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Globalization Impacts on International NGOs: A Study of

Politics, Economy, and Information - Communication Technology Challenges on Friends of the Earth International

Budi Santoso, M.Comn Dosen PNSDpk pada Universitas Ratu Samban Bengkulu Utara

ABSTRACT

Globalization is essentially not a brand-new idea. Globalization which is presently taking place is the second wave that is marked after the collapse of USSR and the end of Cold War in the late 1980’s. The first wave of globalization ended vehemently with the World War I, thus, it held up only 44 years (Dehesa, 2006). Some scientists roughly marked globalization work mechanism with the vast movement of labors, e.g. net migration rates etc. globalization has created lots of significant changes in financial, politics, socio-culture policies especially those related to human resources. There are, of course, undeniable political and economy friction - or even inconsistency and ambiguity in meanings caused by globalization - emerge. The purpose of this paper is to explore a little depiction of the impact of globalization on NGO that works internationally. Writer took Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) as a sample. FoEI is an umbrella organization that coordinates more than 70 national NGOs. FoEI HQ is in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Keywords: Globalization, FoEI, Politics, Economy, Information – Communication

Technology

ABSTRAK

Globalisasi bukanlah sesuatu yang sama sekali baru. Globalisasi yang saat ini sedang berlangsung merupakan gelombang kedua yang mulai tampil ke permukaan dengan pecahnya Uni Soviet (didahului dengan kebijakan Glasnosts dan Perestroika Gorbachev yang dilematis), serta berakhirnya masa Perang Dingin di akhir dasawarsa 1980. Gelombang pertama yang berlangsung singkat berakhir dengan meletusnya Perang Dunia I. Banyak yang menandai daya kerja globalisasi dengan perpindahan tenaga kerja yang besar, seperti tingkat migrasi dan lain sebagainya. Meskipun hal ini tidak keliru namun juga tidak bisa dikatakan benar. Secara kelembagaan, globalisasi telah memberikan perubahan yang sangat penting dari sisi kebijakan-kebijakan keuangan, politik, dan sosial budaya, terutama yang berkenaan dengan sumber daya manusia. Seringkali terjadi gesekan-gesekan politis maupun ekonomis. Seringkali pula globalisasi memberikan makna ganda yang sulit dipahami dan bersifat paradoksal. Tulisan ini mengetengahkan sedikit gambaran tentang dampak globalisasi terhadap organisasi non pemerintah yang bersifat internasional. Penulis mengambil Friends of the Earth International, yang merupakan lembaga payung bagi puluhan LSM nasional dari berbagai negara, sebagai contoh. FoEI berpusat di Amsterdam, Belanda. Kata kunci: Globalisasi, FoEI, Politik, Ekonomi, Teknologi Komunikasi – Informasi

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Introduction

The main purpose of this paper is to give an analytical explanation about the globalization

impacts (politics, economy, and information technology) on Friends of the Earth

International, an international NGO. Why the impacts are important to FoEI and what

will become the relevant connections to their organization an sich?

But, it is important to acknowledge that this writing is not a result of a full field research

where theories and methodologies get the attention. Thus, readers will not be offered

numbers and statistical calculations as in natural science. It is more to desk research

combined with small observation to FoEI.

Most of (international) organizations are facing a wide range of developments in some

major fields: social, politics, economy, and technology. Thanks to globalization as a

complex product of human culture, which is being processed and created through unique

interactions and relations among communities, to make it come to pass. Mass media such

as television and movies as well as internet have become considerable instruments to

swell the ideas of globalization; with the internet the world is just a single click away.

New invention of machinery in (air) transportations also makes the export and import of

commodities as well as people movements around the world to become cheaper, easier,

and, faster.

