Globalisation and Regional Studies for the 21st Century

8/3/2019 Globalisation and Regional Studies for the 21st Century

1/34

@GAHEGCTE]CAK EKM XN@CAKEG T]^MCNT IAX ]FN

85T]

DNK]^XS

Hnyakm `gaheg pcpngckns, gadeg huzz

Onykatn prnsnktetcak ta KAXTE 8:5:, tfn Dakinrnkdn ai tfn Karmcd Xn`cakeg Ttumcns

Essadcetcak

Mr Zeug Hnkknwartf,

Dnktnr iar Fc`fnr Nmudetcak Zagcdy Ttumcns (DFNZT),

^kcvnrscty ai ]wnktn,

tfn Kntfnrgekms.

p.hnkknwartfJutwnktn.kg
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/34

Zeug Hnkknwartf, Karmcd Xn`cakeg Ttumcns Essadcetcak Dakinrnkdn 8:5:

8

Daktnkts

@GAHEGCTE]CAK EKM XN@CAKEG T]^MCNT IAX ]FN 85T]DNK]^XS................................... 5

DAK]NK]T ........................................................................................................................................... 8

GCT] AI IC@^XNT .................................................................................................................................. 8

IAXNPAXM............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 4

]FN @GAHEG-GADEG DE]N@AXCTE]CAK ZXAHGNL ............. ............. .............. ............. ........... 9

EZZXAEDF2 HC@ U^NT]CAKT, TLEGG NVZNXCLNK]................ .............. ............. ............. ......... 0

T]NZ 52 FAP @GAHEGCTE]CAK DELN ]A XN@CAKEG T]^MCNT............ ............. ............. ....... 3

T]NZ 82 XN@CAKT ET GADEG-MCT]EK] DAKKND]AXT ............. ............. .............. ............. ....... 58

T]NZ 42 TGCZZNXS @GAHEG-XN@CAKEG FN^XCT]CDT........... ............. ............. ............. ............ 5=

T]NZ =2 ED]AX MALCKEKDN ET YEXCEHGN, KA] @CYNK........... ............. ............. ............. ..... 56

T]NZ >2 E T]XE]N@CD EKDFAXCK@ NVZNXCLNK]............. ............. ............. ............. .............. 85

T]NZ 92 ]APEXMT E ZXAYCTCAKEG DGETTCICDE]CAK............ ............. .............. ............. ....... 89

T]NZ 02 ]APEXMT E I^]^XN XNTNEXDF E@NKME............ ............. ............. ............. .............. 83

HCHGCA@XEZFS EKM XNINXNKDNT........... ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ... 48

Gcs t ai Ic`urns

IC@^XN 5@GAHEG-GADEG ET ZEX] AI E XN@CAKEG HXEKMCK@ NVNXDCTN. ................................................... =

IC@^XN 8ET]SGCTNM YNXTCAK AI @GAHEG-GADEG DAKKND]CAKT CK XN@CAKEG CKKAYE]CAK TST]NLT.............. 55

IC@^XN 4ET]SGCTNM YNXTCAK AI @GAHEG-GADEG AXCNK]E]CAKT CK E DAXZAXE]N CKKAYE]CAK TST]NL 5=

IC@^XN =]FN NLHNMMNMKNTT AI XN@CAKEG CKKAYE]CAK TST]NLT CK DAXZAXE]N CKKAYE]CAK TST]NLT........ 59

IC@^XN >CK]^C]CYNGS E]]XED]CYN @GAHEG-GADEG DG^T]NXT1 .............................................................. 56IC@^XN 9E@GAHEG KN]PAXO AI CK]NXDAKKND]NM ED]AXT...................................................................... 8:

IC@^XN 0XCTCLZXAYNLNK] DXNE]CK@ KNP ZA]NK]CEG @GAHEG GCKOE@NT.................................................. 85

IC@^XN 6EXDFN]SZNT AI XN@CAKEG CKKAYE]CAK TST]NL EDDAXMCK@ ]A DNK]XEGC]S ........................... 88

IC@^XN 3EXDFN]SZNT AI XN@CAKEG CKKAYE]CAK TST]NL EDDAXMCK@ ]A K^LHNXT AI FCK@NT .............. 84

IC@^XN 55]FN XNM U^NNK HXCK@CK@ EGCDN ]A ]FN GET] AI ]FN TNYNK T]NZT ....................................... 4:


