Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia...
Transcript of Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia...
![Page 1: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites:
Communication media, leisure and cultural practices
Alula Pankhurst
Presentation to 20th ICES
Mekele
![Page 2: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
– Globalisation & communication media • TV and Satellite TV • Radio and mobile phones • Internet and social media
– Globalisation, music and leisure • Music • Leisure activities
– Globalisation and cultural practices • Clothing, hairstyles, jewelry and fashion • Food and diet • Drink, smoking, chat, and shisha
– Conclusions
![Page 3: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Yetmen: East Gojjam
Aze Debo'a: Kembata
Sirba: East Shewa
Harresaw: East Tigray
SNNP Oromia Amhara Tigray
![Page 4: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TV and Satellite TV: nationwide and local rapid recent change
• 2008 only 1 private provider: EBS from US, – Silver Springs, Maryland Amharic (16% of market)
• 2016 4 new; all from Nile Sat Egyptian. In our sites – Kana TV, (Dubai)
• Indian and Turkish soaps dubbed in Amharic (34% of market)
– JTV, (US Phoenix Arizona)
• (Yosef Gebre alias Yossi formerly at EBS (10% of market)
• Spiritual channels (25 listed in Wikipedia) – Presence TV (Aze Debo)
![Page 5: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electric transformation and TV and Satellite TV
• Electricity brought the world visually into the communities with rapid increase over the past 4 years
• In the centre of all 4 communities by WIDE3 (2010-13); earlier in Sirba from 2005.
• All sites some rural “extension” of lines from urban central parts.
• TVs in Cafes and bars, very few private TV and even less satellites at time of WIDE3
![Page 6: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TV and Satellite TV: Location, wealth and gender differences
• Urban/rural divide – Rural radio vs urban TV + satellite in bars, cafes.
• Wealth – Very rich households satellite TV dishes,
– Arab-sat, Nile Sat. Still very few in all sites.
• Gender – Young men able to watch in bars and cafes,
and go to town to watch football (Sirba, Aze Debo)
– Some Young women go to neighbours’ or relatives’ houses at weekends and holidays (Harresaw)
![Page 7: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is accessible and who watches what?
• Local/ National – Ethiopian national EBC and regional by site
• Satellite international – EBS and JTV (all 4 sites) – Kana (3 sites, in Harresaw women migrants in towns); – Eritrean TV in Harresaw
• Sports channels: young men, football – DSTV Champions and Premier League
• Sirba and Aze Debo, Yetmen on local TV
– Wrestling in Harresaw (2012).
•
• Religious (Protestant Spiritual) – 2 sites Aze Debo and Sirba.
• Presence TV, Prophet Eyu Chufa
![Page 8: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Preferences: youth entertainment young women dramas, young men sports
• TV mainly youth for entertainment:
– music videos; drama, comedy shows.
• Urban youth dramas, rural and elderly more news (Yetmen)
• Young men sport football, wrestling (Harresaw)
• Young women prefer Kana and EBS dramas (Yetmen, Sirba)
• Youth not interested in government and political programmes.
• During period of political instability more watching of news (Yetmen and Harresaw)
• Some youth prefer spiritual channels (Aze Debo)
![Page 9: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kana and spiritual TV controversies
• Some men concern Kana distracting students, affecting
women’s domestic work, and children’s behaviour. – Sirba “children watching, people complaining”; “dangerous
habit for children” “creating dependency”,
– “entering sexual relations earlier” “young men seducing girls > unplanned pregnancies (HEW 6 girls 4-9 grade).
• Some young women in Yetmen disagreed, – watch selectively, no other entertainment, no ‘abnormal
behaviour’.
• Spiritual. Church leaders and elderly (False prophets bring down fire from sky, Aze Debo).
![Page 10: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Radio: mobile FM transformation
• Rural elderly • Among Young – FM Radio on mobile music and entertainment, Switch between channels to listen to music • Urban/rural divide.
– Rural radio/urban TV (Yetmen). TV preferred as “visual” (Sirba) – In town no longer use radios, in rural still rely on them for news. Poorer as
well as rural in Sirba radio. Some at school (Sirba).