But, there are also negative thoughts towards globalization. One came from Levitt in

1983 on Harvard Business Review (in Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. Ganesh, 2004) who

argued that technology has “proletarianized communication, transport, and travel. And

although certain regional differences may persist, the world is generally moving towards

a converging commonality in terms of tastes, preferences, and lifestyles”. Rather cynical,

though, but it somehow grants a true color of the happening events. Consumers are

enforced to take “similar” taste and live with it. Television offer lots of programs and

shows which actually are not needed by some viewers (for instance, a glamour

Hollywood movie that are watched by a villager who never leaves his kampong).

Then, it is not an unusual thing to hear the hottest marketing argot from Coca Cola

Company Brrrrr… on our television, even at a remote area near Duson (small village)

Gunung Alam in Bengkulu. Market is considered to have one flavor, and people are

collected into one demand, and the desire for western products and lifestyles are growing

fast even in what-so-called Islamic states. The presence of television and films make the

condition worse. The process of ideological transmit is extended; the third countries can

just perform as consumers.

Organizations are also dealing with globalization. A kind of organization that is

experiencing the vast changes created by globalization is (International)

Nongovernmental Organization (INGO). There are hundreds of international NGO that

work around the globe, whether they are completely self-financed, or supported by other

organizations. One of them is Friends of the Earth International (FoEI). Although she is

not as famous as Greenpeace or WWF, FoEI can be categorized a distinguished

internationally operating NGO.

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It covers 70 national network members and 5000 smaller local organizations, and can be

declared as the largest grassroots environmental network ever existed up to present day.

This international organization is largely focusing on campaign activities to current

environmental and social-political issues. The main objectives they hold are to challenge

model of economic and political practices which profoundly has deeply impacted the

global environment. This organization can be said at the same level and missions with

other international NGOs such as Greenpeace and World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF).

NGO: Expanding Institution

International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) are much and less inevitably have

to adapt themselves with globalization, especially in reformatting their relationship with

national or local governments where they run their businesses. Bennet and Oliver (2002,

p. 282) said that INGOs do not operate in an emptiness, hermetically sealed off from each

other or from governments. This means that INGOs should realize their positions among

other (I) NGOs, national governments, and profit-oriented companies.

INGOs have to presume that an outstanding relationship with governments or other

similar organizations has intensified as crucial elements in transnational action networks

concerned with various policy and issue areas. Almost every southern government (US,

UK), particularly those who are oriented towards and have politics and economy

cooperation with developed countries is supporting globalization. This actual condition

makes INGOs to review their vision and missions, operational methods, communication

infrastructure, social impacts, and so forth. Shortly, it can be said, quoted Lindenberg and

Bryant (2001), that globalization has changed the role INGOs play and the context within

which they do their work.

In fact, modern international organizations in this paper, as I cited from Bennet and

Oliver (2002), shall be classified as intergovernmental organizations and (international)

nongovernmental organizations. Bennet and Oliver underlined several common

characteristics of IGOs and INGOs, (1) a permanent organization to carry on a continuing

set of function; (2) voluntarily membership of eligible parties; (3) a basic instrument

stating goals, structure, and methods of operations; (4) a broadly representative

consultative conference organ; and (5) a permanent secretariat to carry on continuous

administrative, research and information functions (Bennet and Oliver, 2002, p. 2).

Yes, the discussion around NGOs and their roles cause many pros and cons since they

have significant influence in local and international affairs, even though not that

important. Some green policies in Europe Union were made based on inputs from

environmental NGOs, such as FoEI and its local member, Milieudefensie. Exploring the

previous conditions given by Bennet and Oliver, Friends of the Earth International is

undoubtedly belongs to International NGO that seizes its own tasks and responsibilities,

especially related to environmental actions.

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Some Facts of Globalization

Globalization is basically can be linked to culture as “a mean” to extend beliefs,

knowledge, technology, and capital, which are descended from our humanity’s thoughts.

Thomas (2002) pointed out that in globalization culture is viewed as an outstanding

feature in term of international management for two reasons: first, nations’ culture is

manifested in economic, legal and political characteristics. This means that these three

systems are taken out from the national’s culture and history. Second, culture, in large

extent, is invisible. It is what Trompenaars and Turner called the core of culture; it is an

assumption of the culture itself about the existence. It is as a result of routine responses to

the environment (Trompenaars and Turner, 1997).