3/34

@gahegcsetcak ekm rn`cakeg stumcns iar tfn 85stdnktury

4

@gahegcsetcak ekm rn`cakeg stumcns iar tfn 85stdnktury2

Hnyakm `gaheg pcpngckns, gadeg huzz

Ck tfcs pepnr tamey, C wekt ta rnvcsct tfn cssun ai `gahegcsetcak ck rn`cakeg stumcns, ekm

nxpgarn wfy eglast iarty yners eitnr urhek `na`repfnrs gcon Mevcm Fervny packtnm aut

tfn daksnqunkdns ai mndcscaks teonk ier ewey iar snnlck`gy ukdakkndtnm pgedns, tfn cssun

ai `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaks rnlecknm es ntfnrneg ekm sgcppnry es nvnr ck aur mcsdcpgckn. ]fcs

pepnr mrews ak waro C fevn hnnk ukmnrteock` ta`ntfnr wctf e daggneùn et DFNZT, Emrcn

Messnk, iar tfn Arèkcsetcak iar Ndakalcd Da-apnretcak ekm Mnvngaplnkt (ANDM) es

pert ai tfncr Xn`cakeg Ckkavetcak Ttretn`cns prabndts, ekm wfcdf fevn snperetngy hnnk

puhgcsfnm es Hnkknwartf & Messnk (8:5:) ekm Hnkknwartf (8:5:) rnspndtcvngy. C waugm

gcon ta edokawgnm`n tfn daktrchutcak ai Oernk Leùcrn & Dgecrn Keuwngenrs (hatf

ANDM) ck tfcs pradnss ekm tfn cmnes ck tfnsn warock` pepnrs. ]fn vcnws nxprnssnm ck

tfcs pepnr ern nxdguscvngy ekm pnrsakeggy tfasn ai tfn eutfar, ekm eky nrrars ar alcsscaks

rnleck fcs rnspakschcgcty.

IAXNPAXM

]fn latcvetcak iar tfcs pepnr cs twa-iagm. ]fn icrst cs tfn uhcquctaus ekm iukmelnkteg

rnda`kctcak ck ony predtctcaknr es wngg es ck edemnlcd dallukctcns tfet tfnrn cs sudf e

pfnkalnkak es `gahegcsetcak. Larnavnr, tfcs rnda`kctcak nkdalpessns tfn iedt tfet

`gahegcsetcak fes praiaukm daksnqunkdns iar wfet pnapgn, huscknssns ekm àvnrklnkts

ern ehgn ta eddalpgcsf ekm tfncr akàck` mnvngaplnkt. Hrcteck, tfn wargms iaurtf ger`nst

ndakaly, cs durrnktgy `nerck` ctsngi up iar swck`nck` duts ck puhgcd nxpnkmcturn, pertgy

aut ai e iner ai wfet tfn leronts lc`ft tfcko ai Hrctecks fc`f ck fcstarcd tnrls stetn

mnht ekm hum`nt mnicdct. ]fn dakstrudtcak ai tfcs `gahegcsnm kna-gchnreg leront hnfnlatf

fes hnnk madulnktnm et gnk`tf hy cts `rnetnst drctcds, sudf es Belcn Zndo ekm Emel]cdongg. Hut, knvnrtfngnss, tfn rnegcty rnlecks tfet tfn daktnlparery wargm cs

cktnrmnpnkmnkt, ekm ekyakn snnock` ta ukmnrstekm pgedns - eitnr egg, tfn fnert ai tfn

cktnggndtueg prabndt ukmnrgyck` rn`cakeg stumcns lust egsa ukmnrstekm faw tfnsn pgedns

rngetn ta edtars ngsnwfnrn tfet ckigunkdn ekm mntnrlckn tfncr appartukctcns, patnktcegs ekm

iuturn patnktcegs.


