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What is Globalisation

• The term globalisation means free trade and free movement of all factors of production including labour

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The globalisation process in India during the

past Ancient period Globalisation

• Economic factors that led to the country's economic prosperity

• References available from Jatakas and other texts.

• Evidences are also based on discovery of Indian articles

• The time of Buddha (3rd century B. C.) Indian sailors could go to lands now called Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Campuchea in the east and Sri Lanka in the South

• Mauryan policy of friendship with the world

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In the early centuries of the Christian era

• spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim countries)

• ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee, Indian iron (for its purity,

• live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots, peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished at that time.

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First millennium -Globalization Process

• India took a leading and pioneer role

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The expansion of India's Globalisation

process in the East Asia during Gupta era

(240-495 A.D)

• India's international trade connections reached its peak

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Decline of Indian Globalisation Decline since the 8th century A.D. and

became insignificant in the course of next three hundred years.

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Reasons

• Due to low technology

• Inability to protect her trading infrastructure from foreign invaders which resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it was disastrous during middle age

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20th century globalisation in India

• started since-1985

• continuing till now with varying degree of pace in its successive phases (1985-91, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected to continue

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Background for the Present Globalisation in India

1. Economic Crisis in India

1. Political Imbalances

2. Gulf CrisisHigher Import Bill

Loss of Export Market

Impact on

1. International Credits

2. International Market

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As a Result1. India near to default in July 1991.

a) Widespread Shortage of essential imported Commodities

b) Cut Back on Industrial Output

c) Inflation

d) Unable to pay the maintenance cost

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Corrective steps taken• To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by

the stringent conditionalities imposed by the World Bank and the IMF.

• This resulted in the adoption of completely

different types of economic policies in 1991 which are now well known as 'economic reforms'.

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Emergence of LPG or SAPs or Reforms

• This phase of globalisation for India as the Economic Reforms policies consisted of LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation

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These Reforms are1. Liberalization of foreign Exchange2. Devaluation

Increase of Cuts in spendingIndirect Taxes

Reduction in Govt Expenditure

Cut on Social Sector

Cut on Education

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Sectors where Globalisation/Economic Reforms entered

1. Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of Higher education,Internationalization of education

2. Linguistic, cultural & ideology convergence-Emergence of Foreign language centers,international brands promotion etc.

3. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex CitiBank etc

4. Communication & Information Technology sector- Private Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer , internet etc.

5. International movement of people-Liberal policy in Passport issues,visa etc.

6. Business sector-World system of signs & images & brands

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Countries –Failure 1. Zaire-Africa2. Mali-Africa3. Nigeria-Africa4. Niger-Africa5. Sierra-Africa6. Leone-Africa7. Zambia Africa8. Peru-South America9. Madagascar-Africa10. Bolivia-South America11. Ethiopia-Africa12. Mauritina -Africa

Countries-successful1. Korea-Asia2. Hongkong-Asia3. Singapore-Asia4. Malaysia-Asia5. China-Asia6. Thailand-Asia7. Indonesia-Asia

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Asian Countries which are Globalising

1. India

2. Bangladesh

3. Philippines

4. Pakisthan

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Impact on Education sector- World Experiences

Failures afterGlobalization1. Reduced

attendance in the School

2. Fees introduced at Primary level

3. Skilled manpower migration(Brain Drain)

4. High opportunity cost

Success after Globalization

1. Income increased2. Resources from

other sources increased

3. Rise in human development

4. High Domestic savings. (25% in Education)

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Changes in the system of Education in India Conventional

System(Usual)1. Welfare Approach2. Public Higher

Education3. Public Financing4. Private: State

Financed Institutions.5. Private: Government

Recognised Institutions

6. Private: Degree awarding Institutions

Emerging System1. Market Approach2. Mixed and Private

Higher Education3. Private Financing4. Private: Self Financing

Institutions5. Private Institutions

requiring no Government recognition

6. Private: Non-Degree (Diploma/ Certificate) awarding Institutions

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Contd..

• Conventional System(Usual)

7. Private: Philanthropy and educational Considerations

8. No Fees9. Low Levels of Fees10. No Student Loans11. Commercially

Ineffective Loan Programmes -- no security

12. High default rates 

• Emerging System7. Private: commercial

motives; profit motives

8. Introduction of Fees9. High Levels of Fees10.Introduction of

Student Loan Programmes

11.Effective/Commercially Viable Loan Programmes: security/mortgage

12.Expected high recovery rates

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Contd..14.Emergence of

many Academic Disciplines

15.Emphasis on lifelong Education

16.Increasing pressure on Role of the Heads of Institutions on ethics and accountability

14. Self-Financing/Commercially viable/profitable disciplines of study

15. Open/Distance/Part-Time Education

16.Academic leadership , Money Management; and in Resource Generation

The paradigm shift in school education- Tension points to schools

• Hybridization focusing on –• the content and process of education • system of evaluation of the outcomes of

learning through moderation• standardization, and certification.• knowledge-divide, • social divide, and • an urban-rural divide

The GATS gateway

• The emergence of GATS has opened yet another threshold for global competition and partnership

The Globetrotters

• global level school education providers• (like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian school educational

system, and the German mode) designing an updated educational edifice

• already designed and entered to cater to the local Indian educational requirements

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Specific Tension points to school system

1. Mismatch between Global needs and local production2. Traditional set ups and demand for modernity3. Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunity and

facing the competition4. Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow

progress in Teacher/principals up gradation Of know--5. Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the

demand of education

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Contd..