The term globalization was firstly used by business economists (Dehesa, 2006, p. 2).

Theodore Levitt (1983, in Dehesa 2006) described globalization as the concept of

production, based upon product cycles, was being replaced by a new concept of global

marketplace. However, there are hundreds definitions to what so called globalization.

Robertson (1995) in Thomas (2002) called globalization as the crystallization of the

world as a single place (p. 4).

Youngs (in Kofman and Youngs, 2003) stated that globalization has become the new

term for signifying dramatic changes in the nature of international relations. Furthermore

they said that it has become increasingly pervasive in the practice of politics, economics

and culture as well as in their mediated communications. On the other hand, Kluver

(2007) described globalization as most typically defined as interconnectedness of political

entities, economic relationship and computer network.

Thomas (2002) explained that the globalization process can be illustrated into four

categories of changes:

1. Disappearing Boundaries

The terminology of Global Village, introduced by Marshall McLuhan almost forty

years ago, seemed to turn out to be veracity. The spread of tangible (food, electronic

devices, etc) or intangible (ideas, information, pollution etc) materials from northern

countries to southern and vice versa have been increasing significantly. The

components of manufactured merchandise like computers, televisions or cars are

assembled in some countries and then marketed globally.

2. Dynamic work Environment

The movement of workers of all skill level is one condition which is caused by

globalization. This situation creates multicultural workplaces which may be

represented in work methods and organizational structure system. International

organizations may consist of managers or staffs who have different cultural

backgrounds.

3. Information Technology

Technology is an inseparable part of globalization. According to Dehesa (2006), the

development of telecommunication technology has led to a spectacular fall in cost.

Managers can preside a meeting from home, and a CEO may control her subordinates

via teleconference and multimedia.

4. New Actors on the International stage.

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New organizations, including NGO, are mushrooming in the world as a result in the

development of technology in transport and information. Many businesses or NGOs

now have the chance to broaden their operations worldwide.

Ingo and Globalization

INGO is usually categorized as nonprofit institution. In fact, they can probably be in form

of private or state-owned, non-political or political, from philanthropic foundations,

religious groups to local community unification. Save the Children which was founded in

1919, for example, has a mission to promote worldwide safeguards for children and the

formal international recognition of the rights of children (Lindenberg and Bryant, 2001, p.

13). An example of religious NGO is Islamic Relief based in UK whose general mission

is to alleviate the suffering of the world’s poorest people. Although this NGO is carrying

the label of Islam, indeed they respond to help to promote sustainable economic and

development regardless of race, religion and gender (“IR”, 2007, “Islamic Relief’s

Mission”, Para. 2)

Many NGO activists perceive globalization as a threat which fetches more problems to

the third countries. They consider globalization, especially in its economic terminology,

would bear malicious menace to their countries’ sovereignty. They assume that financial

institutions like International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Trade Organization (WTO)

are enforcing the radical deregulation program of free market fundamentalism as well as

neoliberal’s ideology (“Anti-Globalization”, 2007, “Definition”). Yet, in China, the vast

growth of NGO is likely caused by market reform and its corresponding process of social

transformation (Qiusha, 2006) and the market reform itself is a reaction of the

government to face the big wave of globalization.

Even though some NGOs have negative view on globalization and its variants, writer can

say that they cannot turn their back from it. NGOs frequently recognize globalization as

a threat to the third countries like it will bring more sufferings instead of prosperity.

Social scientists often called these groups as anti-globalization movement. But, it is based

on the fact that globalization in the NGO sector is exemplified by a complex field of

spatially stretched and interlocking webs of interorganizational relations (Roberts et al,

2005).

