Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFish Products and Industry Division

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 Rome, Italy

Tel.: +39 06 5705 5074Fax: +39 06 5705 5188

www.globefish.org

Volume 96

GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The Seafood Market in SpainVo

lume 96

The S

eafoo

d Market in S

pain

The Seafood Market in Spain

by

Camillo Catarci

(November 2008)

The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Fish Utilisation and Marketing

Service, Rome, Italy and financed jointly by:

- NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), Washington, DC, USA

- FROM, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain

- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark

- European Commission, Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels, EU

- Norwegian Seafood Export Council, Tromsoe, Norway

- OFIMER (Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de

l’Aquaculture), Paris, France

- ASMI (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute), USA

- DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans), Canada

- SSA (Seafood Services Australia), Australia

- Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Fish Products and Industry Division

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153Rome, Italy – Tel.: (39) 06570 56313 E-mail: GLOBEFISH@fao.org - Fax: (39) 0657055188 – http//:www.globefish.org

ii

The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Camillo Catarci;

THE SEAFOOD MARKET IN SPAIN GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.96 Rome, FAO. 2008. p. 49.

Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased

from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to 44.65 kg/pc in 2003. Demersal and

pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain,

followed by molluscs. Fish in Spain is consumed in a variety of ways

but often whole, mainly fresh but also frozen. Preserved products, with

the significant exception of canned tuna, are less popular although also

significant.

Acknowledgement : Michael Bimmler, Wikimedia Foundation

Inc. Karine Boisset, FAO, Richard Grainger, FAO, Helga

Josupeit, FAO, Gabriella Laurenti, FAO, Gloria Loriente, FAO

Gerry O’Sullivan, FAO, Carmen Rodríguez Muñoz, MAPA

José Carlos Castro Neila, ANFACO, Max Semenik, Wikipedia

Foundation Inc. Sachiko Tsuji, FAO, Stefania Vannuccini, FAO.

The report layout was prepared by Tony Piccolo FAO - GLOBEFISH.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the

prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of

the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information

Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di

Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 2008

iii

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.1. Seafood imports into southern europe............................................................................2

1.2. How to export seafood to Southern EU countiries: a guide for developing countries...6

1.2.1. Trade and development ............................................................................................6

1.2.2. The Bilateral level ....................................................................................................6

1.2.3. Autonomous measures ..............................................................................................8

1.2.4. Health and safety requirements................................................................................9

2. SPAIN ....................................................................................................................................11

2.1. Executive Summary .....................................................................................................11

2.2. Seafood consumption in Spain.....................................................................................12

2.3. The industry..................................................................................................................13

2.3.1. Total production .....................................................................................................13

2.3.2. Capture fisheries ....................................................................................................13

2.3.3. Aquaculture ............................................................................................................17

2.4. International trade ........................................................................................................18

2.4.1. Imports ...................................................................................................................18

2.4.2. Exports ...................................................................................................................26

2.4.3. Processing ..............................................................................................................32

2.5. Key Industry Players ....................................................................................................33

2.5.1. The role of the "cofradías" .....................................................................................33

2.5.2. The role of the wholesale market ...........................................................................33

2.5.3. Fresh seafood .........................................................................................................34

2.5.4. Frozen seafood .......................................................................................................34

2.5.5. Processed seafood ..................................................................................................35

2.5.6. Marketing ...............................................................................................................35

2.5.7. Home consumption .................................................................................................35

2.5.8. Away-from-home consumption...............................................................................36

3. SPAINISH IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS, PRODUCERS, AQUACULUTRE .......................

FARMERS AND DISTRIBUTORS......................................................................................37

4. ANNEX: SPANISH SEAFOOD RECIPES...........................................................................45

4.1. Seafood Paella ..............................................................................................................45

4.2. Crisp shrimp fritters .....................................................................................................45

5. REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................47

5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................45

5.2. Spain.............................................................................................................................45

iv

TABLES

TABLE 1: MAIN DEVLOPING COUNTRIES EXPORTING TO THE SOUTHERN EU

REGION (1 000 TONNES) .............................................................................................................3

TABLE 2: MAIN COMMODITIES IMPORTED INTO THE SOUTHERN EU REGION

FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1 000 TONNES) ...............................................................5

TABLE 3: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN SPAIN BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES,

1993-2003 (KG/PC) .......................................................................................................................12

TABLE 4: COMPOSITION OF THE SPANISH CATCH, 1950-2005 (TONNES) ...................16

TABLE 5: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES (1 000

TONNES).......................................................................................................................................19

TABLE 6: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT VALUES

BY MAIN COMMODITY.............................................................................................................21

TABLE 7: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 1995-

2006 (1 000 TONNES) ..................................................................................................................24

TABLE 8: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF DESTINATION,

1995-2006 (1 000 TONNES) .........................................................................................................27

TABLE 9: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT

VALUES BY MAIN COMMODITY............................................................................................29

TABLE 10: SEAFOOD PROCESSING IN SPAIN (TONNES)..................................................32

FIGURES:

FIGURE 1: SOUTHERN EU IMPORTS OF SEAFOOD: A BREAKDOWN BY ECONOMIC

GROUP OF COUNTRIES, 2006 .........................................................................................................2

FIGURE 2: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN CYPRUS, 1961-2003 ..........................................12

FIGURE 3: TOTAL FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN SPAIN,

1950 - 2005.....................................................................................................................................13

FIGURE 4: TOTAL FISHERY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN BY AREAS, 1950 - 2005 ...............15

FIGURE 5: TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN SPAIN BY SPECIES

1950 - 2005.....................................................................................................................................17

FIGURE 6: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS, 1976 - 2006.........................................................18

FIGURE 7: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORTS, 1976 - 2006 ........................................................26

1

1. INTRODUCTION

The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 Member States:

• Founding members (1951) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the

Netherlands;

• Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which joined in 1973;

• Greece, which joined in 1981;

• Portugal and Spain, which joined in 1986;

• Austria, Finland and Sweden, which joined in 1995;

• Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and

Slovenia which joined in 2004;

• Bulgaria and Romania which joined in 2007.

The EU is the top world importer of seafood. In 2006, the Union imported 5.71 million tonnes of

seafood, whereas Japan imported 3.02 million tonnes of seafood and the United States imported

2.45 million tonnes of seafood.

Within the Union, there are three macro-areas of seafood consumption. The Northern EU sub-region

(Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom) is more price-

conscious and dominated by relatively cheap fish preparations. Consumption of fish in the Central

and Eastern EU sub-region (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

Romania and Slovakia) has been, traditionally, very low. However, social and economic development

of the area is resulting in changing food habits and increasing seafood consumption. Instead, Southern

EU sub-region (Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) is the

EU sub-region with the highest fish consumption patterns, due to its geographical position and cultural

habits of its inhabitants1.

The sources utilized for this report have been seafood marketing reports (including online reports), the

GLOBEFISH databank, personal contacts and statistical databases, mainly EUROSTAT and FAO

Fishstat Plus. The global fishery statistics of production in capture and aquaculture and trade are

mostly collected by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES, of FAO,

and made available through yearbook publications, web sites and the Fishstat Plus database. National

reports are the main, but not the only source of data used by FAO to maintain its fishery statistics

database. In cases where data are missing or are considered unreliable, FAO includes estimates based

on the best available information from any qualified sources including EUROSTAT and various

Regional Fishery Management Organizations. A comprehensive network of regional

intergovernmental institutions created by FAO, the FISH INFOnetwork, also provides supplemental

information on international trade.

FAO’s fishery statistics are global in coverage, have complete time series since 1950 for production

and since 1976 for trade and are regularly updated. During the last decade, financial support for the

development and maintenance of individual national fishery statistical systems has decreased sharply,

while supporting efforts have shifted toward improvement of data collection and monitoring capacity

at regional and sub-regional level. At the same time, information needs have been increasing

1 It has to be highlighted that the partition between the three regions is extremely loose. In fact, there are several

differences in seafood consumption habits within sub-regions and some countries may share the seafood

consumption habits of two sub-regions. For instance, France can be placed in the middle between Northern and

Southern Europe and Slovenia can be placed in the middle between Southern and Eastern Europe in terms of

seafood consumption habits.

2

dramatically. In general, the global trends are probably reliably reflected by the FAO statistics but the

individual figures and the assessments involve a certain degree of uncertainty.

1.1. Seafood imports into Southern Europe

In 2006, combined imports of the seven Southern EU countries (Cyprus, France, Greece Italy, Malta,

Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) totalled 3.38 million tonnes, of which 59 percent came from developing

countries, 31 percent from other EU countries and only 10 percent came from non-EU developing

countries2 (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Southern EU imports of seafood:

a breakdown by economic group of

countries, 2006

Developing

countries

59%

Other EU

countries

31%

Other

developed

countries

10%

Imports of seafood from developing countries into the Southern EU region increased from

726 200 tonnes in 1995 to 1.99 million tonnes in 2006, equivalent to a growth rate of

10 percent/year. The main suppliers of seafood to the Southern EU region among developing

countries are Argentina, Morocco, Peru, China, Chile, Ecuador, India, Thailand, Vietnam and

Namibia.

The ten major exporting countries represent nearly 50 percent of total Southern EU imports of

seafood from developing countries. Every country experienced positive annual growth rate,

with the exception of Namibia, whose exports to Southern Europe increased from 1995 to

2003, to decline in the years that followed, reaching in 2006 the same levels of 1995 (Table 1)

due to a decline in exports of fresh hake3.

2 However, due to the frequent misreporting of imports from non-EU countries as imports from the Netherlands

(in fact, Rotterdam is often the first point of entry of seafood imported into the EU) the share of developing

countries in total Southern EU exports might be even higher. 3 Hakes (whether M. capensis or M. paradoxus) are the main fish species the EU imports from Namibia.

3

Table 1. Main developing countries exporting to the

Southern EU region (1 000 tonnes).

Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Argentina 126.51 145.50 172.91 196.39 188.93 152.75

Morocco 89.25 96.90 118.00 107.35 123.70 158.43

Peru 102.82 102.65 146.08 49.34 116.98 131.68

China 23.87 20.34 36.16 55.73 61.27 78.33

Chile 103.81 76.55 84.63 82.01 66.24 78.86

Ecuador 52.30 50.21 57.94 67.30 87.28 59.31

India 53.99 43.13 32.15 28.47 44.13 47.71

Thailand 51.41 49.80 45.57 69.46 59.87 52.71

Vietnam 1.29 1.83 6.70 7.75 8.77 10.16

Namibia 63.56 58.79 61.45 83.54 88.96 85.62

TOTAL

(inc. others) 726.24 780.52 1226.28 1293.59 1342.81 1379.59

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Argentina 184.62 168.05 175.78 143.89 133.32 216.18

Morocco 176.42 159.22 144.61 142.62 152.91 169.57

Peru 180.57 137.13 164.00 154.63 175.86 156.54

China 94.83 44.02 64.12 81.54 121.15 149.40

Chile 108.75 103.61 126.15 136.29 138.70 138.18

Ecuador 56.67 53.68 78.57 71.30 98.19 123.51

India 60.16 60.83 65.27 74.25 86.36 97.36

Thailand 52.78 59.42 71.19 68.73 75.74 92.01

Vietnam 15.02 17.38 23.26 32.06 50.34 82.41

Namibia 93.88 79.95 90.14 85.09 70.15 66.34

TOTAL

(inc. others) 1596.23 1555.84 1703.58 1661.48 1821.94 1993.70

(source: EUROSTAT).

Argentina is the top developing country exporter of seafood to Southern Europe, with

216 200 tonnes of seafood supplied to the area in 2006 (Table 1). More than 70 percent of

Argentine exports of seafood to the Southern EU region go to Spain. In fact, several frozen

seafood producing companies in Argentina have been set up through Spanish funding.

Argentina supplies Spain with frozen Illex squid, frozen shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) and

frozen Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) fillets.

Also in the case of Morocco, 65 percent of its seafood exports to the Southern EU region go

to Spain. Spain imports from Morocco mostly octopus, snails and unidentified fresh saltwater

fish. Most of the remainder of Moroccan exports is shared between France and Italy. Italy

imports mostly frozen octopus, whereas France imports canned sardines (mostly European

pilchard or sardine, Sardina pilchardus), fish oil, canned anchovies (Engraulis spp.) and

frozen sardines.

The main exports of Peru to Southern Europe are fish meal, frozen molluscs and fish oil. The

trend of exports of fish meal and fish oil is discontinuous as these products are linked to the

cyclical abundance of small pelagics in the Pacific Ocean. Fish meal is also the main exported

commodity from Chile, together with fresh southern hake Merluccius australis.

Imports of seafood from China to the Southern EU region increased from 23 900 tonnes in

1995 to 149 400 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 18 percent (Table 1).

4

The lower quantities imported between 2002 and (to a lesser extent) 2004 are due to the EU

ban on seafood from China on the grounds of evidences of potentially risky chloramphenicol

residues found in samples of shrimps and prawns imported from China in January 2002. The

ban was lifted more than two years later. The main commodities imported by Southern EU

countries from China are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns, frozen Alaska Pollack

Theragra chalcogramma, frozen monk Lophius spp. and surimi preparations.

Exports from Ecuador increased from 52 300 tonnes in 1995 to 123 500 tonnes in 2006

(Table 1). The main commodities are frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimp, frozen pre-cooked

tuna loins for canning and canned tuna. Ecuador hosts several shrimp farming facilities, the

main species produced being the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and the blue shrimp

(Penaeus stylirostris). Ecuador is also a large producer of canned tuna and tuna loins, with

processing facilities belonging to (or affiliated with) tuna companies from Spain and the

United States, as well as to the international tuna loins’ producing company Tri-Marine.

Imports from India are dominated by molluscs and crustaceans, especially cephalopods

(Loligo squid, cuttlefish and octopus) and frozen pre-cooked shrimps. Frozen Loligo squid is

also the main product imported from Thailand, followed by frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus

albacares) for canning, canned tuna and surimi preparations. Canned tuna from Thailand is

gradually entering the otherwise conservative and quality conscious Southern EU tuna

market4 while frozen shrimp imports appear to be increasing.

Imports of seafood from Vietnam increased from 1 300 tonnes in 1995 to 82 400 tonnes in

2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 46 percent (Table 1). Imports from Vietnam are

dominated by frozen fillets of freshwater fish, e.g. Pangasius catfish, which is largely

consumed as a cheaper alternative to traditional whitefish species such as Northern cods

(Gadus spp.) and hakes (Merluccius spp.). Other significant imports from Vietnam include

frozen cephalopods, frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimps and frozen Venus clams.

Overall, the main commodities imported from developing countries are frozen shrimp, fish

meal, frozen cephalopods and tunas (Table 2). In terms of value, the most important

commodities include shrimp and canned tuna.

4 Also through the help of a progressive tariff reduction, as the general 24 percent tariff applied by the EU to

third countries exporting canned tuna has been gradually lowered to a 20.5 percent Generalised System of

Preference with a 12 percent special tariff applied to an yearly quota.

5

Table 2. Main commodities imported into the Southern

EU region from developing countries (1 000 tonnes).

Commodity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Frozen pre-

cooked

Penaeus

shrimps 0 0 68.70 86.33 80.68 80.59

Fish meal 142.51 133.94 174.13 90.12 123.48 162.79

Frozen

Loligo squid 35.55 43.82 39.37 67.26 60.55 84.89

Frozen Illex

squid 26.74 33.54 65.86 73.49 86.89 80.78

Frozen

Octopus spp. 39.20 37.89 50.43 54.90 87.66 64.78

Canned tuna

not in oil 58.39 61.85 61.19 66.04 50.82 61.21

Frozen pre-

cooked tuna

loins 27.19 31.17 38.32 47.48 52.50 51.30

Frozen

molluscs nei 8.07 10.46 14.04 7.08 10.07 13.90

Frozen

cuttlefish 40.95 40.82 53.53 63.92 54.91 64.57

Frozen pre-

cooked

shrimps and

prawns nei 0 0 34.85 51.73 44.42 58.67

TOTAL 726.24 780.52 1226.28 1293.59 1342.81 1379.59

Commodity 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Frozen pre-

cooked

Penaeus

shrimps 97.18 103.05 133.19 137.81 150.42 194.28

Fish meal 179.21 133.91 165.70 150.79 147.86 128.58

Frozen

Loligo squid 97.09 82.71 100.14 93.41 106.13 106.23

Frozen Illex

squid 93.00 69.19 75.32 44.91 66.66 101.61

Frozen

Octopus

spp. 78.29 86.57 84.46 75.10 82.42 88.79

Canned tuna

not in oil 58.72 72.52 76.79 82.65 76.66 88.12

Frozen pre-

cooked tuna

loins 44.24 55.91 77.74 66.01 77.65 82.16

Frozen

molluscs nei 18.85 26.85 27.98 50.09 52.75 76.37

Frozen

cuttlefish 79.96 78.74 78.73 74.90 75.46 68.91

Frozen pre-

cooked

shrimps and

prawns nei 63.60 46.82 49.22 50.86 64.30 66.64

TOTAL 1596.23 1555.84 1703.58 1661.48 1821.94 1993.70

(source: EUROSTAT).