6. Demand for new skills,

7. Demand for new knowledge,

8. Demand for new emotional strength

10. Change in the demand in employment global demands for global education

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Demands -Skill Level Changes

Unskilled

60%

Skilled

20%

Professional

20%

Skilled

65%

Unskilled

15%

Professional

20%

1970 2007

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Present education scenario of India

1.1. 4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage,4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage,

2.2. 8% in higher education8% in higher education

3.3. degree which may not be very relevant in today'sdegree which may not be very relevant in today's

4.4. context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates..all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates..

5.5. Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering, Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering, I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.

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Current employment situationCurrent employment situation

• Of all new employment generated, Of all new employment generated, 1% are Government jobs, 1% are Government jobs,

• 2% are in the ‘organized sector’ and 2% are in the ‘organized sector’ and the balance the balance

• 97% in the' unorganized sector’97% in the' unorganized sector’

we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise

• I.T. & Software India's present share is about 3%.

• For rapid economic growth and employment generation we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise and make it world class.

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India's internal problems India's internal problems

• 71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age. 71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age.

• 2. 29 million people are born every year,2. 29 million people are born every year,

• 3. 94% drop out rate of children between3. 94% drop out rate of children between kindergarten and 10+2kindergarten and 10+2• www.wakeupcall.orgwww.wakeupcall.org

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India as the world seeIndia as the world see• Powered with more Young population• English Language power• Moving from identity of Snake charmers to

mouse movers• World leaders acknowledges India’s rise ---

visits from leaders and officials from the United States, France, Germany and Russia have spotlighted.

• wealthier nations see India as trading partner with enormous potential-

• Graduates of the nation’s business programs are in Graduates of the nation’s business programs are in high demand among multinational corporations,high demand among multinational corporations,

• Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country. Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country.

• This is comparable to graduates of top American This is comparable to graduates of top American business schools such as Harvard, Stanfordbusiness schools such as Harvard, Stanford

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Future agendaFuture agenda or Goals for school education or Goals for school education

Improving Secondary Education in Improving Secondary Education in India : Finding Complementarities India : Finding Complementarities

with International Standardswith International Standards

1. Prepare younger generation with new knowledge,

2. renewed skills for understanding technical know- how,

3. sharpening competencies necessary for human and economic development

4. Redesigning methodology of educational teaching process,

5.5. Balancing Vocational and Academic Balancing Vocational and Academic Education- Education-

6.6. Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills- Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills-

7.7. Designing Systems for Mass or Selective Designing Systems for Mass or Selective Education· Education·

8.8. Building Better Curriculum ModelsBuilding Better Curriculum Models

9. Designing integrated and interdisciplinary courses

10. Terminal education to lifelong learning11. Information-based learning systems to

application knowledge12. learning to analysis and synthesis13. Memorisation to critical thinking14. Learning things just in case they may be useful

to a time learning system that promotes

16. A directive based system to an initiative based system

17. A highly centralized system to a devolving system

18. Supply driven vocational courses to demand-oriented courses

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Impart education suits Jobs for the 21st Century

Funding to initiate or expand activities that help meet the goals of the new Jobs for the 21st Century initiative by ensuring that all students are prepared to succeed in postsecondary education and the workforce.

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Skills oriented education for 21st Century Workforce

Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects Development of Multiple intelligence

Critical Thinking: Creative Thinking Decision-Making Problem Solving Interpersonal Relationship Effective Communication Coping with Emotions Coping with Stress Self-Awareness Empathy high value on

Verbal & written communications Math Computer expertise

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Need for vocational education

• While 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35 years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a

trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education• & training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules,• we in India have only identified about 97 courses• after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2% of the

population goes for formal VET training!

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Plan to face WTO.

• New technologies for anytime, anywhere learning.. • Focus on the consumer Education which is a means

to a livelihood. • Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the

future needs of the industrial and service sectors.• Higher education institutions must engage with

industry.

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Revise school syllabus

all school examination boards should revise their syllabus to test research, analysis, memory, comprehension and expression capabilities of students.

• There is urgent need to develop innovative There is urgent need to develop innovative curricula, curricula,

• Most foreign boards provide flexibility in Most foreign boards provide flexibility in curriculum through wide range of subjectscurriculum through wide range of subjects

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modern teaching methodsmodern teaching methods

• practice modern teaching methods, andpractice modern teaching methods, and• generate competitive academic culture for generate competitive academic culture for

which an enabling framework of governance is which an enabling framework of governance is needed. needed.

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Modern evaluation methodsModern evaluation methods

• Student friendly evaluation Student friendly evaluation

• open choice frame workopen choice frame work

• Move beyond the textbooks syndromeMove beyond the textbooks syndrome