Boulding quoted by Iriye said that the rise of NGO is probably the most prominent

organizational developments of the twentieth century, although it has happened so

quickly that it is seldom noticed (in Lytle, 2001). Based on research conducted by

Lindenberg and Bryant (2001, p. 9), the growth of the northern international NGO sector,

already noticeable in the 1970s, became a torrent in the 1980s and 1990s due to six

important factors. The first two are public fiscal crisis and the collapse of Soviet Union

created the vacuum into which Northern International NGO were pulled.

The next three factors are democratic openings, bilateral and multilateral incentives, and

private giving inducement the NGOs development. The last factor, global

communications, drove the sector to grow more quickly. Furthermore, McGann and

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Johnstone (2005) labeled that basically the growth of non-state actors, in this case NGOs,

has in large part been fuelled by the perceived inability of both domestic and international

institutions to respond to the social, economic, and political consequences of rapid

advances in science and technology, growing economic interdependence, and political

fragmentation.

The Globalization Challenges for FoEI: The Three Factors

This paper is trying to look upon the impacts of globalization towards Friends of the

Earth International in three aspects. Politics, economy and (communication) technology

are basically cultural outputs. People always try to analyze their environment and control

it. The way they cope with their environment is different from each other. NGOs also do

the same thing. They have been trying to adapt with rapid changes on politics, economy

and technology. FoEI is striving to anticipate differences in managing strategies on

campaign activities with their network members.

These differences, at some point, are weakening the performance of the organization to

achieve maximum result.

Politics

Globalization, according to Barkin (2006), may undermine internal and external

sovereignty of a nation. It may weaken internal state power by diminishing its

autonomy. The implication would be that the door to exchanging practical decision-

making power from national or local governments to International or local NGO is

widely open. This kind of circumstance may evidently carry a bigger opportunity for

FoEI to be more proactive in dealing with national and local governments to decide

important political issues or policies, especially related to their missions. But

unfortunately, most NGOs do not realize the contemporary context and tend to ignore

to build more friendly relationship with the authorities. Fisher (1997) affirmed these

circumstances by stating that:

“…discussion over NGOs is further complicated by the fact that they have not only increased in number and taken on new functions, but they have also forged innovative and increasingly complex and wide-ranging formal and informal linkages with one another, with government agencies, with social movements, with international development agencies, with individual INGOs (international NGOs), and with transnational issue networks…” (Fisher, 1997, p. 441)

It is indisputable that political system plays important roles in the development of

NGOs. Thomas (2002) mentioned that political systems are the structures and

processes by which a nation integrates the part of society into a functioning unit (p.

17). Thus, political system which basically holds by a nation will provide a basis for

applied rules and regulations. But, as we know globalization is somehow blurring the

lines of political policies made by national governments. Drezner (2001) pointed out

that globalization leads to a convergence of traditionally national policies governing

environmental regulation, consumer health and safety, the regulation of labor, and the

ability to tax capital. Furthermore he added that convergence is the tendency of

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policies to grow more alike, in the form of increasing similarity in structures,

processes, and performances.

Regulation is principally used to bring into existence a particular form of discourse or

behavior that constitutes culture (Curtin & Gaither, 2007, p. 56). Consequently,

because of this reason, many governments are fearful of their citizens having

unregulated exposure to other cultures. In addition, Curtin & Gaither declared that

exposure can dilute and modify a “true” culture, turning it into an illegitimate

version of government portrayal of the “real” thing (p. 57). This condition has been

facing by countless international NGOs. In some cases they sometimes collide with

situational barriers that come from national or even local policies where they tend to

conduct their assignments. Yet, some national governments appear to “loosen” their

policies regarding foreign organizations activities in their territories if they suffer

from catastrophic natural disasters; such as Tsunami happened in Aceh and other

South East Asia countries (Indonesia is principally open to foreign aids. As we know,

new order Regime was built with the supervision of US and its alliance in form of

international organization like IGGI or IMF).