6

Large-sized shrimps and prawns, mainly warmwater species, are extremely appreciated in Southern

Europe. They are mainly consumed grilled but also as an ingredient in pasta and rice dishes.

Depending on the year, the main wild species is the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri, which is

a large-sizes coldwater shrimp. The trends in captures of Pleoticus muelleri and other wild species are

often discontinuous, whilst warmwater shrimp farming ensures a steady supply of these appreciated

crustaceans to the European market.

The EU imports farmed warmwater shrimps and prawns in frozen form from Ecuador, India, China,

Brazil and Bangladesh. The species favoured by the EU are the whiteleg shrimp, produced in China,

Brazil and Ecuador, and the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon, produced in India, China and

Bangladesh.

Tuna is a staple food in the Mediterranean diet. It is normally eaten in a sandwich, with salad or mixed

with pasta sauces. Canned tuna is mostly imported from developing countries such as Seychelles and

Côte d’Ivoire where substantial EU investments facilitated the setting up of state of the art processing

units. Those countries belong to the group of ex-European colonies from the African, Caribbean and

Pacific (ACP) regions. On the other hand, frozen pre-cooked tuna loins are really semi-processed

commodities aimed at the canning industries of Italy, France, Spain and to a lesser extent Portugal.

The processing of raw materials into loins in developing countries benefits from the cheaper labour

costs in those countries. At the same time, undertaking the final canning stage in investor countries

enables the partial protection of employment in their canneries.

1.2. How to export seafood to Southern EU countries: a guide for developing countries

1.2.1 Trade and Development

International trade can become a factor for development and growth if accompanied by the proper

support policies and if used correctly. Thus, development is a fundamental principle of the EU trade

strategy. The EU trade policy aims to contribute to a more equitable integration of developing

countries into the international trading system through action on the multilateral5 level, the bilateral

level and through autonomous measures. The focus of this chapter will be on the bilateral level and

autonomous measures.

1.2.2 The Bilateral level

Traditionally, countries from the Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) region have been benefiting

from zero tariffs applied to their EU exports through a non reciprocal system of trade preferences under the framework of the Lomé Convention. As the non reciprocal system was declared incompatible under the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s rules, in 2002 the ACP States and the EU

decided to overhaul their previous trade relations.

5 The World Trade Organisation's fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha (Qatar) in November 2001 resulted in,

inter alia, the launch of a new round of trade negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The DDA

aims at improving market access and establishing rules that help foster development and increase developing

countries’ opportunities to benefit from further trade liberalisation. The EU proposes advancing meaningful

liberalisation across all non-agricultural products (including fishery products), which represent over 70 percent

of developing country exports, by eliminating tariff peaks and high tariffs, and significantly reducing tariff

escalation. The EU intends to fulfil the promise of the Doha Mandate in these non-agricultural products by

establishing real new market access for all, with the largest opportunities for Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

through tariff and quota-free access offered by both developed and if possible most advanced developing

countries. Despite its importance, the multilateral level of negotiations is outside the scope of this report. For

more information, please check http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm and

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm.

7

The Parties agreed to enter into economic integration agreements (the Economic Partnership

Agreements, EPAs) concluding new WTO-compatible trading arrangements, setting up a free trade

area between the EU and the ACP and enhancing cooperation in all areas related to trade. These

agreements are aimed at fostering development by strengthening regional integration and improving

the business environment in a sustainable way. The agreements have been negotiated since 2002; they

entered into force in January 2008, therefore replacing the old Lomé system.

There are four pillars to the EPAs:

Partnership: EPAs entail rights and obligations for both sides. While the Union will be prepared to

further open up its market to ACP products and tackle all other trade barriers, the ACP States must be

prepared to implement appropriate policies to strengthen their supply capacity and to reduce

transaction costs.

Regional integration: the implementation of EPAs will sustain the integration process within the

ACP.

Development: EPAs have been designed with all the flexibility required to take account of the

economic, social and environmental constraints of the ACP countries and of their capacity to adapt to

the new trading environment. On the other hand, they must be integrated into the development policy

of the ACP countries and into the support strategies of the EU.

Link to WTO: Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are intended to act as a stepping stone to

the gradual integration of the ACP countries into the world economy and WTO led trade liberalization.

However, EPAs are also defining more specific and more operational, bilateral trade related

provisions, for example in the area of sanitary and phytosanitary standards. These are intended to

tackle non-tariff barriers to trade between the ACP countries themselves and between the ACP and the

EU. This process will be supported through EU trade related assistance.

True to the principle of regionalism, ACP countries were encouraged to enter the EPAs in regional

groupings. Agreements with the following regional groups were concluded:

• EU and West Africa (Economic Community of West Africa, ECOWAS6, and Mauritania);

• EU and Central Africa (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale,

CEMAC7 and São Tomé and Príncipe);

• EU and Eastern and Southern Africa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,

COMESA8);

• EU and Southern African Development Community (SADC)9;

• EU and the Caribbean Forum of ACP States (CARIFORUM10

);

6 Its members being Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea

Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Of these countries, only Côte d’Ivoire,

Ghana and Nigeria are not among the group of the Least Developed Countries (LDC), which, from a tariff point

of view, benefit from tariff exemption from all products excluding weapons (the “Everything But Arms”, EBA

clause). 7 Its members being Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea

and Gabon. The Central African Republic, Chad and Equatorial Guinea are LDCs (see previous footnote). 8 Its members who decided to negotiate the EPA with the EU are Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Burundi,

Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda and Zambia are LDCs (see

previous footnote). 9 Its members who decided to negotiated the EPA with the EU are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique,

Namibia, Swaziland and Tanzania. Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique and Tanzania are LDCs (see previous

footnote).

8

• EU and the Pacific Region11

.

A six year-long period of negotiations (2002-2008) resulted in the entry into force of the EPAs for the

EU and 35 ACP States12

through the adoption of Council Regulation 1528/2007. The Regulation has

been in force since 1 January 2008.

The regulation confirms the elimination of all import duties for fish and fishery products, which is

particularly important for prepared and preserved products under the code 1604 and 1605, usually

subject to higher tariffs13

. In turn, most tariffs on fresh and frozen fish may have been eliminated

already for all third countries, or may be very low.

Regulation 1528/2007 includes strict provisions on rules of origin. A product imported by the EU is to

be considered as originating in the ACP States if it has been:

• wholly obtained in the ACP States; or

• obtained in the ACP States incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained

there, provided that such materials have undergone sufficient working or processing in the

ACP States.

Regulation 1528/2007 is available online from the EUROPA server at: http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:348:0001:0154:en:PDF.

1.2.3. Autonomous measures

For many years the EU has been operating unilateral preferential market access schemes under the

Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). There are currently three types of GSP in force in the EU:

• The general arrangement for all beneficiary countries;

• The special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance (the

“GSP Plus”) provides additional benefits for countries implementing certain international

standards in human and labour rights, environmental protection, the fight against drugs, and

good governance. In particular, the special arrangements to fight drug production and

trafficking provide duty free market access for all industrial products, which enables large

canned tuna and tuna loins producers like Colombia Ecuador to export their products duty-free

to the Union;

• The special incentive arrangement for Least Developing Countries, that are allowed to export

duty-free “Everything But Arms” (EBA) to the EU.

Rules of origin also apply to country benefiting from the GSP system according to Council Regulation

2454/93. The product should be either “wholly obtained” in the beneficiary country (or countries14

), or

10

Its ACP members being Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, the Dominican

Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines,

Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti is an LDC (see previous footnote). 11

Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau,

Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and

Vanuatu are LDCs (see previous footnote). 12

Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire,

Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar,

Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the

Grenadines, Seychelles, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Zimbabwe. 13

The so-called “tariff escalation”: the higher degree of processing, the higher the tariff. 14

If there is cumulation of origin, e.g inputs from other countries are considered as originating in the exporting

country. Provisions on cumulation thus extend the possibilities for producers in beneficiary countries to use such

9

undergo a series of operations in the beneficiary country/ies conferring to the product the origin from

the beneficiary country/ies.

Details on the Generalised System of Preferences are available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/gsp/legis/index_en.htm, whilst the webpage “The Integrated

Tariff of the Community” (TARIC) is extremely useful to find out quickly the EU’s tariff regime by

product and country (http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm). The texts to the basic

European Union legislation relating to GSP, tariffs, trade and development are to be found through

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/.

1.2.4 Health and safety requirements

As import duties of fish in general have been much reduced, remaining barriers to developing

countries’ exports often relate to health and safety. The EU requirements on the health and safety of

seafood (http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s84000.htm) are particularly stringent.

The official certification of imports from non-EU countries is based on the recognition of the

competent authority of the non-EU country by the Commission. This is a necessary pre-requisite for

the country to export to the Union. National competent authorities must ensure credible inspection and

controls throughout the whole production chain. All relevant issues concerning imports of fishery

products must be undertaken by the national competent authority. As a first step, companies wishing

to export seafood or other fishery products to the EU should contact the relevant national authorities in

their country to become authorised.

For all fishery products, countries of origin must be on a positive list of eligible countries for the

relevant product. The eligibility criteria are:

• the presence, in the third country, of a competent authority which is empowered, structured

and resourced to implement effective inspection and guarantee credible public health and

animal health attestations in the certificate to accompany fishery products that are destined for

the EU.

• Live fish, their eggs and gametes intended for breeding and live bivalve molluscs must fulfil

the relevant animal health standards. Therefore, the veterinary services must ensure effective

enforcement of all necessary health controls and monitoring programmes.

• The national authorities must also guarantee that the relevant hygiene15

and public health

requirements are met.

• List I (fish and fishery products): Imports are only authorised from approved vessels and

establishments which have been inspected by the competent authority of the exporting

country and found to meet EU requirements. The authority provides the necessary guarantees

and is obliged to carry out regular inspections and take corrective action, if necessary. A list

of such approved establishments is available at:

http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/ffp.html.

• List I (live bivalve molluscs): Specific conditions apply for imports of live or processed

bivalve molluscs, echinoderms or marine gastropods. These imports are allowed only if they

come from approved and listed production areas

(http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/lbm.html)16

.

inputs. More details on rules of origin can be found at:

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/publications/info_docs/customs/index_en.htm 15

The hygiene legislation contains specific requirements on the structure of vessels, landing sites, processing

establishments and on operational processes, freezing and storage. 16

However, there is an opportunity to enter EU markets on the basis of bilateral agreements (the so-called “List

II”). List II countries are non-EU countries that are either those that have not yet been visited by EU Commission

inspectors or those still subject to some outstanding hygiene requirements. To facilitate the continuation of trade

until an inspection visit has taken place or compliance guarantees received, provision has been made for an EU

10

• In the case of aquaculture products, a control plan on heavy metals, contaminants, residues of

pesticides and veterinary drugs must be in place to verify compliance with EU rules.

• A control plan must be designed by the competent authority and submitted to the European

Commission for initial approval and yearly renewal.

• Inspections by the Commission’s Food and Veterinary Office are necessary to confirm

compliance with the above requirements.

Imports of fishery products from non-EU countries must enter the EU via an approved Border

Inspection Post under the authority of an official veterinarian. Each consignment is subject to a

systematic documentary check, identity check and, as appropriate, a physical check. which are found

not to be compliant with Community (EU) legislation shall either be destroyed or, under certain

conditions, re-dispatched within 60 days.

The European Commission provides training, technical assistance and facilities for institutional

capacity building to help developing countries comply with EU rules

(http://ec.europa.eu/food/training/index_en.htm). Furthermore, national and regional development

programmes of the European Union are available in individual countries, as well as bilateral aid

projects of the Member States. The delegations of the European Union

(http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/delegations/intro/web.htm) can provide detailed

information on these programmes.

Member State to establish bilateral agreements with those List II countries wanting to export to their country.

Any non-EU country entering into such an agreement must provide the Member State with a list of their

approved establishments or production areas and guarantees that these meet equivalent EU hygiene controls.

Non-EU countries which do not appear on one of the authorised lists, or that are on List II but do not have a

bilateral agreement with an EU country, cannot export fishery products or bivalve molluscs to the EU.

11

2. SPAIN

2.1. Executive summary

Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to

44.65 kg/pc in 2003. Demersal and pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain,

followed by molluscs. Fish in Spain is consumed in a variety of ways but often whole, mainly fresh

but also frozen. Preserved products, with the significant exception of canned tuna, are less popular

although also significant.

Total fishery and aquaculture production in Spain in 2005 was reported at 1.07 million tonnes in 2005,

which is relatively low if compared with the past. Spanish fishery production increased from

597 500 tonnes in 1950 to 1.43 million tonnes in 1975, to decline in the years that followed mostly as

a result of depletion of stocks of cod, hake and sardines. In 2005, Spanish fishery production

amounted to 848 800 tonnes. Aquaculture production increased from nil in 1950 to a record of

321 100 tonnes in 2000, to decline in the years that followed due to a drop in mussel (Mytilus spp.)

production. In 2005, Spanish aquaculture production totalled 221 900 tonnes.

Spanish imports of seafood increased from 136 700 tonnes in 1976 to 1.66 million tonnes in 2006. The

main imported seafood products are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns and frozen cephalopods.

In contrast to other Southern European countries analysed here, the main suppliers of seafood to Spain

are developing countries. In 2006, more than 60 percent of Spanish imports were supplied by

developing countries and imports from two developing countries (Argentina and Morocco)

represented more than 15 percent of total Spanish seafood imports. Imports of frozen pre-cooked loins

and canned tuna are becoming increasingly more significant.

Spanish seafood exports increased from 232 000 tonnes in 1976 to 908 300 in 2006. The main

importers are either other European countries or developing countries with large tuna canning

operations purchasing raw material from the Spanish fleet. The main commodities exported by Spain

are tuna, small pelagics and molluscs.

The Spanish seafood processing sector is the largest in Europe. According to 2007 data from

ANFACO, it can count on 147 companies employing 15 375 workers. Estimated seafood processing in

Spain (excluding freezing) reached 336 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to €1.25 billion. Canned tuna is

the most significant output of the Spanish processing industry.

Spanish consumers purchase fresh fish mainly from supermarkets and hypermarkets. The share of

traditional fishmongers and open air markets, albeit still high, is declining in favour of the large retail

chains. The leading Spanish retail chains include Carrefour, Alcampo, El Corte Inglés and Mercadona.

The companies active in the frozen fish market in Spain tend to be large groups, with mainly Spanish

capital, although with a strong international presence. These companies are showing a clear trend

towards mergers and acquisitions. The sector leader is Pescanova.

The production of canned seafood in Spain is dominated by tuna. The main tuna processors in Spain

are Calvo, Jealsa-Rianxeira and Isabel-Garavilla.

Overall, supermarkets and hypermarkets account for the largest segment of fresh, frozen and

processed fish sales, with 43 percent of the market, followed by open fish markets (31 percent), hotels,

restaurants and institutions (23 percent) and small independent retailers (3 percent).

12

2.2. Seafood consumption in Spain

Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to

44.65 kg/pc in 2003, peaking at 46.99 kg/pc in 1998 (Figure 2). According to the Ministry of

Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, MAPA),

consumption of seafood reached 36.66 kg/pc in 2006, of which fresh fish consumption represented

43.3 percent (15.88 kg/pc), fresh molluscs and crustaceans represented 17.3 percent (6.33 kg/pc),

canned fish represented 13 percent (4.77 kg/pc), frozen fish represented 12.3 percent (4.52 kg/pc),

frozen molluscs and crustaceans represented 12 percent (4.39 kg/pc) and pre-cooked crustaceans and

molluscs represented 2.1 percent (0.77 kg/pc).