• Gender divide: – More young men than women as fewer have mobiles
• Generation: – Older generation VoA and Deutsche Welle (Harresaw and Yetmen – during
uprising everyone about politics but jammed).
• Regional and national. – Aze Debo Debub FM, and Kambata programme from Durame. – Harresaw: Young women listen to ‘modern’ music and also non Tigrayan and
news. Information on health and child feeding, farming…
![Page 11: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mobile phones access widespread: Wealth, gender, education, migration and
smartphones
• Mobile phone access now widespread. – One per household, some poor still have none (Harresaw).
• Gender: more young men than young women
– Few women wealthy households have their own (Sirba)
• Education
More educated sent texts & internet til banned (Aze Debo)
• Smartphones and touch screens status symbol
– Returnees from Arab countries all have (Harresaw) – Richer and some youth Samsung and Techno (Aze Debo) – Diaspora from South Africa send to sibling (Aze Debo)
![Page 12: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mobile phones usage: communications, information, livelihoods, entertainment
Communication: “Make life easier and faster” • Contact relatives (notably emergencies, funerals) • Migrants, remittances, help (brokers and traffickers ransoms,
Information • Better informed about national and international news • Educational materials online (for school children)
Livelihoods • Business, trade, information on jobs, markets
Entertainment (very important for Youth) • listen to FM, music and videos. School children share music and videos. • Young men to flirt with girls (Yetmen).
![Page 13: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Internet and social media: Youth elites, migrants and recent uprisings
• Very much dependent on education
– young men and some migrant women
– high school students (Yetmen),
– Google & opera - clever students references -not common (Aze Debo)
– Sometimes going to town to use (Yetmen).
• Mainly Facebook among youth
• Messaging: Viber, Skype, Imo, Instagram, Whatsapp.
– pictures of prospective brides to South Africa (Aze Debo)
• Especially during uprising (Yetmen)
– When blocked went to town internet cafes (Aze Debo)
![Page 14: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Social media and facebook concerns
• Churches trying to prevent young people from spending too much time on social media (Aze Debo)
• “Unnecessary social media like facebook” (Sirba, rich farmer)
• Facebook “evil, devil”. (Medium wealth woman, Sirba).
– Unease about posts by Jawar Mohammed, “does not feel good when youth talk about his posts”.
– “Social media prevent youth from raising questions to government directly and clearly”
– Expressed relief when service blocked
![Page 15: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Entertainment: Music and videos, regional, urban and national interests
• Music from FM radio to mobile phones; video clips on memory sticks, downloaded and shared on mobiles.
• More access young men than women and better off.
“Young men addicted to music” (Yetmen)
• National and/or regional music. Not much interest in foreign music.
• Site differences (Sirba Oromo singers)
• Linking with and emulating urban areas. “Can entertain themselves like young people in towns and cities”.
![Page 16: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Youth Leisure activities: Gendered and limited opportunities
• Highly gendered, with more freedom and options for young men • But evidence of interactions in school, churches and the community
• Young men – billiards, table football, (Yetmen concern too many, gambling). – Sport: Football and volleyball students (Yetmen, Aze Debo - for money), – Drinking tea/coffee in bars, tella and bottled beer in bars and some smoking
• Young women – do not go to bars, sit with friends; join coffee ceremonies, mehabers
(Harresaw), – meet friends, relatives, go to church (Yetmen), – Parental restrictions on girls going out, seeing TV, some harassment (Sirba)
• Limited facilities for young people, especially young women – especially out of and after school > concern, gambling and drinking, – Aze Debo summer football for boys, kebele youth officers training, and girls
and NGO World Vision sport outfits but not distributed.
![Page 18: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Clothing: global urban youth culture and local cultural/religious ‘revival’
• Clothing styles mediated by urban ways, migrants and availability (less TV etc)
• Western/urban clothing becoming common, wedding tights suits (Aze Debo)
• But also traditional ‘revival’.
– Yetmen: Orthodox young men, cotton shawls with biblical sayings
– Sirba: Oromo cultural clothes, revival or reinvention.
– Harresaw: women wedding, fusion traditional + modern styles.