Apart from that, globalization on the other side is useful in enhancing democratic

system. FoEI has taken advantageous in this political development. The democratic

system in modern world guarantees some ideal features for people, in this case

NGOs. The development of modern democracy system in the world has facilitated

many NGOs, including FoEI, to widen their operation areas globally. The reason for

this is because FoEI and its network organizations also must deal with particular rules

and regulations that are implemented in the countries they do activities. Modern

democratic system that supports freedom of expression may have facilitated the

campaign programs in its members’ countries. In countries which apply low

regulatory standard, FoEI may have bigger chances to carry on their campaign

programs.

Economy

Economy is a crucial issue for international NGOs. Even though the market for ideas

is more expanding and established, NGOs still need constant inflow of money for

their operation, including the remarkable ones like Greenpeace (McGann and

Johnstone, 2005). The issue of funding trends and sources is crucial to the discussion

of trends in the development of NGOs because it is the globalization of funding that

has helped create and sustain many of these institutions.

FoEI is in competition and cooperation at once with other INGOs for membership,

external funding, and media attention. NGOs, like firms and governments, suffer

from principal-agent problems and development, with varying levels of success,

governance mechanisms to mitigate such problems. Although they are termed as

‘non-governmental’ organizations, many of them rely on governments for much of

their funding (Prakash, 2005). As a result, as Lindenberg and Bryant (2002) said, as

resources are becoming tighter, NGOs face new pressures for greater accountability

for program impact and quality. Thus, each NGO will contend tighter competition to

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get the funds. The consequence is FoEI, in this case, must perform evaluation towards

their programs impact on a regular basis and must also know how to reengineer their

internal processes to become more efficient users of scarce of donors.

It simply makes sense as Marc and Smith (1995) as cited by Drainville (2004) noted

that in quantitative term, there has been a veritable explosion in NGO funding. Most

visible have been new capacity building programs and funding windows targeted

specifically at NGOs (p. 115). Moreover, the proportion of projects involving NGO

participation grew from less than 6 per cent in the period 1973 to 1988 to a lmost 50

per cent in 1995.

The characteristic of funding essentially hinges upon kinds of activity and programs

applied by an NGO. International relief and development NGOs that focus on the

result of wars, natural disasters or intractable problems of poverty and sufferings

seem to have more financial resources to support their works. For instance, the

“Special Grant Program”, a “fund for Innovative Approaches in Human and Social

Development” and a “Project Preparation facility” were created at the beginning of

1980s to support networking activities of NGOs and to facilitate dissemination of

special publications which are related to societal improvement (Drainville, 2004

quoted Fox 1996).

FoEI is also facing the same situation. It implements some applicable strategies to

support their campaign programs such as open donation system, where every active

member is obliged to donate around 10 Euros per year. As coordinating body which

is expected to support many campaign program of its members, this organization

cannot just rely on that kind of funding. It needs more competitive financial support

to tone up the activities.

Conflicts or natural disasters that happened in some countries which caused collateral

damages and refugees seemed to increase in 1990s to present. Many NGOs are

involving in relief actions for the victims. In economic perspective, these NGOs

could have financial support from other international bodies such as United Nations

High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), where they function as subcontractors

for it (Barkin, 2006). As for FoEI, such cooperation may be established with others

UN bodies that handle environmental or financial issues like United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It proved when FoEI also

joined the recently held conference in Bali.

Information – Communication Technology

Two and a half decades ago, perhaps a few NGO activists knew about information

and communication technology. There was only facsimile as the fastest way to send

and receive information and still not paperless. It was absolutely not as sophisticated

and facilitating as today’s. This actually is giving great opportunities for FoEI to be

more progressive and proactive in doing worldwide campaigns and advocacies. It

goes without saying that the advance of technology can be very useful in

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strengthening FoEI communication actions with their network members. Technology

is also thought to have deep contribution on the developments of democracy and

other political decisions. Level of participation and electability in general election, for

example, is likely to be influenced by level of technology use in a country.