Fig. 2. Seafood consumption in Spain, 1961-

2003

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

year

kg

/pc

(source: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES).

Demersal and pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain, followed by

molluscs. Whilst consumption of other group of species appears to be relatively steady, consumption

of molluscs increased from 3.82 kg/pc in 1993 to 7.25 kg/pc in 2003 (Table 3).

Table 3. Seafood consumption in Spain by group of commodities, 1993-2003 (kg/pc).

Species 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

All 39.89 41.70 42.09 42.67 41.64 46.99 44.31 43.21 45.10 43.87 44.65

Demersal 12.49 12.88 13.29 14.38 15.10 15.24 14.26 13.27 15.33 12.59 13.62

Pelagic 10.48 9.86 10.48 9.05 7.19 8.46 8.70 8.62 7.79 9.74 10.19

Molluscs 3.82 5.18 6.40 6.19 5.97 8.35 7.78 7.33 7.33 7.40 7.25

Cephalopods 4.32 3.01 2.60 3.36 4.76 4.29 4.02 4.18 4.30 4.28 4.57

Crustaceans 4.33 5.02 4.06 4.40 4.31 5.23 4.59 5.09 5.50 4.89 4.40

Freshwater 1.47 1.40 1.49 1.79 1.51 1.63 1.53 1.86 2.18 2.19 2.47

Marine 2.98 4.32 3.74 3.49 2.81 3.80 3.42 2.87 2.66 2.78 2.11

Other aquatic animals 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

(source: FAO FIES).

Hake is the main consumed species, followed by sardines (mostly Sardina pilchardus), anchovies,

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), cods and monk. The main species

of molluscs consumed in Spain are squid, mussels and clams. Shrimps and prawns are also widely

popular.

13

Fresh fish accounts for 43 percent of total seafood consumption in Spain, followed by molluscs and

crustaceans, whether fresh or frozen (30 percent), canned seafood (13 percent), frozen fish

(12 percent) and value-added products (2 percent).

Fish in Spain is consumed whole, mainly fresh but also frozen. Preserved products are also consumed

with canned tuna enjoying strong popularity. Consumption of value-added products is dominated by

traditional items such as canned seafood, salted cod and pre-cooked shrimp, but the market share of

new products such as surimi and pre-cooked fish fillets is increasing.

2.3. The industry

2.3.1 Total Production

Total fishery and aquaculture production in the Iberian country in 2005 was reported at

1.07 million tonnes in 2005, which is relatively low if compared with the years between 1972 and

1976, as well as 1988, when Spanish fishery and aquaculture production neared 1.6 million tonnes.

Overall, current production levels are comparable to those of the mid-sixties (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Total fishery and aquaculture production in

Spain, 1950-2005

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000 500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

1 100 000

1 200 0001 300 000

1 400 000

1 500 000

1 600 000

1 700 000

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

year

ton

nes

Aquaculture

Capture

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

2.3.2. Capture fisheries

The Spanish fishing fleet can count on 13 693 vessels, totalling a capacity of 487 125 GRT and a

fishing power of 1 123 566 kw. The fleet employs 38 500 fishers. During the past years, the fleet (and

especially the long-distance fishing fleet) has been reduced through being phased out and through

transfers to other countries’ fleets. The Spanish fishing fleet is divided into three segments:

• The local segment, with vessels operating in domestic waters;

• The EU segment, with vessels operating in waters of other EU countries, and

14

• The international segment, with vessels operating in international waters.

The local segment encompasses 96 percent of vessels, 41 percent of capacity and 64 percent of the

fleet’s fishing power. It employs 85 percent of fishers. Eighty percent of vessels belonging to the local

fleet segment are artisanal. They use different kinds of gear (traps, nets, baited hooks), therefore

resulting in a multi-species fishery targeting fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. The remaining

20 percent of vessels is represented by semi-artisanal fisheries which can also operate in international

waters, targeting groundfish and crustaceans. 800 seiners target small pelagics as well as tunas. The

remaining vessels use longlines and various other types of nets, targeting demersal species but also

tunas and other pelagic and semi-pelagic species in the case of longlines.

The fleet segment

operating in EU

waters consists of

245 vessels using

longlines, trawl

and other fixed

gear. They target

demersal species

such as hake,

monk, megrim

(Lepidorhombus

whiffiagonis) etc.

Finally, about 330

vessels operate in

international

waters or in third

countries’

international

waters, as a result of bilateral and multilateral fishing agreements ratified by the EU. The international

segment generates 46 percent of capacity and 27.5 percent of total fishing power, as well as 12 percent

of employment. Most vessels are tuna purse seiners, trawlers and longliners, all fully equipped with

freezing facilities. The international fleet mainly targets demersal species such as cod, halibut, skate,

cephalopods, crustaceans such as shrimps, prawns and lobsters, tropical tuna and tuna-like species like

swordfish (Xiphias gladius).

Hand-picking of shellfish and other invertebrates is performed in coastal communities by people

walking on the shore (generally women) or snorkelling from small boats (generally men). The output

of this rudimental activity is impressive, as 10 000 tonnes of seafood are hand-picked every year,

providing income to nearly 5 500 people.

Spanish fishery production increased from 597 500 tonnes in 1950 to 1.43 million tonnes in 1975, to

decline in the years that followed mostly as a result of depletion of stocks of cods, hakes and sardines.

In 2005, Spanish fishery production amounted to 848 800 tonnes (Figure 4). Nearly 90 percent of

Spanish fishery production is concentrated in four areas: the Northeast Atlantic, the Western Indian

Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Eastern Central Atlantic (Figure 4). Blue whiting (Micromesistius

poutassou), European pilchard and mackerels are the main captures from the Northeast Atlantic.

Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna are the main captures from the Western Indian

Ocean and the Eastern Central Atlantic. Small pelagics are the main captures from the Mediterranean.

picture credits: ANFACO.

15

Fig. 4. Total fishery production in Spain by areas,

1950-2005

100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000

1 000 0001 100 0001 200 0001 300 0001 400 0001 500 0001 600 0001 700 000

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

year

ton

nes

Atlantic, Northeast Indian Ocean, Western Mediterranean and Black Sea

Atlantic, Eastern Central Other areas

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

Tropical tuna species such as skipjack and yellowfin but also bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and other

scombrids (albacore Thunnus alalunga, swordfish) are the main species caught by the Spanish fleet.

Small pelagics such as European pilchard, mackerel and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)

follow. Cod and cod-like species of fishery importance to the Spanish fleet include blue whiting and

European hake. The blue shark (Prionace glauca), of which Spain is the top world producer

(according to FISHSTAT), and Octopus vulgaris, are other relatively important captures (Table 4).

16

Table 4. Composition of the Spanish catch, 1950-2005 (tonnes).

Species 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975

Skipjack tuna 4 052 8 146 24 390

Yellowfin tuna 3 179 7 327 30 865

European pilchard(=Sardine) 75 800 64 100 125 800 115 900 120 157 168 018

Blue whiting(=Poutassou) 23 900 12 200 20 300 23 800 14 584 26 185

Jack and horse mackerels nei 57 600 63 900 56 900 60 700 108 409 94 267

Mackerels nei 5 600 7 300 7 600 21 800

European hake 64 900 102 600 73 000 78 500 80 717 74 181

Bigeye tuna 1 017 4 072 9 022

Atlantic mackerel 2 200 2 000 1 400 4 500 40 574 30 720

Albacore 24 943 16 804 31 014 29 278 23 731 22 161

Swordfish 2 031 959 722 2 633 4 060 3 836

Blue shark

Marine fishes nei 43 200 57 000 40 000 45 900 101 622 83 106

Octopuses, etc. nei 4 700 4 200 8 100 19 400 21 866 11 120

European anchovy 36 200 75 800 100 400 131 700 56 095 51 802

Argentine hake

TOTAL (inc. others) 597 503 778 933 891 351 1 172 094 1 395 966 1 429 970

Species 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Skipjack tuna 27 214 54 290 98 025 126 641 139 386 137 618

Yellowfin tuna 40 679 86 934 114 656 105 455 83 209 92 279

European pilchard(=Sardine) 210 113 228 988 214 719 213 590 81 028 66 032

Blue whiting(=Poutassou) 33 435 26 554 35 192 37 897 34 276 53 970

Jack and horse mackerels nei 55 269 42 413 24 213 31 863 44 468 38 473

Mackerels nei 11 443 21 899 13 609 36 833

European hake 38 288 46 335 25 902 36 568 31 183 32 817

Bigeye tuna 10 800 11 670 15 571 32 302 43 681 25 741

Atlantic mackerel 16 732 16 100 12 539 14 895 28 190 23 170

Albacore 25 202 21 502 26 021 21 690 16 932 20 414

Swordfish 4 560 8 668 15 082 20 339 15 209 19 441

Blue shark 10 649 19 302

Marine fishes nei 160 460 96 114 41 978 47 800 17 454 13 160

Octopuses, etc. nei 12 442 11 163 12 357 13 018 14 275 11 882

European anchovy 52 351 21 782 40 139 40 407 28 109 11 589

Argentine hake 10 490 1 161 22 196 11 248

TOTAL (inc. others) 1 163 346 1 218 412 1 117 554 1 181 324 1 045 672 848 803

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

The Spanish fisheries’ sector is regulated by the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The EU

regulations are supplemented by national instruments such as the law 3/2001 of 26 March 2001. The

goals of EU and national instruments include, among others, to promote sustainability in the sector,

ensure good standards of living for fishers and their communities, improve the viability of the sector,

organize markets, compensate socio-economic imbalances in fishery dependent regions, promote fish

consumption and fair trade, increase product quality, traceability and consumer information. These

goals are being achieved through EU and national funding. MAPA manages marine fisheries through

the Secretaría General de Pesca Marítima (SGPM).

17

2.3.3 Aquaculture

In Spain, more than 3 000 companies own nearly 5 500 farms, employing more than 22 700 workers

and generating an output of 221 900 tonnes in 2005, of which mussels represent more than 70 percent

(Figure 5). With 158 100 tonnes of mussels produced in 2005, Spain is the biggest producer of this

resource in Europe and the third most important producer of mussels in the world after China and

Thailand.

Mussels are cultured on ropes suspended from rafts, known as bateas in Spanish. The main area of

mussel production is Galicia, even if mussel culture is also being developed in Andalusia and in the

Mediterranean. Seventy percent of mussels produced in Spain are consumed domestically, whilst

30 percent is exported.

Aquaculture production increased from a negligible level in 1950 to a record of 321 100 tonnes in

1999, to decline in the years that followed due to a decline in mussel production, induced by the so-

called “red tide”, a harmful algal bloom. In 2005, Spanish aquaculture production totalled

221 900 tonnes (Figure 5).

Fig. 5. Total aquaculture production in Spain by

species, 1950-2005

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

year

ton

nes

Other species

Rainbow trout

Mussels nei

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

Other significant cultured species are the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is the most

important product from inland farming, as well as gilthead seabream and European seabass

(Dicentrarchus labrax). Spanish production of gilthead seabream increased from 100 tonnes in 1985

to 15 400 tonnes in 2005 and production of European seabass increased from negligible levels in the

mid-eighties to 5 700 tonnes in 2005. These figures are expected to grow further in the years to come

due to recent investment in expanding the production capacity of several major seabass and seabream

farms.

18

Among the minor species, it is worth mentioning turbot (Psetta maxima). In fact, Spain is currently17

the top European producer of farmed turbot. Production of turbot increased from less than 300 tonnes in 1989 to 5 572 tonnes in 2005. Due to its flat fish nature, turbot is farmed in onshore tanks in either

pump ashore or recirculation systems in the Atlantic regions of Cantabria and Galicia.

The legislative framework for the development of aquaculture in Spain is provided by the Ley de

Cultivos Marinos (Ley 23/84 of 25 June) and the Ley de Costas (Ley 22/88 of 28 July). The

framework for inland waters’ aquaculture development is provided by the Ley de Pesca Fluvial and

Ley de Aguas. On regional and local issues, the legislative power lays with the regions, called

Comunidades Autonomas in Spanish, national legislation being applied in the absence of regional

legislation.

2.4. International Trade

2.4.1 Imports

Spanish imports of seafood increased from 136 700 tonnes in 1976 to 1.66 million tonnes in 2006

(Figure 6), equivalent to an annual growth rate of 9 percent.

Fig. 6. Spanish seafood imports, 1976-2006

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

1 100 000

1 200 000

1 300 000

1 400 000

1 500 000

1 600 000

1 700 000

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

year

ton

nes

(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006-).

Molluscs are the main imported category, representing one quarter of total Spanish seafood imports.

Frozen and fresh fish follow. However, imports of prepared and preserved fish, mainly tuna, are

growing by 11 percent/year (Table 5) as a result of the internationalization of the Spanish tuna canning

industry.

17

Even if a Spanish company is currently investing in Portugal towards the creation of the biggest turbot farm in

Europe.

19

Table 5. Spanish seafood imports by group of

commodities (1 000 tonnes).

Product type 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Molluscs 216.08 217.81 256.41 284.97 289.97 320.31

Frozen fish 242.55 249.75 303.06 366.28 341.68 333.11

Fresh fish 180.77 197.95 184.55 211.00 202.80 237.88

Crustaceans 101.01 104.87 102.33 132.09 121.39 145.08

Prepared and

preserved fish 39.95 42.26 43.24 45.87 59.31 60.60

Frozen fillets 57.47 70.18 64.66 86.55 63.96 70.26

Meals and oils 82.23 105.55 110.22 82.79 110.55 146.56

Cured fish 44.02 48.17 47.28 51.21 45.55 55.97

Frozen meat

and surimi 7.12 10.09 13.03 16.71 15.61 19.30

Prepared and

preserved

molluscs 14.88 11.67 10.33 13.47 9.28 10.86

Fresh fillets 7.88 13.12 9.00 10.90 8.10 10.00

Prepared and

preserved

crustaceans 1.57 3.15 1.25 1.47 1.15 2.32

Live fish 0.78 1.48 0.97 1.23 1.53 3.03

TOTAL 996.30 1 076.06 1 146.34 1 304.54 1 270.88 1 415.28

Product type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Molluscs 364.00 332.12 357.51 368.17 398.23 428.10

Frozen fish 410.88 393.85 419.40 347.33 334.69 320.24

Fresh fish 252.41 261.57 264.28 260.00 247.96 229.75

Crustaceans 161.91 158.79 174.12 176.50 190.23 213.06

Prepared and

preserved fish 52.64 55.98 83.06 79.76 104.51 127.17

Frozen fillets 96.73 86.32 102.71 103.54 102.25 124.07

Meals and oils 145.04 110.14 125.25 133.61 112.39 92.11

Cured fish 47.87 47.25 57.71 54.84 57.07 53.21

Frozen meat

and surimi 25.18 25.38 29.92 32.53 26.99 36.48

Prepared and

preserved

molluscs 12.98 11.98 11.68 12.30 12.48 13.72

Fresh fillets 12.44 10.56 11.51 15.14 15.18 12.53

Prepared and

preserved

crustaceans 1.56 1.57 2.86 3.16 3.18 2.86

Live fish 8.40 6.17 4.10 2.70 2.42 2.42

TOTAL 1 592.04 1 501.68 1 644.10 1 589.59 1 607.58 1 655.71

(source: EUROSTAT).

20

In terms of volume, the main imported seafood products are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns

under tariff code 03061350, whose imports increased from a negligible level in 1995 to

107 500 tonnes in 2007, equivalent to EUR568.7 million (Table 6). The main exporters of this

commodity to Spain are Ecuador, Argentina and Brazil. Ecuador and Brazil supply Spain with farmed

P.vannamei shrimp, a warmwater species, whereas Argentina supplies the Iberian country with wild

Argentine red (or stiletto) shrimp, a coldwater species.

