 1 ll.llA*
3
Risk Factor
S^JaLa all (J-olc-
3
.jOjuJL Jald! JjVl OW 4b - rr
I
4-aUil 4a.^]| .'.utU,^. f , ?T ^ G&SO
j . . A< II ,-, .Sj i. .i \
[57]
] Risk Indicator
o UaLi-AJl ^xtijA
Risk-Benefit Analysis
S^jliJlj o^iaLi-Ajl U. *^
Risk-Benefit Ratio
S^jliJlj Ja1 a-xll 4 u n 'i /LojuiS
Risk-Characterization
ajWnJl avi^jj
Risk-Estimation
S^JalA^all _^-^J
] Risk-Evaluation
J J-l -N- -ft 1 ) a ] iflj
Risk-Management
SjJjLLaH ftaJU^ SjbJ )j^Sl
Risk-Marker
jial -v aU aj-ulj
] Risk-Ratio
& ] qI & ^' 1 4 Li " 1
Ross-Level Bias
^^IlulaJI 3-J^
Roubst
.kite,
Rounding
j>^3jVl s^j^ 5aVS_jVl jjj-^j
I Rubric
5.ILL
Rule
sJtla (aliaj
1 s
1
Safety
A-JJ a-oLo $ M -0 ' ^-g^-^
Safety Factor
3j6lUi 34*-
Safety Standards
\
Sanitation
rl^j^l
Satellite Services
AjuIj CjLaJli.
Scale
^JjjLlLo^ a L > a ^ jLix-o
Scale, Dichotomous
&JJ^I c^^" t^W^r^
Scale, Interval
AAj-aLall aXjoa
Scale, Nominal
, aajI aljaa
Scale, Ordinal
* ?y*
Scale, Ratio
4 ^1 i L'3 t 1 L It 1 L ll 1 m G&SO
j . . A< II ,-, .Sj i. .i *
[59]
Sentinel Practice
o^aL^ A-ui^jLa-o
Sequential Analysis
^jiUj JILij
Serendipity
4-Ai.LaJ
Serial Interval
4 il,',il,Vi jljj^joi]| CjLijLjjII
Sex Ratio
(_puaj|
< 24 >4
j^i t^ju'l-vll ^ ) ul S
Shoe-Heather
Epidemiology
aJIj^I CiLiJUjll
Short Term Exposure
Limit (
STEL)
(_jXa]l __yj-a3 (_pa^)*!ill ^^
Siblings
pla^i
Sibship
i"iUja"^tij plluSVl
Sickness
pSi
Side Effect
i laL-a^a jjI S l -f JJJ"
Side Stream Smoke
4jjjlaJI dljliill jLLi
Sigmoid Curve
j'iU 'l-v'l/v ' ^-^j*'^ Wm
Sign Test
(_J^)Lil __)Liil
Significance
U^ *%
Sterilization
J"
Stewardship
2 j ^ ^a aJlCj
Stillbirth
i"n /> \ilj
Stochastic Effect
C5^ Jjl
Stochastic Process
*j^' UJ J
Subclinical Disease
ti JiJ^ * ^ O* 3 ^
Subjective
^jL^LJi
Subsystem
^ ; r; .11;; '2y,j r ll .U;ll
Summative Rating
u^^O'M
Superinfection
Ail i ' " {j^-
Surveillance
Jj^ajJ
Surveillance Of Disease
(_pa \-ojI ALa^jJ
Survey
Survey Instrument
?r tn-nll aul
Survival Analysis
\ '\k\\\ ^Jlv;
Survival Curve
1 io ill ;^;^
4_aUJ! h^al\ ."J >.-. f ;n G&SO
j . . :-x ii ,-, .j \. .i \
[62]
Survival Function
Uaill Uli
Survival Rate
LjaJI J^jLo
Survival Ratio
_ .ljlttll Sjj^LJI
Survivorship Study
elalll 4_LlljJ)
Susceptibility
5jL-aVl ^xj ^
Symbiosis
JAj^
Symmetrical Relationship
^jUl Sla 4jlc.