Lytle (2001) assumed that Internet have vastly enhanced the ability of INGOs and

NGOs to organize and mobilize their members on a global scale. Technology, as

writer has formerly discussed, is one noteworthy factor that accelerates the spread

and development of globalization. International organizations are likely to realizing

the fact that they have to be serious in organizing and managing their communication

activities using the internet. Thanks to internet the sending and receiving of

information can occur in seconds.

Internet is of course not the only technology invention that is giving impact to

organizations and people in general. The invention of steam machine, for instance,

had replaced human power and increased the mass production. Modern technologies

in many fields, especially in gas and oil, have resulted in, besides the advantages, also

disadvantages. Yet, according to John Naisbitt in his book Global Paradox (1994)

cited by Thomas (2002) the most significant force toward globalization, the one

with the most potential to shape the international management landscape, might be

the dramatic advances in information technology.

The advanced growth of communication and information technology can obviously

be used by FoEI to increase their campaign and advocacy actions with network

organizations around the world. All kinds of information such as voice, text as well

graphic can virtually be communicated across the federations. Friends of the Earth

Nigeria could inform in detail about the fatal disaster of oil spill in Niger Delta to

their colleagues and sympathizers in Asia Pacific and other continents via email or

websites.

The trend of individual website and gadgets, such as blog, podcast, social network

(Facebook), narrowcasting or wikis and blackberry should also be taken into account.

Blogosphere or the interconnection environment among many blogs has become

essential issue. It is the perception that blogs exist together as a connected community

(or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social network. Wikipedia, the

popular online encyclopedia noted that in recent years the blogosphere has been

treated as a gauge of public opinion, and both academic and non-academic work

found it out as evidence of rising or falling resistance to globalization ...

(“Blogosphere”, 2007, “Definition”, Para. 1).

The exploitation of internet technology may be useful to enhance the quality of

internal interaction in an organization (this assumption needs further verification).

Blackberry may perhaps keep FoEI staffs in Amsterdam to be able to communicate

intensively with members of their networks, by using push email or internal email

and the sending information will be transported fast. Smith and Mounter (2005)

figured out that the improved availability of information technology, a small

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organization with as few as 10 employees is able to feed intranet access to internal

information wherever, and whenever they need it, simply and cost-effectively. A

survey conducted by CNET towards 131 American’s CEOs proved that 59 per cent of

the number found out the usefulness of weblogs or blogs for internal communication

(Sharma, 2005). Nonetheless, the increasing use of instant messenger software as

Yahoo Messenger, Hotmail Messenger and the like can also be effective and efficient

in sending and receiving messages in a very short time. Yet, it needs the readiness of

staffs of FoEI itself whether in the Amsterdam secretariat or their network members.

Conclusion

Globalization will keep continuing in process to find it best values. The unpredictable

spinning progression of political-economy and technology in the world may cause

irregular results for NGOs to still exist. Yet, as said by Brown et al that in the future

NGOs will play their roles as important policy-makers which can strengthen or weaken

the future of democratic accountability. Yet it is more important that International NGOs

should cooperate more closely in activities like global advocacy or fundraising, to get

more attentions and fine result.

Globalization is accused as a cause of structural changes in economics and politics which

are generating more poverty, conflict, and dislocation in developing countries. The

decline of public capacity and perceived lack of trust in governments will put some

immense pressure on NGO sector to engage in efforts to try to alleviate some of the

problems (Lindenberg and Bryant, 2001). The consequence is that international NGOs

will be determined to widen their operating scale and organization more global.

International NGO organizational structures and programs are evolving in response to

calls for broader participation with larger numbers of affiliates, cost pressures,

competition, and other changes.

Then it is significant that FoEI, in this case, should search - borrowing term of

Lindenberg and Bryant – “a work style and culture that balances passion and

commitment with professionalism as well as identify themes that will capture the

imagination of future generations”. Besides that, FoEI must develop learning cultures in

which evaluation is not viewed in the sense of punishment cause, yet should put it as a

process of partnership with its network members to lead to interorganizational

discovering and improvement.

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