Imports of frozen Illex squid increased from 33 000 tonnes in 1995, equivalent to EUR57.8 million, to

92 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR122.6 million. More than 90 percent of Illex squid imported

by Spain comes from Argentina. In turn, the main exporters of Loligo squid to Spain are the Falkland

Islands (Malvinas) and India. Imports of frozen Loligo squid reached 56 300 tonnes in 2006,

equivalent to EUR111 million (Table 6). Imports of frozen cuttlefish to Spain reached 50 600 tonnes

in 2006, with more than one third being of Indian origin. Imports of frozen octopus increased from

15 800 tonnes in 1995 to 40 200 tonnes in 2006 (Table 6), the main country of origin being Morocco.

Frozen shrimp and prawns under tariff code 03061380 enjoy the highest export value (EUR5.81/kg in

2006) among the main commodities imported into Spain. They increased from nil in 1995 to

48 000 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR279.4 million (Table 6). The main suppliers of these

commodities are China and, to a lesser extent, Argentina.

The internationalization of the Spanish canning industry led to an increase in the imports of frozen

pre-cooked tuna loins and canned tuna and, at the same time, a decline in the imports of frozen whole

yellowfin and skipjack.

Imports of frozen pre-cooked tuna loins increased from 11 100 tonnes in 1995 to 37 400 tonnes in

2006, the main suppliers being Ecuador and El Salvador. Ecuador hosts the loin processing facilities

of Tri-marine (the largest tuna loin producer in the world) as well as plants belonging to the Spanish

companies Isabel-Garavilla and Salica-Albacora. El Salvador hosts the processing facilities of the

Grupo Calvo, the most popular canned tuna processor in Spain. Imports of canned tuna not in oil

increased from almost zero levels in 1995 to 21 100 tonnes in 2006, the main countries of origin being

Ecuador (Grupo Calvo), Mauritius (Thon des Mascareignes, a subsidiary of the group Ireland Blyth

Ltd.) and Guatemala (Jealsa-Rianxeira, a Spanish tuna processor). In turn, imports of frozen yellowfin

raw material increased from 31 000 tonnes in 1995 to 64 900 tonnes in 1998, but declined in the years

that followed. In 2006, imports of frozen yellowfin raw material were as low as 34 200 tonnes

(Table 6).

21

Table 6. Spanish seafood import quantities, values and unit values by main commodity.

Commodity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 36.37 48.60 41.14 50.09 63.43 69.36 85.59 88.00 88.67 107.48

million € 0.00 0.00 234.52 321.37 279.01 424.35 470.22 431.29 522.59 453.21 440.83 568.73

03061350 - Frozen Penaeus

shrimp,

cooked by

steaming or boiling in water. €/kg 0.00 0.00 6.45 6.61 6.78 8.47 7.41 6.22 6.11 5.15 4.97 5.29

1 000 MT 33.03 36.85 69.38 70.74 80.01 81.06 97.81 77.32 71.31 40.70 58.84 92.33

million € 57.78 56.44 86.80 78.66 91.27 110.69 169.65 101.86 96.76 79.90 133.28 122.59 03079911 - Frozen Illex spp.

€/kg 1.75 1.53 1.25 1.11 1.14 1.37 1.73 1.32 1.36 1.96 2.27 1.33

1 000 MT 61.97 84.17 93.66 63.27 90.10 121.84 114.27 86.92 92.89 102.24 80.73 60.49

million € 24.20 41.06 53.18 43.62 41.12 60.04 63.65 62.13 52.69 56.37 46.22 47.66 23012000 - Fish meal.

€/kg 0.39 0.49 0.57 0.69 0.46 0.49 0.56 0.71 0.57 0.55 0.57 0.79

1 000 MT 18.72 23.87 33.26 43.65 42.57 65.18 66.58 55.67 59.60 55.07 65.00 56.32

million € 22.11 28.49 56.41 87.51 75.06 105.87 88.48 88.63 125.47 119.70 133.68 111.05 03074938 - Frozen Loligo squid.

€/kg 1.18 1.19 1.70 2.00 1.76 1.62 1.33 1.59 2.11 2.17 2.06 1.97

1 000 MT 34.85 26.18 29.22 33.06 29.73 38.19 47.22 46.03 45.78 46.29 41.42 50.64

million € 81.33 57.04 84.30 86.50 67.33 91.71 122.04 130.63 115.46 107.61 96.91 145.05

03074918 - Frozen cuttlefish

Sepia officinalis and Rossia

macrosoma. €/kg 2.33 2.18 2.89 2.62 2.26 2.40 2.58 2.84 2.52 2.32 2.34 2.86

1 000 MT 8.15 10.80 14.03 7.82 10.38 14.10 18.44 25.28 27.22 46.77 45.69 49.72

million € 12.17 11.97 16.63 13.18 14.93 17.49 20.53 21.22 21.82 45.67 53.16 37.93 03079918 - Frozen unidentified

molluscs. €/kg 1.49 1.11 1.19 1.69 1.44 1.24 1.11 0.84 0.80 0.98 1.16 0.76

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 22.49 32.68 30.04 41.47 40.95 34.40 31.89 33.16 42.97 48.09

million € 0.00 0.00 139.83 200.28 176.55 287.26 265.26 206.30 191.38 179.23 244.11 279.41

03061380 - Frozen shrimp and

prawns,

excluding Crangon spp.

Pandalidae, Parapenaeus

longirostris

and Penaeus spp. €/kg

0.00 0.00 6.22 6.13 5.88 6.93 6.48 6.00 6.00 5.40 5.68 5.81

1 000 MT 15.84 14.72 21.91 24.35 35.95 29.05 36.17 34.20 36.96 33.40 36.77 40.21

million € 56.01 51.37 86.79 86.22 108.39 89.49 137.39 174.03 210.72 174.55 172.49 182.06 03075910 - Frozen Octopus spp.

€/kg 3.54 3.49 3.96 3.54 3.02 3.08 3.80 5.09 5.70 5.23 4.69 4.53

1 000 MT 11.09 10.86 11.55 9.77 18.53 19.33 6.29 13.33 31.85 26.10 35.75 37.36

million € 27.65 28.38 31.30 30.73 44.37 42.72 16.63 39.37 76.35 67.20 102.19 110.96 16041416 - Frozen pre-cooked

tuna loins. €/kg 2.49 2.61 2.71 3.14 2.40 2.21 2.64 2.95 2.40 2.57 2.86 2.97

3034212 - Frozen whole 1 000 MT 30.95 38.87 29.80 64.92 43.08 39.08 54.78 61.93 42.90 36.14 34.50 34.23

22

million € 33.85 39.15 40.62 96.71 47.19 41.33 63.73 77.21 48.25 40.02 43.83 47.97 yellowfin tuna Thunnus

albacares for canning weighing

more than 10 kg/pc. €/kg

1.09 1.01 1.36 1.49 1.10 1.06 1.16 1.25 1.12 1.11 1.27 1.40

1 000 MT 4.40 11.06 13.45 9.25 11.16 13.68 38.65 29.02 40.24 34.76 42.64 34.08

million € 4.66 11.03 25.93 13.36 11.73 12.67 42.31 34.61 41.23 35.40 51.44 45.10

03034290 - Frozen whole

yellowfin tuna Thunnus

albacares not for canning. €/kg 1.06 1.00 1.93 1.44 1.05 0.93 1.09 1.19 1.02 1.02 1.21 1.32

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 30.23 41.99 32.20 33.55 44.81 33.15 46.59 37.79 36.82 29.78

million € 0.00 0.00 59.40 89.17 69.98 78.84 125.40 91.16 121.85 100.11 96.37 89.43

03042055 - Frozen fillets of

Cape hake Merluccius capensis

and of deepwater Cape hake

Merluccius paradoxus. €/kg 0.00 0.00 1.96 2.12 2.17 2.35 2.80 2.75 2.62 2.65 2.62 3.00

1 000 MT 22.32 22.90 26.55 31.80 22.01 31.86 31.02 22.07 24.87 28.86 26.23 27.92

million € 34.65 43.64 44.67 49.17 35.44 51.06 42.95 39.26 51.81 54.41 51.80 60.93 03026955 - Fresh or chilled

anchovies Engraulis spp. €/kg 1.55 1.91 1.68 1.55 1.61 1.60 1.38 1.78 2.08 1.88 1.98 2.18

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.20 25.59 26.42 27.05 19.43 27.40

million € 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.86 56.27 56.26 49.38 42.70 63.20 03037998 - Frozen saltwater fish

nei. €/kg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.20 2.13 1.83 2.20 2.31

1 000 MT 3.23 3.86 1.79 1.61 0.69 1.71 2.66 2.42 2.95 8.86 13.50 26.75

million € 8.62 11.83 5.44 5.05 2.18 5.99 10.24 9.79 9.28 22.89 34.78 69.90

03042019 - Frozen fillets of

freshwater fish (excl. salmon

and trout). €/kg 2.67 3.07 3.04 3.14 3.17 3.50 3.85 4.05 3.15 2.58 2.58 2.61

1 000 MT 16.92 19.50 17.73 21.89 17.67 21.73 32.18 35.34 34.60 28.14 32.11 26.65

million € 64.31 65.05 58.28 75.40 62.10 88.59 102.94 114.76 98.61 83.30 118.46 116.59 03021200 - Fresh or chilled trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss. €/kg 3.80 3.34 3.29 3.44 3.51 4.08 3.20 3.25 2.85 2.96 3.69 4.38

1 000 MT 0.00 26.40 25.89 22.58 20.97 27.22 0.00 27.13 27.69 29.13 27.35 24.91

million € 0.00 65.59 65.81 63.15 64.79 82.55 0.00 92.37 93.28 102.43 96.93 96.48 3026999 - Fresh or chilled

edible saltwater fish nei. €/kg 0.00 2.48 2.54 2.80 3.09 3.03 0.00 3.40 3.37 3.52 3.54 3.87

1 000 MT 5.14 10.97 18.35 8.77 11.53 18.43 32.79 23.43 27.99 18.60 25.43 24.85

million € 3.24 7.76 15.19 9.65 8.09 9.46 27.40 20.56 17.80 14.54 17.53 20.34

03034390 - Frozen skipjack

Katsuwonus pelamis not for

canning. €/kg 0.63 0.71 0.83 1.10 0.70 0.51 0.84 0.88 0.64 0.78 0.69 0.82

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 19.38 22.36 30.06 34.41 31.28 29.76 26.35 25.05 26.07 24.85

million € 0.00 0.00 63.81 84.88 107.57 115.67 100.36 101.08 96.03 98.40 106.92 111.29 03026966 - Fresh or chilled

edible saltwater fish nei. €/kg 0.00 0.00 3.29 3.80 3.58 3.36 3.21 3.40 3.64 3.93 4.10 4.48

1 000 MT 24.08 27.49 25.16 25.41 20.69 22.37 19.69 21.19 26.03 24.91 23.85 23.68

million € 70.70 78.60 75.24 98.73 92.83 111.18 101.82 106.31 129.66 125.56 119.59 125.56

03056200 - Cod, Gadhus

morhua, G. ogac, G.

macrocephalus, salted or in

brine, excl. fillets €/kg 2.94 2.86 2.99 3.88 4.49 4.97 5.17 5.02 4.98 5.04 5.01 5.30

23

1 000 MT 0.95 0.55 1.77 2.70 3.56 3.77 3.82 6.65 10.79 12.14 13.23 21.07

million € 2.07 1.36 4.93 10.04 7.74 8.23 11.66 18.94 27.06 28.11 32.89 61.08 16041418 - Canned tuna not in

oil. €/kg 2.19 2.48 2.78 3.72 2.18 2.18 3.05 2.85 2.51 2.32 2.49 2.90

1 000 MT 18.72 19.99 14.85 17.68 19.21 20.22 27.51 17.96 25.29 24.19 26.96 20.30

million € 6.51 7.86 7.40 11.38 7.12 7.10 12.88 12.81 14.28 13.29 15.26 13.95 15042090 - Fish oil.

€/kg 0.35 0.39 0.50 0.64 0.37 0.35 0.47 0.71 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.69

1 000 MT 996.30 1076.06 1146.34 1304.54 1270.88 1415.28 1592.04 1501.68 1644.10 1589.59 1607.58 1655.71

million € 2351.79 2460.72 2725.73 3302.41 3083.51 3808.31 4400.30 4279.07 4438.19 4314.92 4633.71 5067.49 TOTAL (inc. others)

€/kg 2.36 2.29 2.38 2.53 2.43 2.69 2.76 2.85 2.70 2.71 2.88 3.06 (source: EUROSTAT).

24

In contrast to the other Southern European countries analysed here, the main suppliers of seafood to

Spain are developing countries. In 2006, more than 60 percent of Spanish imports were supplied by

developing countries and imports from two developing countries (Argentina and Morocco)

represented more than 15 percent of total Spanish seafood imports (Table 7). The Spanish investments

in developing countries’ capture fisheries and seafood processing industries were indeed aimed at

enabling those countries to produce seafood for the Spanish market.

Table 7. Spanish seafood imports by main country of origin,

1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes).

Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Argentina 90.70 102.45 128.86 143.73 127.71 117.05

Morocco 42.26 58.10 83.05 68.66 79.33 108.14

France 85.38 99.08 82.11 94.61 85.76 109.82

Peru 27.05 24.36 56.17 16.65 44.73 53.59

China 7.84 6.01 21.08 37.14 34.66 41.79

Portugal 47.61 51.46 46.57 48.73 49.27 59.45

Ecuador 36.40 32.61 36.51 37.82 57.36 40.86

Chile 40.04 40.34 45.26 48.41 48.19 48.87

Italy 46.69 41.83 43.20 44.47 44.26 50.39

Namibia 61.44 57.20 58.25 79.06 83.88 78.74

Netherlands 33.26 28.73 30.79 47.21 40.17 56.01

Falkland Is.

(Malvinas) 17.51 31.25 22.66 42.25 36.83 58.73

United Kingdom 59.91 63.94 58.77 62.00 50.41 57.16

India 17.99 10.71 9.99 11.57 17.63 18.72

TOTAL

(inc. others) 996.30 1076.06 1146.34 1304.54 1270.88 1415.28

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Argentina 143.15 118.52 127.97 95.74 91.14 159.23

Morocco 119.52 105.47 97.54 99.47 102.09 111.66

France 120.19 98.52 108.44 120.06 96.82 92.10

Peru 80.80 78.12 94.56 100.88 101.71 91.57

China 49.10 24.15 32.50 44.08 71.19 84.38

Portugal 64.09 77.24 76.10 71.55 77.40 75.90

Ecuador 33.75 24.50 44.94 36.30 56.10 71.96

Chile 50.13 50.41 67.03 75.71 73.47 71.92

Italy 51.77 45.80 53.82 62.86 65.07 66.74

Namibia 86.67 72.05 82.54 77.68 63.02 58.40

Netherlands 59.34 61.47 75.03 60.92 62.55 53.14

Falkland Is.

(Malvinas) 56.51 51.98 58.89 39.64 53.51 51.34

United Kingdom 62.19 62.99 65.31 59.37 57.33 51.18

India 26.71 29.41 31.20 38.31 44.24 46.31

TOTAL

(inc. others) 1592.04 1501.68 1644.10 1589.59 1607.58 1655.71

(source: EUROSTAT).

Argentina is the main supplier of seafood to Spain. Further to the introduction of more liberal industry

regulations between the mid-eighties and the early nineties, Spanish boat owners could invest in the

Argentine fleet and Spanish seafood processing companies established their presence in the country.

As a result, imports of seafood from Argentina increased from 90 700 tonnes in 1995 to

159 200 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7). The main products imported from Argentina are frozen Illex squid,

25

frozen Pleoticus muelleri and frozen Argentine hake fillets. The low figures of 2004 and 2005 are a

reflection of low shrimp and hake landings.

Imports of seafood from Morocco increased from 42 300 tonnes in 1995 to 111 700 tonnes in 2006,

peaking in 2001 with 119 500 tonnes (Table 7). The main imports from Morocco are octopus, snails

and unidentified fresh saltwater fish. The Moroccan fishery industry underwent a series of

modernization measures since the early nineties and the country can count on a powerful high sea fleet

competing with the Spanish fleet fishing in the Moroccan EEZ under the EU-Morocco Fisheries

Agreement (now Fisheries Partnership Agreement18

).

Peruvian exports of seafood to Spain increased from 27 000 tonnes in 1995 to 91 600 tonnes in 2006,

peaking at 100 900 tonnes in 2004 (Table 7). The main products Spain imports from Peru are frozen

unidentified molluscs and fish meal. Fishmeal is also the main product imported from Chile, with

26 300 out of 71 900 tonnes of seafood imported into Spain.