![Page 19: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Clothing: differentials and gender
• Wealth and migration; migrants dress better, new styles and more ostentatiously.
• Young men: tight skinny (Chinese) jeans, faded, ripped, (Yetmen) without belt sagging style, imitating TV actors, (Harresaw), T-shirts, pyjamas (Sirba); influence of urban styles, migrants and from videos (Aze Debo).
• but also cultural (Yetmen cotton shawls +biblical sayings, Sirba, revival Oromo costumes),
• Young women: short skirts and trousers, scarves, underwear, influence of migrants,
– reaction from older generation in Harresaw and Sirba.
– In Harresaw only wear in town. Traditional costumes with more expensive materials, notably for weddings (Harresaw).
![Page 20: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hairstyles and jewellery; Urban and foreign influences, migrants and footballers
• Hairdressers for women and for men in urban parts – Harresaw many men’s barbers
• Young women:
– Traditional braiding but increasingly foreign influences: – straightening “shiny” or curling “freeze”, wigs, artificial hair & colouring, – hair dressers in the villages especially for weddings. – Migrants expensive jewellery
• Young men:
– copy urban styles and from TV (Yetmen) – Recent Football stars styles (Nani, Balatoni, Messi – Yetmen, Aze Debo). – Strong opposition to young men who colour their hair red and brown and
twist it , ring in ear (Harresaw).
•
![Page 22: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Food and diet: More variety and processed and imported food
• More vegetables,
– potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, (Yetmen).
• More Injera and wheat bread,
– Less barley porridge (Harresaw).
• More processed and imported food
– Pasta (macaroni), rice, (Harresaw)
• Many shops with imported food
![Page 23: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Drinking: Rise in bottled alcohol and perceived risks
• Increase in soft drink and especially beer.
• Drinking seen as linked to unemployment frustration failure in education and migration – Please ask Hailemariam to pay for our drink
as he is responsible for our unemployment (Harresaw)
• Potential adverse consequences: – disturb community by night (Harresaw)
– Influence teenagers to drink
– Young women with young men who drink and smoke and watch videos on mobile want to engage in sexual behaviour (Aze Debo).
![Page 24: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Smoking, chat and shisha: ‘deviant’
behaviour seen as linked to unemployment
• Seen as behaviour of youth who are ‘deviants” – Duriye “louts”; Fedala “day labourers”, youth “out of control” – Increase shisha water pipe, costly, bad for health (Sirba) – Previously in hiding or in town; church and family disapproval (Aze
Debo), some in tea/drink houses, woods, areqe houses at night
• Seen as related to unemployment, landlessness, loss of hope;
some blame government for unemployment.
• Consequence of sitting idle and drinking and smoking perceived as leading to gambling, cheating, thieving
![Page 25: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conclusions (1): technology as a midwife of rapid globalization?
• Technological changes rapidly and recently brought rural sites into the 21st Century gobalisated world,
– electricity, TV and satellite TV, mobile phones and social media
• Influences on consumption patterns,
– including food and drink, clothing fashions and hairstyles,
– some countervailing cultural and religious influences.
• Influences mediated by urbanisation, migration and market forces
• Blurred differences between rural areas and towns,
– entertainment, music etc with regional and national dimensions.
![Page 26: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conclusions (2): differential impacts – location and gender
• Within sites Urban/rural: Urbanised parts accessing TV, rural areas radio, mobile access may be reducing differences.
• Between sites: differences in global/urban influences.
– Sirba>Yetmen> Aze Debo > Harresaw
• gender:
• young men more access to mobiles TV, Satellite TV in public spaces and in towns;
• Restrictions on young women; differences in what they watch (drama v. sport)
![Page 27: Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sitesethiopiawide.net/wp-content/uploads/GlobalisationYouth_ICES20.pdf · Globalisation and youth in 4 WIDE Ethiopia sites: Communication](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ff5103651fd712a720526/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Conclusions (3): differential access, inequalities and generational divide
• Wealth: smart phones symbol;better status of migrants
• Education: texting, access to internet, social media.
• Generational what young people and old people listen to and watch (technology for leisure, entertainment music)
• Tensions between the generations
– clothing and hairstyles, consumptions habits, social media, especially where more present