Symptoms
ti"J iK,';,
Syndrome
4-a j!/lio
Synergism /Synergy
J^
Synergistic Effect
C5jj^ Jd 3 ^
System Analysis
fJ^n J^i i < jj^n dpi
Systematic Review
J T 1 " & ' A 4-Jta.l J-^
Systemic Effect
^ jL^a. - ^ja^a JJJU
1
ii
Tally Sheet
'" J *lAaJ (Jaj^l
Target
i *a y'l liiJ
Target Population
4 Q V;> 1 i l- ^ ^ j jg a^.
Tasks
?h*
I Taxon
4 clival
Taxonomy
"> 4 o ;
I Oil. il
Taxonomy Of Disease
jj>il^j^VI l i'u^i'i
Team Approach
L^J^ or 2 -"
Telemedicine
1>I_J"I '. |J->1I $.1.i (j ^ a '
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
k\i atj^A.ti J.^i
Total Quality Management ( TQM)
SjjjjJI ALLiJI SjbVI
Toxicology
CllLl^Q n-flnlll iaoA^ll AJC-
Toxin
(JXftxJJ
Toxoid
a^kJI (J-U4
Tracer Disease Method
i_ijlill ^^J^ll ^J^ 3
Transcription
^Loilj)
Transmission Of Infection
tjj3x}\ JlaSjl
Transmission Parameter
Jliij^i ' ul Sj "
Transport Host
Jfli ^jj
Trend
A^^j i sL^jli Aejj
Trend Line
Ac. Jill -Li
| Triad
ciijJli! s * - "
Triage
r 18iil ti ii'i, 1 (jj
Trial
Aj^^j
Trimming
i 1 1 > . ..'
Triple Blind
Ajj!>Ij 4j^*-^
kAxi\ A -\t fill *'" tU,^,. .. . G*IJ50 tJ-:
- ,*< II ,-. .Sj i o i
[64]
Twin Study
Two -Tails Test
Type I Error
Type II Error
]|
u
Uncertainty (Safety) Factor
Underlying Cause OfDeath
Underreporting
Univariable Analysis
Universal Precautions
Universe
Unobtrusive Measures
Uptake
Utility
Utility-Based Units
Utilization
A. LqLjj o^ *i^
]
Vaccination
Vaccine
Vaccine Efficacy
Validation
Validity
Validity -Measurement
Validity, Study
Variable
Variable, Ante cendent
ui ^i* ... ^.'^>
4^UJI Hawaii .'.utu,^.
-^* *
c&so
i#J-rJ-
_isJ!
I .j
[65]
Variable, Confounding
Variable, Control
:, Dependent
,, Distorter
i, Independent
i, Intervening
,, Manifestational
j, Moderator
i, Passenger
i, Qualitative
,, Quantitative
i, Uncontrolled
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variance
Variate
Variation
Vector
Vector-Borne Infection
Vector-Borne Transmission
Vehicle Of Infection
Venn Diagram
Violence
Virgin Population
Virulence
Vital Records
Vital Statistics
Vulnerable Group
4jjj^ Clil?.
t fl >^-o \J*J-o
(Julius JJa-i-o
' LiaLa _>f*J-a
jjLc JJa-i-o
^-a uaxo
Ja^jJal^ vie- ^ixJ-o
(J j) Via
(JSulL AJjalo (_5j^c.
(_5jjt (JaLS * . ifuij
(jj3 laJaa a
!>
t a \c
^-
_isJ!
I .j
[66]
Weighted Average
Wheal Model
Work Plan
Work Planning
Workup Bias
X Linked
Xenobiotic
Xenodiagnosis
Yates' Correction
Years Of Potential Life Lost
Yield
Youden's Index
Zero Population Growth
Zoonosis
a jg ? i^) ^' J^^
)J>.*.s-tA\\
es^'j^- O 3 J-*
4-aUJl Aa^ail CJbik^u ^a^j G&0 JJ j * *< 11 Cj~ftij Aa_^I .J
[67]
J 1 I
0)i*b
4_aUJI ka^al\ ,'.utU,^. ^^ G&SO JJ J - *< II j
_uil_j]l (_.lx]l (_S ?r jAjj (_jAjIj _j j Jail (JA^J (JLaI^I 4_a_j.3 Ltt^J CS" ^ u_J"*
. % ^ * * j jij-a JLoia.1 (jjj Laja
Hazard =
Risk=
.Risk j Hazard t> ^^J ojLi^
ei>ui .la. ^Jc. Risk j Hazard Cy J*^ -l ^ xaS to lo A j^ 4__uj (jx. tljj ^^Jill 4 ajiSI
I J i ill Tilt J (Rat6) J^ * ti (j a (J A Wi (_$ J . >i \) al C ^rlln . ti a 2\ j (Proportion)
Uj.?. ajj i_>_j_u]i ^ Ja_uuli jL (Ratio) 3-j-u"5!j (Proportion) y-m tiiil