Seafood imports from China experienced a growth of 24 percent/year between 1995 and 2006,

reaching 84 400 tonnes in that year (Table 7). The main imports from China are frozen shrimp, frozen

monk, frozen Loligo squid, frozen cod fillets, frozen cuttlefish and surimi preparations.

Imports of seafood from Ecuador, mainly farmed shrimp, canned tuna and tuna loins, increased from

36 400 tonnes in 1995 to 72 000 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7). Ecuador hosts several shrimp farming

facilities, the main species produced being the whiteleg shrimp and the blue shrimp. At the same time,

Ecuador is one of the most important tuna processors in Latin America, its tuna industry having been

set up gradually from the sixties, mainly through North American investments. At present, Spanish

and United States’ tuna processors, as well as the international loin producing company Tri-Marine,

have investments in Ecuador.

Namibia has a well-established and regulated fishing industry. Therefore, the African country opted

not to have any of the “usual” EU fishing agreements types but instead have agreements based on

national requirements. This has managed to increase the contribution the fisheries sector makes to the

national economic and social development. In fact, during the first five years of independence 6 000

new fisheries-related jobs were created, foreign exchange earnings were tripled and tax revenue

equivalent to three times the Fisheries Ministries budget was generated. Frozen hake fillets and frozen

hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) are the main imports from Namibia. However, Spanish

imports from Namibia declined from 61 400 tonnes in 1995 to 58 400 tonnes in 2006, peaking in 2001

at 86 700 tonnes and declining thereafter (Table 7) as a result of dwindling hake resources and

subsequent establishment of Total Allowable Catches (TAC). Seafood imports from India increased from 18 000 tonnes in 1995 to 46 300 tonnes in 2006,

equivalent to a growth rate of 9 percent/year (Table 7). Imports of frozen cuttlefish and frozen squid

represent approximately 70 percent of Spanish seafood imports from India.

18

The negotiation and implementation of bilateral fisheries agreements between the European Community and

third countries is a key component of the CFP. The aim of the agreements is to provide the European fleet with

access to surplus fish resources in the territorial waters of non-EU countries and to promote responsible and

sustainable fisheries in the waters of those countries. The nature of the fisheries agreement concluded varies in

terms of the partner country. Agreements with states which have the means to exploit their own resources

(usually Northern European countries) usually take the form of a straightforward exchange of quotas. With other

countries, mainly developing countries in Africa and in the Pacific, but also with Greenland, which do not fully

exploit their fishery resources, the EU concludes fisheries partnership agreements, with a financial contribution

for access to their fishing zones. With the reform of the CFP in 2002, the agreements have undergone a

transformation. In the new Fisheries Partnership Agreements, the political dialogue on fisheries between the two

Parties is reinforced and a percentage of the financial contribution attached to the agreement is set aside to

support the sectoral fisheries policy in the third country with a view to introducing responsible and sustainable

fishing (For additional information please read

http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/bilateral_agreements_en.htm.

26

2.4.2 Exports

Spanish seafood exports increased from 232 000 tonnes in 1976 to 908 300 in 2006 (Figure 7).

According to provisional 2007 data from ANFACO, Spanish seafood exports amounted to

931 900 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR2.35 billion. The main importers are either other European

countries or developing countries with large tuna canning operations purchasing raw material from the

Spanish fleet. Developing countries that do not import solely frozen tuna for canning from Spain

include Nigeria, China and Morocco (Table 8). Nigeria imports frozen sardines from Spain. China is

an important newcomer, importing frozen fish and molluscs from Spain, mainly frozen redfish, halibut

and squid, possibly for further processing. Morocco imports salted anchovies for further processing,

frozen yellowfin tuna for direct consumption and canned tuna.

Fig. 7. Spanish seafood exports, 1976-2006

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

year

ton

nes

(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006-).

27

Table 8. Spanish seafood exports by main country of

destination, 1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes).

Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Portugal 133.99 163.03 139.20 154.52 158.72 177.81

Italy 116.40 128.03 125.90 133.48 137.07 162.70

France 49.75 65.68 60.57 69.06 71.82 87.69

Seychelles 0.37 1.58 10.05 11.74 14.94 30.41

Ecuador 9.68 10.69 13.78 2.46 26.94 12.77

Cote d'Ivoire 9.45 11.04 16.94 28.69 32.57 22.32

Mauritius 2.89 0.35 5.47 1.97 7.08 3.14

Greece 3.50 4.09 6.47 8.71 12.34 17.17

Germany 11.33 12.86 15.81 22.60 14.90 20.06

Nigeria 0.00 0.00 25.83 57.10 80.45 61.25

China 1.31 1.87 5.69 1.71 2.90 4.68

Japan 15.43 17.36 32.63 25.59 30.58 21.21

United Kingdom 9.44 11.41 14.58 19.47 17.01 14.38

Croatia 0.74 2.20 1.34 2.04 2.86 4.39

Madagascar 1.69 1.87 5.49 5.36 0.53 3.53

Morocco 0.61 0.49 0.96 1.97 2.30 2.25

TOTAL

(inc. others) 472.75 524.42 633.04 702.49 754.62 834.06

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Portugal 182.53 185.23 190.45 188.51 197.80 198.97

Italy 176.76 173.80 178.46 181.82 174.05 194.77

France 84.74 87.34 86.46 92.11 97.64 96.30

Seychelles 26.21 34.00 39.58 44.83 51.85 47.59

Ecuador 13.83 18.39 27.82 24.76 31.87 36.67

Cote d'Ivoire 35.25 39.68 37.06 19.41 29.63 27.66

Mauritius 15.01 16.06 18.34 14.62 21.44 20.53

Greece 17.19 16.71 12.18 13.74 16.80 19.16

Germany 27.13 21.87 20.24 18.76 18.69 18.96

Nigeria 93.45 33.58 27.08 17.34 29.33 15.64

China 6.65 5.67 8.69 8.48 12.37 14.94

Japan 17.63 19.41 15.50 18.72 15.81 14.40

United Kingdom 18.92 15.15 10.40 12.36 12.03 14.21

Croatia 8.12 12.79 15.04 8.75 15.62 13.12

Madagascar 4.72 8.42 12.26 12.28 8.89 11.63

Morocco 2.98 3.90 7.43 8.71 9.58 10.16

TOTAL

(inc. others) 952.19 841.77 878.33 873.87 922.67 908.34

(source: EUROSTAT).

The main commodities exported by Spain are tunas, as well as small pelagics and molluscs (Table 9).

Spain exports frozen skipjack for canning to, mainly, the Seychelles, Portugal and to a lesser extent

Madagascar. The third most important commodity exported by Spain is frozen skipjack “not for

canning”, which is mainly exported to Ecuador. However, Ecuador has little consumption of tuna

(especially of tuna in other formats than canned) but a large-sized tuna canning industry, hence tuna

for canning from Spain was really misreported as tuna not for canning. Exports of frozen yellowfin

from Spain are declining because of the smaller role of Italy as purchaser of frozen whole yellowfin

for its canneries. Canned tuna is exported to fellow EU countries like Italy, Portugal, France and the

United Kingdom even if Morocco is increasing its imports of tuna in brine from Spain.

28

Frozen sardines (Sardinops spp. and Sardinella spp.) are exported to Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria, fresh

sardines are exported to Portugal, Italy and France. Frozen mackerel Scomber spp. is exported to

Romania, Malta, Portugal, Croatia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Tunisia and Poland. Fresh

mackerel Scomber spp. is exported mainly to Italy, France and Portugal. Fresh horse mackerel

Trachurus spp. is exported almost exclusively to Portugal.

The most important molluscs exported by Spain are mussels and cephalopods (Table 9). Spain exports

live mussels to big consumers Italy and France. Frozen octopus is exported to Italy, Portugal, Japan,

Greece and Germany. Italy is also the main importer of frozen Loligo patagonica squid from Spain

and of frozen Illex and Loligo squid.

29

Table 9. Spanish seafood export quantities, values and unit values by main commodity.

Commodity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 000 MT 21.29 19.91 27.72 21.23 43.20 25.38 31.14 47.19 67.37 63.40 69.64 61.60

million € 13.11 13.54 20.99 21.67 26.32 13.18 26.03 36.37 42.44 41.88 44.14 47.45

3034311 – Frozen skipjack

Katsuwonus pelamis

for canning. €/kg 0.62 0.68 0.76 1.02 0.61 0.52 0.84 0.77 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.77

1 000 MT 1.48 0.40 32.91 120.49 111.65 109.43 107.14 86.76 86.61 60.81 79.19 57.63

million € 1.12 0.35 7.80 28.95 26.93 26.53 25.74 21.70 24.08 15.71 22.87 19.96

3037130 – Frozen sardines

Sardinops spp. and

Sardinella spp. €/kg 0.76 0.89 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.29 0.35

1 000 MT 8.61 12.38 29.12 12.42 26.47 27.12 15.21 12.12 20.14 19.82 22.86 40.42

million € 6.17 7.56 21.60 11.76 14.59 14.70 13.06 10.39 11.55 13.73 14.38 26.31

3034390 – Frozen skipjack

Katsuwonus pelamis

not for canning. €/kg 0.72 0.61 0.74 0.95 0.55 0.54 0.86 0.86 0.57 0.69 0.63 0.65

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 21.35 33.24 22.74 26.26 43.81 38.42 36.64 32.98 33.74 34.57

million € 0.00 0.00 70.86 117.44 72.58 84.65 146.47 140.39 127.58 117.48 123.06 133.60 16041411 – Canned

tuna in oil. €/kg 0.00 0.00 3.32 3.53 3.19 3.22 3.34 3.65 3.48 3.56 3.65 3.86

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.45 23.99 30.58 29.72 37.39 34.33

million € 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.82 38.12 52.38 49.80 63.36 62.64 3037998 – Frozen

saltwater fish. €/kg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 1.59 1.71 1.68 1.69 1.82

1 000 MT 2.24 4.02 7.76 10.38 15.64 24.20 21.09 20.86 22.91 26.28 34.48 33.44

million € 8.09 14.04 28.33 40.60 49.24 72.03 73.41 75.67 73.14 80.26 106.63 112.30 16041418 – Canned tuna

not in oil. €/kg 3.61 3.50 3.65 3.91 3.15 2.98 3.48 3.63 3.19 3.05 3.09 3.36

1 000 MT 18.99 18.80 20.06 20.11 21.87 19.81 22.68 28.61 27.24 36.66 22.06 30.73

million € 10.66 10.67 12.78 14.24 15.89 14.56 18.62 23.86 22.61 28.33 16.82 21.82 3073110 – Mussels, live,

fresh or chilled. €/kg 0.56 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.73 0.73 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.77 0.76 0.71

1 000 MT 9.82 11.76 25.55 27.74 31.98 27.58 26.59 24.92 27.12 24.92 28.22 27.60

million € 35.81 45.47 108.06 100.26 89.64 79.36 92.97 112.85 129.79 116.84 121.64 121.45 3075910 – Frozen

Octopus spp. €/kg 3.65 3.87 4.23 3.61 2.80 2.88 3.50 4.53 4.79 4.69 4.31 4.40

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.49 10.09 20.81 17.20 9.68 21.59 22.74

million € 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.36 5.42 9.46 8.67 5.81 13.93 17.17 3037430 – Frozen mackerel

Scomber scombrus and S. japonicus. €/kg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.54 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.75

1 000 MT 29.49 32.46 15.62 18.99 18.12 17.89 28.10 22.07 20.05 17.04 17.30 21.19

million € 34.74 42.39 34.44 43.35 42.27 37.09 38.19 34.82 46.46 47.02 46.85 47.20 3074935 – Frozen squid

Loligo patagonica. €/kg 1.18 1.31 2.21 2.28 2.33 2.07 1.36 1.58 2.32 2.76 2.71 2.23

1 000 MT 21.36 22.26 24.22 21.57 19.16 21.42 21.87 20.58 18.40 19.96 19.82 19.22 3026991 – Horse mackerel

Caranx trachurus, million € 13.70 17.65 15.71 14.54 16.17 18.27 21.35 20.95 17.98 20.50 20.11 20.73

30

Trachurus trachurus,

fresh and chilled. €/kg

0.64 0.79 0.65 0.67 0.84 0.85 0.98 1.02 0.98 1.03 1.01 1.08

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 12.47 11.92 11.05 7.73 5.89 8.52 12.44 11.25 17.88 17.76

million € 0.00 0.00 14.94 15.39 15.89 12.61 11.87 15.20 16.34 15.41 22.47 28.63 3037812 – Frozen Argentine hake.

Merluccius hubbsi. €/kg 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.44 1.63 2.02 1.78 1.31 1.37 1.26 1.61

1 000 MT 0.00 8.09 5.54 7.92 9.32 11.64 0.00 12.02 10.79 13.02 13.88 17.70

million € 0.00 23.38 20.16 25.51 28.56 35.35 0.00 48.54 43.00 49.23 53.00 66.63 3026999 – Fresh or chilled

edible saltwater fish. €/kg 0.00 2.89 3.64 3.22 3.06 3.04 0.00 4.04 3.99 3.78 3.82 3.76

1 000 MT 6.69 10.76 20.14 23.91 26.07 25.65 27.70 23.13 21.66 14.35 17.18 17.17

million € 11.25 14.91 29.64 36.42 37.80 37.79 52.87 40.80 37.79 33.36 36.24 27.75 3079911 – Frozen squid

Illex spp. €/kg 1.68 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.45 1.47 1.91 1.76 1.74 2.32 2.11 1.62

1 000 MT 6.97 5.13 11.63 25.61 29.11 27.15 27.85 23.55 19.91 17.66 14.20 14.52

million € 2.37 2.53 6.20 14.18 11.49 11.48 13.07 12.64 8.91 9.37 7.87 10.68 23012000 – Fish meal.

€/kg 0.34 0.49 0.53 0.55 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.45 0.53 0.55 0.74

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.93 5.33 4.82 3.35 6.48 12.78 13.45

million € 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.33 4.80 5.05 4.17 7.49 11.90 15.23

3026400 – Fresh or chilled

mackerel

Scomber japonicus. €/kg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.90 1.05 1.25 1.16 0.93 1.13

1 000 MT 57.66 30.10 55.17 30.13 27.71 28.29 63.92 23.52 16.26 32.84 20.89 13.06

million € 49.24 28.66 55.98 37.79 22.17 23.23 48.75 25.99 18.02 32.89 24.31 17.22

3034212 – Frozen

whole yellowfin

Thunnus albacares

weighing >10 kg for canning. €/kg 0.85 0.95 1.01 1.25 0.80 0.82 0.76 1.10 1.11 1.00 1.16 1.32

1 000 MT 5.38 8.50 12.49 13.24 12.11 22.80 20.31 16.77 16.37 13.55 7.90 12.68

million € 18.09 26.75 39.55 47.79 38.93 66.94 62.76 57.21 59.60 49.62 27.77 47.17

16042070 – Prepared or

preserved tunas

excl. whole or in pieces €/kg 3.36 3.15 3.17 3.61 3.22 2.94 3.09 3.41 3.64 3.66 3.52 3.72

1 000 MT 8.37 8.09 5.64 7.66 6.47 11.23 11.71 10.65 10.49 9.84 12.32 12.47

million € 10.34 15.34 14.71 18.88 14.03 22.90 24.63 21.52 23.28 27.43 33.71 28.24 3074938 – Frozen squid

Loligo spp. €/kg 1.23 1.90 2.61 2.47 2.17 2.04 2.10 2.02 2.22 2.79 2.74 2.26

1 000 MT 4.07 4.76 4.31 6.38 5.39 6.18 6.12 6.63 6.71 8.90 10.25 11.24

million € 3.46 5.02 3.98 5.71 5.15 6.24 6.38 7.74 8.56 10.60 11.43 12.39

3026110 – Fresh or chilled

sardines

Sardina pilchardus. €/kg 0.85 1.05 0.92 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.04 1.17 1.28 1.19 1.11 1.10

1 000 MT 4.33 6.59 12.11 17.32 17.29 16.37 11.87 11.06 10.27 9.85 11.56 10.90

million € 9.11 12.69 23.77 28.75 30.81 45.72 39.92 15.36 12.45 14.32 17.48 18.79 3037590 – Frozen sharks

(excl. dogfish). €/kg 2.10 1.93 1.96 1.66 1.78 2.79 3.36 1.39 1.21 1.45 1.51 1.72

16059090 – Canned aquatic 1 000 MT 5.12 4.63 4.37 5.45 5.95 6.71 9.26 9.85 10.39 10.76 10.25 10.76

31

million € 14.38 13.19 11.48 14.20 15.53 18.00 24.91 25.64 26.45 29.16 28.71 27.49 invertebrates

(sea urchins,

sea cucumbers, jellyfish)

excl. molluscs. €/kg

2.81 2.85 2.62 2.61 2.61 2.68 2.69 2.60 2.55 2.71 2.80 2.56

1 000 MT 3.50 10.43 16.20 4.23 7.49 12.52 10.22 3.62 8.38 10.78 8.99 10.56

million € 4.09 10.30 16.03 5.70 6.67 12.74 11.76 4.57 8.02 10.09 8.44 11.45

3034290 – Frozen yellowfin tuna

Thunnus albacares

not for canning. €/kg 1.17 0.99 0.99 1.35 0.89 1.02 1.15 1.26 0.96 0.94 0.94 1.08

1 000 MT 8.52 9.12 8.50 9.49 9.78 11.25 11.75 8.96 6.22 7.94 8.64 10.38

million € 26.33 27.96 24.91 27.21 27.27 30.52 34.19 28.20 21.17 24.97 27.11 30.45 16059030 – Canned mussels, snails

and other molluscs. €/kg 3.09 3.06 2.93 2.87 2.79 2.71 2.91 3.15 3.40 3.15 3.14 2.93

1 000 MT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 4.07 4.12 10.37

million € 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 2.90 2.51 6.93

3034490 – Frozen bigeye tuna

Thunnus obesus

not for canning. €/kg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.71 0.61 0.67

1 000 MT 472.75 524.42 633.04 702.49 754.62 834.06 952.19 841.77 878.33 873.87 922.67 908.34

million € 939.96 1 108.90 1 301.54 1 421.69 1 503.99 1 837.62 2 110.66 2 078.04 2 025.92 2 090.43 2 093.64 2 260.55 TOTAL (inc. others)

€/kg 1.99 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.99 2.20 2.22 2.47 2.31 2.39 2.27 2.49

(source: EUROSTAT).

32

2.4.3 Processing

The Spanish seafood processing sector is the largest in Europe. It can count on 147 companies, mostly

located in the Galicia region, employing 15 375 workers. Estimated seafood processing output in

Spain (including semi-preserved anchovies, excluding freezing) increased from 246 900 tonnes in

2000 to 336 300 tonnes in 2007, of which canned tuna represents 64 percent.

Table 10. Seafood processing in Spain (tonnes).

Species 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tuna of which: 147 919 157 483 164 089 176 258

-Light meat tuna 135 942 145 458 152 004 161 428

-White meat tuna 11 977 12 025 12 085 12 206

-Tuna salad 2 624

Sardines 24 673 25 413 26 175 28 007

Mackerel 11 538 11 740 11 750 11 761

Mussels 11 301 11 866 12 281 12 710

Cockles 5 650 5 763 5 532 5 549

Squid

Octopus 11 675 11 908 12 281 11 961

Clams

Razor clams

Other (fish roes, surimi,

Atlantic horse mackerel,

stockfish etc.) 25 719 26 491 26 888 27 829

TOTAL PRESERVED FISH 238 475 250 664 258 996 274 075

Semi-preserved anchovies 8 431 9 616 10 289 10 598

GRAND TOTAL 246 906 260 280 269 285 284 673

Species 2004 2005 2006 2007

Tuna of which: 183 357 196 000 209 656 219 386

-Light meat tuna 167 885 180 409 193 579 203 258

-White meat tuna 12 267 12 291 12 414 12 538

-Tuna salad 3 205 3 300 3 663 3 590

Sardines 28 287 28 485 28 627 28 341

Mackerel 11 784 13 551 14 256 14 826

Mussels 12 837 13 350 14 418 14 130

Cockles 5 438 5 710 5 436 5 382

Squid 5 758 5 379 5 078 5 332

Octopus 2 372 2 889 2 802 2 466

Clams 1 813 2 571 2 504 2 754

Razor clams 1 539 1 279 1 298 1 259

Other (fish roes, surimi,

Atlantic horse mackerel,

stockfish etc.) 28 148 30 636 29 625 29 921

TOTAL PRESERVED FISH 281 333 299 850 313 700 323 797

Semi-preserved anchovies 11 180 11 347 11 971 12 495

GRAND TOTAL 292 513 311 197 325 671 336 292

(sources: MAPA and ANFACO).

33

The canned tuna market in

Spain is dominated by four

large corporations: Grupo

Calvo, Isabel Garavilla,

Jealsa-Rianxeira and

Albacora-Salica. Those

corporations are all based in

Spain and, in contrast to

their Italian and French

counterparts, they still

process tuna domestically,

even if they are increasingly

relying on the imports of

frozen pre-cooked loins.

Production of canned tuna

in Spain increased from less

than 20 000 tonnes in 1976

(source: FISHSTAT) to

219 400 tonnes in 2007 (Table 10).

2.5. Key industry players

2.5.1 The role of the “cofradìas”

Spain has a rich history with a fisher’s association system dating back to the eleventh century. The

cofradias are made up of boat owners and crew and the port is the usual workplace for their members

to sell their fresh fish. Traditionally, about 40 fishermen's organizations run the seafood auctions that

serve the coastal communities and provide fish for local markets, restaurants and hotels. On a national

level, the associations are grouped in a federaciòn de cofradìas and three federaciònes de armadores

(boat owner’s federations). The guild system is an integral part of the buying and selling process in

Spain. However, further to accession to the European Communities in 1986, the cofradìas had to be

adjusted to the Community legislation on producers’ organizations.

2.5.2 The role of the wholesale market

In Spain, when fish is unloaded at the docks, it is sold to authorized auction buyers. Most seafood is

marketed and distributed through the MERCA system, which is a network of central markets for

seafood, fruit, vegetables and meat, funded by the government and by a local company, MERCASA.

For cities without a MERCA outlet, wholesalers distribute seafood through central city markets.

Mercamadrid is one of the biggest wholesale markets in Europe. In 2001, fish and seafood sales at

Mercamadrid exceeded US$1.1 billion. The greater share of volume sales was in fresh fish products,

accounting for 66 percent of all fish and seafood sold, followed by frozen fish and seafood products

(23 percent) and fresh shellfish (11 percent).

Mercabarna (Barcelona) is another important wholesale market in Spain. Spread over a surface of

90 hectares, Mercabarna hosts 400 firms from the agro-industry sector. The importers affiliated to

Mercabarna purchase approximately 12 000 tonnes of seafood per year from non-EU countries.

picture credits: ANFACO.

34

2.5.3 Fresh seafood

Spanish consumers purchase fresh fish mainly from supermarkets and hypermarkets. The share of

traditional fishmongers and open air markets, albeit still high, is declining in favour of the large retail

chains.

Mercadona is the largest supermarket chain in Spain, competing every year with Carrefour for the title

of leading grocery retail chain in the country. A network of 1 139 supermarkets is spread all over 46

provinces in 15 autonomous communities. The total turnover for the year 2006 amounted to

EUR12.16 billion and the net profit was EUR242 million.

El Corte Inglès is Spain’s largest department store chain and owner of several associated businesses,

such as Hipercor, a chain of hypermarkets, SuperCor (with average-sized units) and OpenCor (with

smaller convenience stores). The total turnover of the whole El Corte Inglès group in 2005 was

EUR15.86 billion and its net profits reached EUR653.14 million.

Eroski is a Basque supermarket chain with nearly 1 000 outlets spread across Spain (excluding

franchises). The establishments vary in size from the largest hypermarkets, simply named “Eroski” (of

which there are 75 stores), down to smaller “Eroski Center” stores (473), 219 “Eroski City” outlets.

The turnover of the group in 2004 amounted to EUR6.4 billion, the net profit amounting to

EUR190 million.

Other local supermarket chains include El Arbol and Consum cooperativa. According to the latest

annual report, El Arbol has a turnover of EUR713.4 million. The group employs 5 600 workers in 570

supermarkets and 38 cash and carry spread all over eight autonomous communities. Consum is a co-

operative grouping 560 small and medium-sized establishments mainly selling fresh, high quality

products.

Among the international groups, the French retail chains Auchan and Carrefour also hold important

positions in the Spanish retail markets. Auchan is present with the hypermarkets Alcampo and

supermarkets Sabeco. Carrefour is present with the Carrefour hypermarkets, soft discount Carrefour

Express and hard discounts Dia/Maxidia. Ahold has recently purchased the Spanish group Superdiplo.

2.5.4 Frozen seafood

In the past ten years, the use of frozen fish in the diet of Spanish families has increased significantly.

In 2002, Spanish consumers purchased more than 227 000 tonnes of frozen seafood, mainly finfish

(such as hake) and crustaceans (source: MAPA).

The companies which operate in the frozen fish market in Spain tend to be large groups, with mainly

Spanish capital, although with a strong international presence. These companies are showing a clear

trend towards mergers and acquisitions.

The sector leader is Pescanova. Established in 1960 in Spain, its affiliates are based in 21 countries,

employing 3 400 workers. Pescanova has its own fleet of 21 vessels. Overall, Pescanova sells more

than 100 000 tonnes of frozen seafood every year. Its product range comprises, among others, whole,

headed/gutted and filleted fish, crustaceans, value-added products and seafood preparations.

Pescanova also offers the Cofrío line for the wholesale channel, the Caternova line for hotels and

restaurants and the Friser Division for home sales.

The Grupo Freiremar processes seafood from imports and captures from its own fleet. The group can

count on affiliates in 11 countries other than Spain, a large fishing fleet, more than 1 300 employees

and 120 000 tonnes of cold storage capacity. It produces approximately 80 000 tonnes of frozen

35

seafood every year, under the brand names Freiremar and Nakar. Freiemar markets whole, headed or

filleted fish, with little value addition.

The Grupo Amasua produces 50 000 tonnes of frozen seafood every year, marketed by its commercial

brand Krustamar. It is based in Spain with affiliates in Argentina, Chile, Morocco and Mozambique.

Amasua has its own fleet of 27 vessels, all equipped with freezing facilities. The main products,

marketed under the brands Grand Krust and Amasua, include frozen shrimps, prawns, lobster tails,

surimi and squid. Other significant frozen seafood companies are the Grupo Ibérico de Congelados,

the Grupo Pereira and the Grupo Banchio, all producing 40 000 tonnes of seafood every year.

2.5.5 Processed seafood

The production of canned seafood in Spain is dominated by tuna. The main tuna processors in Spain

are Calvo, Jealsa-Rianxeira and Isabel-Garavilla.

Calvo is the most important tuna canning company in Spain, with more than 90 000 tonnes of canned

tuna produced every year. The group owns six tuna purse seiners, two support boats and three

merchant vessels. Calvo’s tuna processing units are located in Carballo and Esteiro (Spain),

Marrakech (Morocco), Punta Gorda (El Salvador), Guanta (Venezuela) and Itajai (Brazil). Calvo’s

tuna products are marketed as Calvo in Spain, as Nostromo in Italy and as Gomez da Costa in Brazil.

Jealsa-Rianxeira can count on four tuna fishing boats and an auxiliary boat, as well as processing

facilities in Spain, Guatemala and Chile. It processes more than 100 000 tonnes of seafood, mostly

light meat and white meat tuna but also mussels, squid, seafood salads, clams, sardines and sardinellas.

Jealsa products are marketed in Spain and Portugal under the brand Rianxeira, in Italy under the brand

Star Mareaperto, in France under the brands Soluco la Mer, Chancerelle Frères and Rianxeira and

under private labels. Jealsa is also selling tuna under private labels in the United Kingdom, Germany,

Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Isabel-Garavilla owns five fishing vessels and four processing plants, two in Spain, one in Marocco

and one in Ecuador. It produces more than 80 000 tonnes of canned seafood under the brands Isabel

(for canned tuna, tuna salads, tuna burgers, as well as other canned seafood such as: octopus, mussels,

sardines, anchovies and mackerel) and the more upmarket Garavilla for white meat tuna, canned

mussels and sardines.

Other important processors in Spain are the Grupo Frigoríficos del Norte (Frinsa) and Bernardo

Alfageme SA. Frinsa, located in Galicia, processes 85 000 tonnes of seafood from Chile such as

salmon and mussels. Bernardo Alfageme SA is one of the oldest fish processing companies in Spain,

having been founded in 1873. Every year, Alfageme produces more than 50 000 tonnes of seafood,

including canned tuna, tuna paté, canned mussels and sardines) under the brand Eureka, Miau and

Conservas Peña.

2.5.6 Marketing

In Spain, supermarkets and hypermarkets account for the largest segment of fresh, frozen and

processed fish sales, with 43 percent of the market, followed by open fish markets, like those set up by

the cofradìas to auction their catch (31 percent), hotels, restaurants and institutions (23 percent) and

small independent retailers (3 percent).

2.5.7 Home consumption

Fresh fish for home consumption is marketed by fishmongers (49 percent of purchase), supermarkets

(39 percent) and hypermarkets (12 percent). Other seafood products including molluscs and

36

crustaceans are mainly sold through traditional stores (close to 48 percent), with supermarkets and

hypermarkets having smaller market shares (30 percent and 17 percent, respectively).

2.5.8 Away-from-home consumption

The hotel, restaurant and catering sector in Spain consists of more than 200 000 bars, snack bars and

cafés, 55 000 restaurants and 32 000 catering establishments (including institutional catering

establishments).

In Spain, like in other Southern European countries, the progressive adoption of a more dynamic

working lifestyle based on Northern models fostered the development of office cafeterias and other

establishments (not necessarily linked to a particular workplace, e.g. snack bars) selling hot food at

lunchtime during weekdays. Therefore, lifestyle changes, combined with the big tourism industry and

the typical Spanish habit to eat out, especially during the happy hour (“tapas”) in the warm season,

resulted in increase in quantities of food and drinks purchased by the hotel, restaurants and catering

industry. At present, the hotel, restaurant and catering industry accounts for some 30 percent of the

whole food and drinks market in Spain, based on an estimated turnover of around 30 billion euros.

As a result of the development of the hotel, restaurant and catering sector, the quantity of seafood

consumed away from home also increased. In 1995, 83.2 percent of all seafood was eaten at home and

14.1 percent only was eaten away from home; in 2002, 75.5 percent of seafood was eaten at home and

22.08 percent was eaten away from home. Crustaceans and molluscs are the main category of seafood

consumed away from home, followed by canned fish, frozen fish and finally fresh fish. For hotels and

restaurants, fish products are mainly marketed by distributors (48.5 percent), wholesalers

(18.8 percent) and traditional shops (17.4 percent).

In recent years, the hotel and restaurant channel has been helping to expand and diversify the market

of the main frozen fish companies in Spain. For example, Pescanova, as part of its diversification

strategy, has launched the line “Caternova”, aimed at institutional catering. Another frozen seafood

brand, Fandicosta, has developed a line of frozen products (sold in 2.5 kg packages) aimed at the

catering sector.