S; uiill LS _i SjjJ -^1; liUJ Lr -lc Jl aJI jj Sj V 1 oj3 t -1 LaSI Lr J 1 "'" aj "
.(Ratio)
( 4_Jc a j Ln'laj aj LttiLa (jj_j 4_i>lc. (j_C j jul ^j-A (Ratio) Aj_juuJI (jj
"' aj LoA.l_^l (_g j i ia *'j V j i (j;''j J"'" ;jj *j"^ (j^Ll "J j (j^t L^aala 1_a&^1j
4^UJI 4a^ajl ,'.utU,^. (i aji J , G&SO JJ j " '** " d_ij A-i
[74]
li] ^^i (jjjjilo (jij 5i!>UJI ^jlc iaia ik j\ Ratio **."""' 4-al
(Ratio) 4auuii A-aK ji Ai-aj cjaj v (Percentage) 4j$aaJi a^uuIi ja^u
lj^jjUoSI (jx & y^si j "Ratio" ^ 4-*>l (^j*-J 5-ls Vjj ) "^a" 4_^ . >
,(4jjia!l 4 until (_iuiLull J-itJI ) ^ j^VI , ' KI ^ / " 11 JS l^la
ii^^JjtoJi yi jV Proportion "^L2" a- V-u "^Hi" u t^;^ juiisi jia (it
4^UJI Ai^aJI ,'.utU,^. (i aji J , G&SO JJ j " '** " d_ij A-i
[75]
! L-o-f4 3-! * l-o J*-
iJ-i^
4ajj1a!I 4_a_a.jl!|
AJU5I ^j^l
ilA&Vl 3-&il
4 a i mfl
f Will
Ratio (x/y)
- ' ul 8j
iji ill n
Proportion (x/x+y)
>"*
Proportion
AjjIa j^j^
4j jia 4_ujJ
Percentage
4_aUJI 4i^aj| ,'.utU,^. (i aji J , G&SO JJ i " '** " d_ij A-i .J
[76]
Conversion Tables
Length
English Metric
1 mile = 1.61 kilometers
1 foot = 30.5 centimeters
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
0.621 mile = 1 kilometer
39.4 inches = 1 meter
Metric Conversions (length)
Unit
Number of meters
Kilometers
1,000
Meter
1
Centimeter
0.01
Millimeter
0.001
Micrometer (also micron) =
0.000001
[77]
Mass and Weight
English Metric
1 pound = 0.454 kilograms
1 ounce = 28.3 grams
2.20 pounds = 1 kilogram
0.0353 ounce = 1 gram
Metric Conversions (mass)
Unit Number of grams
Kilogram (kg) also called metric tonne = 1,000
Hectogram = 100
Dekagram = 10
Gram (g) = 1
Milligram (mg) = 0.001
Microgram (meg) = 0.000001
Nanogram = 0.000000001
Picogram (pg) = 0.000000000001
Expressing Concentrations
(weight/weight)
1 part per million = 1 milligram per kilogram
= 1 millogram per gram
1 part per billion = 1 microgram per kilogram
1 part per trillion = 1 nanogram per kilogram
[78]
Volume (Liquids)
English Metric
1 gallon =3.79 liters
1 quart = 0.946 liters
1.06 quarts =1 liter
0.264 gallons = 1 liter
Metric Conversions (volume)
Unit
Number of liters
Kiloliter
= 1,000
Hectoliter
= 100
Dekaliter
= 10
Liter
= 1
Deciliter
= 0.1
Centiliter
= 0.01
Milliliter
= 0.001
Cubic Centimeter
= 0.001
Microliter
= 0.000001
Expressing concentrations
(weight/volume)*
1 part per million = 1 milligram per liter*
= 1 microgram per milliliter*
[79]
1 part per billion = 1 microgram per liter*
1 part per trillion = 1 nanogram per liter*
Indicates approximate values
Volume (Gases)
English Metric
1 cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic meter
35.3 cubic feet = 1 cubic meter
[80]
jJL
irt/t\
. T > > > 5 jAlUl -4jj jxll 4illl VJ ; j. J*^l ,'?* M
Management Science .? ^jji j & o>>*W j j%- .iyuujii! j Ajjjia-iV 1
For Health. Boston USA 1998
m \SW OJJ^I J 4jMJI 2..UH _ Cijjjj - i J J AA\ j!j iflte^l j 4*11! ^i JaJ^l!
. Y > > > ill j jjj -jjjj^UI! jsJJI jb ;^jjjJI j^xa ; jjj^JI jjj j^li
- j-iiJl j 4iliiiJl SjUl - fjAl jjI ' jtil jj. Jau .J ;Ajj hl\ .-.u tU.^.ti -^
. ^ H H AjJjxjjiI! Ajj j*JI A^LuI! - AjjCsIui^! Jjjlui (jj toj jtU^I AjuiU.
a^aVI , ,",