3. Spanish importers, exporters, producers, aquaculture farmers and distributors

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.ackkoranca.esACK KORANCA, S.L. 50196 nave 10 Muela, La - Zaragoza

34 976144888 976144748 adminstracion@ackkoranca.esPol Centrovia c/ Santo Domingo 5

www.aframar.esAFRAMAR, S.L. 35008 LAS PALMAS 34 928476810 928476811 aframar@aframar.esc/ Cochabamba, nº 15

www.salazonesdiego.comALBALADEJO HNOS. S.A 30730 San Javier/Murcia 34 968334056 968334161 david@salazonesdiego.comCrtra Alicante-Cartagena

www.albertpesca.comALBERT PESCA, S.A. 08040 Barcelona 34 932628900 932620265 info@albertpesca.comc/ Mayor, 12, edif. Frimercat, of.3

www.ALCAMAR2000.comALCAMAR 2000, S. L. 13630 SOCUELLAMOS - CIUDAD REAL

34 926532842 926531969 info@alcamar2000.comc/ Campo de Criptana, nº 86

www.alconedsa.comALCONED, S.A. 08520 Les Franqueses del Vallés/Barcelona

34 938406120 938406124 info@alconedsa.comCalle Vallés s/n. Nave 2

ALEVINES Y DORADAS SA Bartolomé de Tirajan 34 928732234 928732260 jlguersi.adsa@tinamenor.esPol Bentejui, s/n, Castillo del Romeral

www.alfageme.comALFAGEME, BERNARDO S.A. 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986213217 986203152 basamail@alfageme.comTomás A. Alonso, 186 (Apdo. 12)

www.alfocan.esALFOCAN 41092 Sevilla 34 954216700 954215937 alfocan@terra.esc/ Américo Vespucio 4-5

www.pescamar.esALFONSO GARCIA LOPEZ/PESCAMAR

36080 Pontevedra 34 986770012 986771359 info@pescamar.esApartado 221

www.alfrisa.comALFRISA (ALIMENTOS FRIORIZADOS, S.A.)

08210 Barberá del Vallés - Bacelona

34 937193530 937183979 alex.duran@alfrisa.comc/ Bellvei, 19-25

www.laformidablesl.comALIMENTOS LA FORMIDABLE, S.L. 36635 Cambados 34 986520712 986543227 laformidable@terra.esPol. Ind. Sete Pías, Parcela 60

www.ameixadecarril.comAMEIXA DE CARRIL, S.L. 36611 Vilagarcia de Arousa 34 986504461 986504083 contacto@ameixadecarril.comPunta Preguntoiro 20

www.anedilco.comANEDILCO, S.L. 31500 TUDELA-NAVARRA 34 948826025 948410880 anedilco@anedilco.comc/ Fernando Remacha 1, 2º F

http://www.alfrio-group.comANGEL LOPEZ SOTO / PROCSA 36203 Vigo 34 986424333 986415265C/ Venezuela 2

www.cigalasdescocia.comANGLOPESCA, S.L. 23260 CASTELLAR-JAÉN 34 630317366 953400216 Pedro@cigalasdescocia.comSan Benito, nº 4

www.angulas-aguinaga.esANGULAS AGUINAGA, S.A. 20271 Irura Guipuzcoa, 20 34 902495000 902495001 info@angulas-aguinaga.esLaskibar, 5

www.aquabarna.comAQUABARNA 08040 Barcelona 34 932634566 933351295 central@aquabarna.comLongitudinal, 6, nº 103-1ª Planta

www.aquamarbcn.comAQUAMAR SL 08040 Barcelona 34 932621812 932621820 administracion@aquamarbcn.comc/ Transvers. 8/Frimercat 1planta 2

www.aramar.comARAMAR S.A. 20180 Oiarzun 34 943491784 943492624Zuaznabar 40-Pol Ind. De Ugaldetxo

37

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.findus.esARDOVRIES ESPAÑA, S.A. (FINDUS)

31002 Pamplona 34 948203435 948224701 borjaruano@findus.espaseo sarasate nº 3, 3º

www.grupopereira.comARMADORA PEREIRA, S.A. 36202 Vigo 34 986294048 986207609 tino@grupopereira.comJacinto Benavente, 29

www.arrankoba.comARRANKOBA SCL 48700 Ondarroa 34 946832229 946832654 info@arrankoba.comEgidazu Kaia 8

www.associacionampaa.comASS. MAYORISTAS DE PESCADOS DE ASTURIAS

33420 Lugones (Siero) - Asturias 34 985267975 985267975 buzon@associacionampaa.comAvenida de Viella, nº 58

www.atrugal.orgATRUGAL-AS GALLEGA PISCIFACT. DE TRUCHA

15701 Santiago de Compostela 34 981597729 981597729 info@atrugal.orgFrei Rosendo Salvado nº 10, 1º b

BARRUFET S.A. 08040 Mercabarna, Barcelona 34 933359800 933364258 Barrufet@intercom.esc/Longitudinal 8 No. 97

www.benfumat.comBENFUMAT 08980 S. Feliu De Llobregat/ Barcelona

34 936859930 936851224 mail@benfumat.comPol.Ind. EL PLA C/del Pla, 122

BERETE SL. 36320 Chapela - Redondela - Pontevedra

34 986458027 986458041 felipecarlos@berete.e.telefonica.netAvda de Vigo 222-224 local 11d

BRISIÑA SL 15940 Puebla del Carmiñal - La Coruña

34 981833018 981833056 guilherme@brisina.esPoligono Industrial "La Tomada"

www.caladero.comCALADERO E-50690 Pedrola- Zaragoza 34 976616700 976616701 caladero@caladero.comCarretera Nacional 232. Km. 271,200

www.empresas-galicia.com/calasa

CALASA S.L. 36202 Berbes, Vigo 34 986206510 986292308 calasa@teleline.esAvda Orillamar 35

www.feriavilbonet.com/caviarinvestment

CAVIAR INVESTMENT S.L. 08008 Barcelona 34 932721092 932721093 caviar@cconline.esPaseo de Gracia, 76

www.clavo.netCLAVO CONGELADOS S.A. 36650 Caldas de Reyes, Pontevedra

34 986539030 986539774 comercial@clavo.netBemil, 62

CMA, MERCADOS INTERNACIONALES, S.L.

15006 La Coruña 34 981238838 981232884 cmamisl@telefonica.netAvda. Primo de Rivera, No 6-2 dcha

www.cocedero.comCOCEDERO DE MARISCOS S.A. 08040 Mercabarna, Barcelona 34 933366377 933351495 lluis@cocedero.comLongitudinal, 9, Parc. 12 B

COCINADOS GIMAR S.L. 03610 Petrel, Alicante 34 965371197 965376430 gimar@gimar.esPI Salinetas, Av de la Libertad, 42

www.compesca.comCOMPESCA S.A. 39011 Santander 34 942354422 942354423 jaimeyllera@compesca.comJoaquin Salas, 6

COMPESCO 36818 Redondela 34 986400939 986404640Cruceiro 7, Cedeira

www.congalsa.comCONGALSA S.L. 15940 Pobra do Carmiñal 34 981874400 981832505 comercial@congalsa.comP.I. "A Tomada" Parc, 13, 14, 15

CONGELADOS BASILIO CASTRO LUGONES S.L

33420 Lugones 34 985260166 985260494 basilio@fade.esc/ Basilio Castro (E) 4

www.elmar.esCONGELADOS Y DERIVADOS S.A. 24231 Onzonilla (Léon) 34 987264503 987264438 cbescos@elmar.esPol. Ind. De León, Edif. ELMAR G25

38

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.confremar.comCONGELADOS Y FRESCOS DEL MAR S.A

28906 Getafe/Madrid 34 916653860 916959659 r.fernandez@confremar.comc/Herreros 48/Pol.ind. Los Angeles

www.lasirena.esCONGELATS REUNITS S.A. 08232 Viladecavalls/Barcelona 34 937454300 937454302 info@lasirena.esc/Joan Lluis Vives 13AB PI Can Trie

www.connorsa.esCONNORSA 36141 Vilaboa/Pontevedra 34 986708233 986709030 connorsa@connorsa.esFactoria:Acuna, s/n Vilaboa

CONSERVAS FRISCOS S.A. 36612 Catoira (Pontevedra) 34 986546160 986546341 chouza@friscos.esRua do Concello 56

www.isabel.netCONSERVAS GARAVILLA S.A. 48370 Vizcaya/Bermeo 34 946179000 946887762 exportacion@isabel.netZubtur Tar Keda 39, ap. 13

www.conservasortiz.comCONSERVAS ORTIZ S.A. 48700 Ondárroa (Vizcaya) 34 946134313 946134440 export@ortiz.esIñaki Deuna 15

www.consalegria.comCONSERVAS PEDRO ALEGRIA S.A. 48700 Ondarroa (Bizkaia) 34 946134101 946833344 batel@consalegria.comArana Tar Sabin, 11 Bajo

www.mexillondegalicia.orgCR DOP MEXILLON DE GALICIA 36600 Vilagarcia de Arousa 34 986507416 986506224 gabriela.andre@mexillondegalicia.org

Avda. de Marina 25

www.culmarex.comCULMAREX S.A. 30880 Aguilas, Murcia 34 968493449 968414111 francisco.soto@culmarex.comPolígono Industrial Aguilas

www.grupodelfin.comDELFIN S.A. 28947 Cobo-Calleja, Fuenlabrada 34 916420909 916420193 delfin@grupodelfin.comC/ Leon 52-54

www.delite.esD'ELITE 08370 Calella, Barcelona 34 937661135 937695788 delite@delite.esC/ Amadeu 51

www.dimapeix.comDIMAPEIX 34200 Venta de Baños - Palencia 34 979761007 979761056 delegacionnorte6@martipeix.esPol. Ind. Venta Baños c/Tren Mixto

www.disbeconsa.esDISBECONSA S.L. 15000 La Coruña/FENE 34 981344343 info@disbeconsa.comPolig.Indus. Vilar do Colo parc. J9

www.dylcan.esDYLCAN S.L. 35107 San Bartolomé de Tirajana 34 928728383 928732260 comercial.dylan@tinamenor.esProl. Bentejuí, Castillo Romomeral

www.eastcoastseafood.esEAST COAST EUROPA 28042 Barajas - Madrid 34 916560596 916561586 patxi.larraz@gmail.comc/ Castrobarto, 10, 2a. Aeropuerto

www.elgasa.comELGASA - ELABORADOS GALLEGOS S.A.

36841 Pazos de Borben - Pontevedra

34 986240097 986240106 comercial@elgasa.comPol.Ind. De Amoedo/Parcela 2

www.escuris.esESCURIS S.A. 15940 Puebla del Caraminal,La Coruña

34 981843200 981832155 escuris@escuris.esBayuca, s/n, aptdo 10

www.empagran.comEUROACUA TRADING, S.A. 28046 Madrid 34 912798152 euroacua@hotmail.comPaseo de la Castellana, 121 2oC

www.euro-caviar.comEUROCAVIAR S.A. 28016 Madrid 34 913504575 913508392 jgarcia@euro-caviar.comTriana 51

EUROMAR VIGO S.L. 26216 Vigo 34 986454047 admon@euromar.esEdi.Frigalsa 2/ Of. 5/Camiño Rios 2

www.euronova-vigo.comEURONOVA FROZEN SEAFOOD S.L.

36211 Vigo 34 986493233 986494890 euronova@euronova-vigo.comAvda Gran via 161/1A

www.expesafish.comEXPESA FISH S.A. 08040 Mercabarna, Barcelona 34 933361312 933357734 expesafish@expesafish.comTransversal 12, - N. 45

39

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

F.D.I.M. 28703 San Sebastian de los Reyes- Madrid

34 646962732 luis.fdim@gmail.comCalle Maria Curie No. 8, 3, 2

www.fandicosta.esFANDICOSTA S.A. 36957 Domaio-Moana, Pontevedra

34 986326800 986326100 export@fandicosta.esVerdeal

FERNANDEZ AREVALO, JUAN 15160 Sada, La Coruña 34 981620000 981623290 mdfv@grupoproinsa.comAvda del Puerto, 38

www.fernandoreyero.comFERNANDO REYERO S.L. 15006 La Coruña 34 981130702 981131925 freyerosl@teleline.esMuelle de la Palloza, 46

www.freiremar.esFREIREMAR S.A. 36208 Vigo 34 986216502 986201362 lsuarez@freiremar.esAvda. Beiramar 83

www.fresvaldes.comFRES VALDES S.A./PESQ.-LONJA DE ALT.

36202 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986209565 986208511 fresv@fresvaldes.comAlmacen 34

www.berbes.esFRIGORIFICOS BERBES S.A. 36202 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986297700 986202818 fribesa@fribesa.comAvda Beiramar, 73

www.frivigo.comFRIGORIFICOS DE VIGO S.A. Vigo 34 986447100 986227143 frivigo@frivigo.comPuerto-Pesquero, darsena 4

FRIGORIFICOS FANDIÑO S.A. 33400 Aviles Asturias 34 985525041 985564944Avda Conde Guadalhorce, 29

FRIGORIFICOS SANTA POLA, S.A. 03130 Santa Pola Alicante 34 966690909 966690820 friomed@friomed.esCarretera de Elche, 19

www.f-ros.comFRIGORIFICS ROS S.A. 17300 Blanes 34 972333011 972353420 comercial@f-ros.comCtra. Acces Costa Brava, 76

www.frime.esFRIME S.A. 08040 Mercabarna, Barcelona 34 932620228 932620225 frime@frime.esMercat Central del Peix, cas 80

www.frinova.esFRINOVA S.A. 36400 Porriño, Galicia 34 986331401 986332755 info@frinova.esPolig. Ind. Las Gandaras, Parcela 9

www.grupofrinsa.comFRINSA DEL NOROESTE 15969 Santa Eugenia de Ribeira 34 902102100 981835004 comercial@grupofrinsa.comPol. Ind. De Xarás

FRIO CONDAL S.A. 08038 Barcelona 34 932230162 932232987 dir_ger@friocondal.comc/ Foc 69-73

www.frioko.esFRIOKO S.A. 15172 Perillo, La Coruña 34 981613737 981636657 fish@frioko.esAv Americas 3-3D

FRIOMED, SA 03130 Santa Pola 34 966690909 966690820 friomed@friomed.esCarretera de Elche, 19

www.froxa.comFROXA Cartes, Cantabria 34 942835000 942835141 import@froxa.comPOB

www.galfrio.pesca2.comGALFRIO S.A. 36910 Estribela, Pontevedra 34 986890000 986880982 comercial@galfrio.esZS del Puerto de Marin

www.govifish.pesca2.comGOVIFISH S.L. 36690 Arcade, Pontevedra 34 986437799 986432987 govifish@arrakis.esAvda Daniel Castelao 117

www.gropesca.comGROPESCA 36980 Pontevedra 34 986732223 986731362 gropesca@gropesca.comLg. de Campos n/n O Grove

www.grupoproinsa.comGRUPO PROINSA 15160 Sada, La Coruña 34 981620000 981623290 lorbe@grupoproinsa.comAvda del Puerto 38

www.unionmartin.comGRUPO UNION MARTIN 35008 El Cebadal - Las Palmas Gran Canari

34 928475251 928475243 umartin@unionmartin.comCalle Dr Juan Dominguez Perez, 48

40

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.albo.esHIJOS DE CARLOS ALBO 36202 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986213333 986214799 conservas@albo.esc/la paz, 12

HISPATRADE S.A. 28010 Madrid 34 913915900 913102782 info@hispatrade.netCalle Marqués de Riscal 11bis

www.iberconsa.esIBERICA DE CONGELADOS S.A. 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986213300 986204669 iberconsa@iberconsa.esMuelle Comercial de Bouzas s/n

www.icelandic.comICELANDIC IBERICA S.A. 08820 El Prat Llobregat, Barcelona

34 934788000 934788001 iberica@icelandic.esc/ Bergueda, 1 Edif. Prima Muntadas

www.cerdeimar.comINDUSTRIAS CERDEIMAR 15123 Camarinas, La Coruña 34 981736125 981736325Cedeira, 3

www.inlet.esINLET SEAFISH 46013 Mercavalencia, Valencia 34 963240580 963564577 info@inletseafish.esC'ra d'En Corts, 231, Fr. Euromerk

www.interaliment.comINTERALIMENT S.A. 08170 Montornès del Vallès 34 938642900 938642901 info@interaliment.com6J, ZI del Congost

INTER-TRADING CONSULTING S.L. 29600 Marbella (Málaga) 34 951317455 951317455 intertradingsl@yahoo.esC/Alonso de Bazán nº8 2º Oficina 14

www.isidrodelacal.esISIDRO DE LA CAL 15006 La Coruña 34 981170202 981170120 gaby@isidrodelacal.comMuelle de San Diego

JAIME SORIANO S.A. 28906 Getafe, Madrid 34 916837934 916969605Impresores, 42

http://www.rianxeira.comJEALSA RIANXEIRA S.A. 15930 Boiro - A Coruña 34 981845400 981844551 cliente@rianxeira.comBodión, s/n

LLORENTE ROCAMORA, RAFAEL 36206 Vigo 34 986412733 986424993 rllorente@mundononi.comCalle Pino, 63

www.barea.comMANUEL BAREA S.A. 41007 Sevilla 34 954518722 954670211 barea@arrakis.esRafael Beca Mateos 20

MAR 28004 Madrid 34 914100407/4104626

913199134/3084626

Genova, 20, 5a Planta

www.marfrio.esMARFRIO S.A. 36201 Marin, Pontevedra 34 986903050 986903098 marfrio@marfrio.esPuerto Pesquero, Espigón Nort s/n

www.mariscosgilmar.comMARISCOS GILMAR S.L. 36628 Villanueva de Arousa, Pontevedra

34 986561075 986561498 gilmar@mariscosgilmar.comPol. Ind. de Tremoedo

www.marzal.comMARZAL 2001 S.L. 15701 Santiago 34 981599719 981596906 marzal@marzal.comC/Frei R. Salvado, 22 5º B

www.merkaoiartzun.comMERKA-OIARTZUN 20180 Oiartzun 34 943490500 943493454 merka@merkaoiartzun.comPoligono Aranguren, ap. 180

www.lajira.comMODESTO CARRODEGUAS S.L. 15360 Carino 34 981405043 981405000 leis@lajira.comC. Blabis 1

www.moluscosriasbaixas.comMOLUSCOS RÍAS BAIXAS, S.A. 36966 Sanxenxo, Pontevedra 34 986740468 986741111 moluscos@moluscosriasbaixas.comPampaido, 55 - Dorrón

MORAME S.A. 28003 Aravaca, Madrid 34 914356325 915773156 fbg@morame.comCalle Bermeo 19

NIORDSEAS 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallés - Barcelona

34 935902814 935902811 mlmanas@conei.comCtra. Rubi a Sant Cugat, 102

41

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.noriberica.comNORIBERICA S.A. 36202 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986447489 986431057 info@noriberica.comRonda Don Bosco 24-1

ONEIDA TRADING COMPANY 08174 St. Gugat del Vallès (Barcelona)

34 935844065 935816630 bpohl@oneidatrading.comAvda. Alcalde Barnils 64-68

www.orbesa.comORBE S.A. 36208 Vigo 34 986233100 986230353 t.barahona@orbesa.comTomàa A. Alonso, 106

www.paquitosabordemar.comPAQUITO S.L. 15930 Boiro, La Coruña 34 981844050 981846800 paquito@sabordemar.comCareixo

www.pasapesca.esPASAPESCA S.A. 08820 El Prat Llobregat, Barcelona

34 934791640 934783673 pasapesca@pasapesca.esPoligono Ind. Pratense, C/ 111

www.pesasur.comPESCA Y SALAZONES DEL SUROESTE S.A.

21400 Ayamonte 34 663326338 959320876 export@pesasur.comNo.2&3 Pol. "la escarbada"

www.pescadona.comPESCADONA S.A. 36002 Pontevedra 34 986843728 986861431 pescadona@pescadona.comPaseo de Colon/1 planta/Of. 3

www.amaro.esPESCADOS AMARO GONZALEZ S.A.

03007 Alicante 34 965100555 965113155 info@amaro.esEstrella Polar 1-3

www.pescadoshnossainz.esPESCADOS HNOS SAINZ S.L. 48970 Bilbao - Vizcaya 34 944485550 944485554 pescadoshnossainz@btlink.netMercaBilbao Puestos 117-119

www.pescadosmarcelino.comPESCADOS MARCELINO 36945 Cangas, Pontevedra 34 986391003 986391293 pescadosmarcelino@pescadosmarcelino.com

Avda José Graña, 27

www.pcs.esPESCADOS PCS 46220 Picasent, Valencia 34 961221722 961230360 info@pcs.esPOB 124

www.pescafina.comPESCAFINA S.A. 28008 Madrid 34 915421500 915420040 madrid@pescafina.comFerraz 50

PESCAFRESCA S.A. 36202 (Lonja de Altura) Vigo, Pontevedra

34 986434209 986437491 pescafresca@pescafresca.esPuerto Pesquero Almacenes 41-42

www.pescanova.esPESCANOVA ALIMENTACION S.A 36320 Chapela-Redondela, Pontevedra

34 986818100 986818200 impex@pescanova.esRua José Fernandez Lopez

www.pesfra.comPESFRA S.A. 08520 Les Franqueses del Valles 34 938464612 938400433 pesfra@retemail.esT. del Ramassa, C/ Barcelones 27

PESQUERA VASCO GALLEGA S.A. 36202 Vigo 34 986233700 986237197 agonzaleza.vascogallega@nexo.esAvda Beiramar 71

www.procosur.comPROCOSUR 11011 Cádiz 34 956262161 956262306 extrapro@procosur.comR I Zona Franca Av Europa, 6

www.pskoceanos.comPSK OCEANOS S.A. 28224 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 34 917994570 917157514 psk@pskoceanos.comVia de las dos Castillas, 33 Atika

RODA INTERNACIONAL 35007 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

34 928220666 928221674 rodaint@lpa.servicom.esNicolas Estevanez, 11

www.vieirasa.esS.A. EDUARDO VIEIRA 36211 Vigo 34 986213200 986209753 vieirasa@vieirasa.esAvda Beiramar, 23

www.smcpsa.comS.M.C.P. 35008 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

34 928467020 928466591 info@smcpsa.comCalle Gordillo, 13 - 1

www.salazonesserrano.comSALAZONES SERRANO/CAMPO ALTO

03600 Elda (Alicante) 34 965390849 965394039 export@salazonesserrano.comc/Alemania 117

42

COMPANY STREET ZIP TOWN TEL FAX EMAIL WEB SITE Imp. Exp. Proc.CODE Farm. Dist..

www.salgadocongelados.comSALGADO 15190 La Coruña 34 981133094 981133104 salgado@salgadocongelados.comAvd Principal D-7, 8

www.serpeska.comSERPESKA S.A. 28021 Madrid 34 917952211 917978377 gm@serpeska.comAvda de Andalucia, km 11,300

www.stoltseafarm.comSTOLT SEA FARM S.A. 15292 Carnota, La Coruña 34 981837501 981761031 enrique.corrales@stoltseafarm.comPunta de los Remedios s/n - Lira

www.conservasrevuelta.comSUCORE - ANCHOAS Y SALAZONES

39750 Colindres 34 942652121 942652142 info@conservasrevuelta.comC/La Mar, 47

THENAISIE - PROVOTE S.A. 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra 34 986404000 986404243POB 475

www.ticlez.comTICAS INC. 03700 Dénia, Alicante 34 966425353 966425353 ticlez@ticlez.comPatricio Ferrándiz, 40

www.tinamenor.esTINAMENOR S.A. 39594 Cantabria 34 942718020 942718025 ventas@tinamenor.esPesués

www.alfrio-group.comULTRACONGELADOS ALFRIO 36203 Vigo 34 986424333 986415265 alfrio@alfrio-group.comc/ Venezuela, 2

www.u-antartida.comULTRACONGELADOS ANTARTIDA 09007 Burgos 34 947474056 947474069 antar@u-antartida.comc/ Paramo 9, Pol. Ind. Villayuda

URBARE S.A. 48700 Ondarroa 34 946831722 946833087 urbare@urbare.comEgidazu Kaia 1

URLAPESCA S.A. 48700 Ondarroa, Vizcaya 34 946832019 946830551 urlapesca@euskalnet.netEgidazu Kaia, 7, 2-C

VALASTRO EUROPA 08302 Barcelona 34 937411790 937411791 sveta@valastroeurope.comPablo Iglesias 63

www.valgel.comVALGEL S.A.(NUEVA LONJA DE ALTURA)

36208 Vigo 34 986222590 986234826 valge@valgel.comTrav. da Coruña, 2 - 1° Oficina G

www.vigopeixe.comVIGOPEIXE S.L. 36216 Vigo 34 986453211 986453231 vigopeixe@vigopeixe.comCamiño do Laranxo, Nave Celta 7-B

43

45

4. ANNEX: SPANISH SEAFOOD RECIPES

4.1. Seafood paella (Paella valenciana).

Species: blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), warmater prawns (Penaeus vannamei), or large coldwater

prawns (Pleoticus muelleri), clams (Venus spp.) and mussels (Mytilus spp.).

Preparation time: 1h15’.

Ingredients (4-6 servings):

4 tablespoons olive oil

250 gr chicken breast, boneless, skinless

1/4 cup diced onions

2 tablespoons chopped garlic

1/4 cup diced red and green peppers

1/4 cup diced celery

1 cup parboiled rice

2 cups chicken stock

1/2 tablespoon saffron

6 blue crabs, cleaned and halved

½ kg shrimp, peeled and de-veined

12 clams

12 mussels

250 gr smoked sausage, sliced

½ teaspoon salt

½ teaspoon pepper.

Heat the olive oil in a large pan on stovetop. Add the chicken breast to the oil and saute to a golden

brown. Leave chicken in pan and add the onions, garlic, peppers and celery. Saute mixture for two

minutes. Add the rice, chicken stock and saffron into the mixture and bring it to a boil. Finally, add the

blue crabs, shrimp, clam, mussels, sausage, salt and pepper. Cover paella and lower heat. Let simmer

for 20 to 25 minutes.

4.2. Crisp shrimp fritters (Tortillitas de camarones).

Species: any small coldwater shrimp (Pandalus spp. and Crangon spp.).

Preparation time: 50’ plus 1h refrigerating.

1/2 pound small shrimp, peeled

1 1/2 cups chickpea or regular flour

1 tablespoon chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley

3 scallions, white part and a little of the tender green tops, finely chopped

1/2 teaspoon sweet pimenton (smoked paprika)

Salt

Olive oil.

In a saucepan, combine the shrimp with water to cover and bring to boil over high heat. As soon as the

water starts to boil, quickly lift out the shrimp with a slotted spoon and set aside. Scoop out 1 cup of

the cooking water and let cool. Discard the remaining water. When the shrimp are cool, cover and

refrigerate until needed.

46

To make the batter, combine the flour, parsley, scallions and pimentón in a bowl or a food processor.

Add a pinch of salt and the cooled cooking water. Mix or process well until you obtain a texture

slightly thicker than a pancake batter. Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour.

Remove the shrimp from the refrigerator and mince finely. The pieces should be the size of coffee

grounds. Remove the batter from the refrigerator, add the shrimp, and mix well.

Pour the olive oil to a depth of about 1 inch into a sauté pan and heat over high heat until it is almost

smoking. Add 1 tablespoon of the batter to the oil for each fritter and, using the back of the spoon,

immediately flatten the batter into a round 9 cm in diameter. Do not put too many fritters in the pan.

Fry, turning once, for about 1 minute on each side, or until the fritters are golden and very crisp with

what Spanish cooks call puntillas, or lacelike formations, on the borders.

Using a slotted spoon, lift out the fritters, holding them briefly over the pan to allow the excess oil to

drain, and transfer to an ovenproof platter lined with paper towels to drain further.

Keep the fritters warm in a low oven. Fry the rest of the batter in the same way, always making sure

the oil is very hot before frying more fritters. When all the fritters are fried, arrange them on a platter

and serve immediately.

PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU PURCHASE YOUR SEAFOOD FROM SUSTAINABLE

SOURCES ONLY.

47

5. REFERENCES

5.1. Introduction

Catarci, C. 2004. World tuna markets. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 74. FAO,

Rome. 135pp.

Catarci, C. 2007. Fish Trade Regulations on the Web. Available at:

http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=3206.

Eur-Lex. Access to the European Union law. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm.

European Commission – Fisheries Directorate-General. 2008. Bilateral fisheries partnership

agreements between the EC and third countries. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/bilateral_agreements_en.htm.

European Commission – Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. 2008. EU import

conditions for seafood and other fishery products. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/trade/im_cond_fish_en.pdf.

European Commission – Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-General. 2008. The Integrated

Tariff of the Community (TARIC). Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008a. Generalised System of Preferences.

Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008b. The Doha Development Agenda.

Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008c. Trade and Development. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm.

EUROSTAT data. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/.

FAO FISHSTAT Plus data. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073.

Food Network. Seafood paella. Available at:

http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,,FOOD_9936_22086,00.html.

Oceanic Développement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. and Megapesca. 2005.

La filière thonière européenne, bilan économique, perspective et analyse des impacts de la

libéralisation des échanges. Convention spécifique SC12. Rapport final, Novembre 2005. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/publications/studies/tuna_2005_fr.pdf.

Trade Statistics of Japan. Homepage. Available at: http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/tsdl_e.htm.

5.2. Spain

Agri-Food Trade Service. 2003a. Fish and Seafood Profile - Spain. Report prepared by the Canadian

Embassy in Spain. Available at: http://ats.agr.gc.ca/europe/3773_e.htm.

48

Agri-Food Trade Service. 2003b. The Market for Frozen Seafood in Spain. Report prepared by V. M.

Cerdeño Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Available at:

http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/europe/3649_e.htm.

ANFACO. 2008. El sector industrial transformador, conservero y semiconservero de productos del

mar y de la acuicultura. Año 2007. Vigo, 7 de marzo de 2008. ANFACO, Vigo, Spain. 138pp.

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Carrefour. Homepage. Available at: http://www.carrefour.com.

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Centro de Estudios Ambientales. 2002. Integrated Assessment of Trade Liberalisation and Trade-

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UNEP, Nairobi. 136pp. Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/CSII_Argentina.pdf.

ElEconomista.es. 2007. Gasto total productos pesqueros creció un 7,2% en 2006 hasta 11.074

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total-productos-pesqueros-crecio-un-72-en-2006-hasta-11074-millones.html.

Escudero, M. 2002. Spain’s fish market a catch for US exporters. AgExporter November 2002: 15-16.

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FAO. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Available at:

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Grupo Calvo. Homepage. Available at: http://www.calvo.es/.

IGD. Food and Grocery Information, Insights and Best Practice. Available at: http://www.igd.com.

Isabel – Conservas Garavilla SA. Homepage. Available at: http://www.isabel.net.

Jealsa Rianxeira. Homepage. Available at: http://www.rianxeira.com/.

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management from New England and the Spanish Mediterranean. Marine Policy 24(2):165-177.

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49

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GLOBEFISH MARKET RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Vol 75 Fishery Industry Profile - Viet Nam (57P.) .................................................................JUL 2004 30

Vol 76 Fishery Industry in China (74P.) .................................................................................SEP 2004 30

Vol 77 Overview of Organic Markets: an Opportunity for Aquaculture product? (98P.) ..... JAN 2005 30

Vol 78 Seafood Price Indices (44P.)........................................................................................APR 2005 30

Vol 79 World Market of Tilapia (28P.)...................................................................................APR 2005 20

Vol 80 Fishery Industry in Russia (70P.) ................................................................................ JUN 2005 30

Vol 81 Trends in European Groundfish Markets (153P.)......................................................NOV 2005 50

Vol 82 Freshwater species on the European Market (119P.)...............................................DEC 2005 30

Vol 83 Fish Supply and Demand in the Near East Region (67P.).......................................... JAN 2006 30

Vol 84 The market for Nile Perch (94P.) ................................................................................APR 2006 30

Vol 85 Supermarkets and the Artisinal Fisheries Sector in Latin America (79P.).................APR 2006 30

Vol 86 Markets and Marketing of Aquaculture Finfish in Europe (50P.) ...........................AUG 2006 30

Vol 87 Lobster Markets (92P.) ..............................................................................................OCT 2006 30

Vol 88 Republic of Korea - Fishery Industry Profile (72P.) ..................................................NOV 2006 30

Vol 89 World Surimi Market (125P.) ...................................................................................NOV 2006 30

Vol 90 Market Penetration of Developing Country Seafood Products (57P.)......................APR 2008 30

Vol 91 Ecolabels and Marine Capture Fisheries: (52P.) .....................................................APR 2008 30

Vol 92 The seafood market in Italy (59P.) ..............................................................................APR 2008 30

Vol 93 Global Production and Marketing of Canned Tuna (44P.).........................................APR 2008 30

Vol 94 World Octopus Markets (65P.) ..................................................................................JUL 2008 30

Vol 95 The seafood market in Southern EU: Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia (46P.) ...............JUL 2008 30

Vol 96 The seafood market in Spain (59P.)............................................................................NOV 2008 30

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