4/34


=

]fn sndakm latcvetcak iar tfcs pepnr wes e praiaukm mcssetcsiedtcak wctf tfn wey tfcs

`gahegcsetcak peremc`l fes mnegt wctf tfn qunstcak ai `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaksfcps. ]fcs

mcssetcsiedtcak cs pcqunm hy tfn iedt tfet e rek`n ai vcscakery wrctnrs fevn sontdfnm saln

clpartekt mclnkscaks ai `gaheg-gadeg, ar `gaheg-rn`cakeg, rngetcaks2 C usn tfn tnrl fnrn

tamey sykakylausgy2 tfn cktnggndtueg dfeggnk`n fes hnnk pasnm ck e tfnarntcdeggy

dalpnggck` wey. Ck pereggng wctf tfet, ludf cktnrnstck` nlpcrcdeg waro fes nxpgarnm faw

`gaheg rngetcaks clpedt ck pertcduger pgedns. Hnck` quctn gaw-tndfkaga`y hy ckdgcketcak, C

wratn tfn icrst mreit ai tfcs pepnr wctf e hegg-packt pnk iral Hreckpart Nckmfavnk, wfcdf

rnlckms ln ai cktrc`uck` waro makn ak tfn rn`cak ai Tautf Nest Hrehekt hy elak`st

atfnrs, ly inggaw pgnkery spneonr Erkaum Ge`nkmcbo.

Ic`urn 5 @gaheg-gadeg es pert ai e rn`cakeg hrekmck` nxnrdcsn.

]fnsn ekegysns tredn e dalpgnx `gaheg kntwaro, knstgck` ck tfn tnktedgns ai tfn Zfcgcps

darparetcak ekm cts spck-aiis ekm suppgcnrs, suppart iral tfn Mutdf Lckcstry ai Ndakalcd

Eiiecrs, Nckmfavnks ]ndfkcdeg ^kcvnrscty. Pctf gckos ta gnemck` Ignlcsf rnsnerdf

dnktrns ekm ukcvnrsctcns ck Igekmnrs ekm @nrleky, tfn rn`cak addupcns e dgnergy


5/34


>

prcvcgn`nm pgedns ck Mutdf ekm `gaheg tndfkaga`y kntwaros. Larnavnr, tfn pawnr ai tfcs

pgedn cs mnlakstretnm hy cts malckekt pasctcak ck tfn knwgy dakstrudtnm Nurapnek

tndfkaga`cdeg spedn es lekcinstnm tfrau`f tfn Okawgnm`n ekm Ckkavetcak Dallukctcns?

Nckmfavnk cs tfn akgy ]ndfkcdeg ^kcvnrscty tfet cs pertcdcpetck` ck egg tfrnn ai tfnsn

kntwaros.

Hut ck hntwnnk tfn dalpnggck` tfnary ai `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaks ekm ek errey ai mntecgnm

nlpcrcdeg ekm dalperetcvn stumcns, C hngcnvn tfet salntfck` cs lcssck`. Pfet cs lcssck`,

C daktnkm, cs e syktfntcd geynr hntwnnk tfnsn twa gnvngs, hucgmck` typaga`cns ekm autgckck`

gnem mykelcds hntwnnk tfn nlpcrcds ekm tfn tfnary. ]fnrn cs e knnm ta drnetn detnàrcns

ta gcko tfn desn stumcns ekm dakdnpts tfet egrnemy ehaukm. C el ckspcrnm ck ly tfckock`

fnrn hy tfn eutfar ai e pepnr wfa cs egsa e onykatn spneonr et tfcs dakinrnkdn. Ck 5339,

Ekkn Lerousnk wratn tfn pepnr Ttcdoy pgedns ck sgcppnry spedn wfcdf drnetnm e snt ai

detnàrcns ta ukmnrstekm faw pertcduger pgedns appartukctcns wctfck ek nre ai ignxchgn

pramudtcak wnrn mntnrlcknm hy tfncr pasctcaks ck wcmnr (`gaheg) pramudtcak kntwaros.

Pfet wes sa eutfarctetcvn ehaut tfcs pepnr wes tfet edfcnvnm tfn fagy `recg ai rn`cakeg

stumcns, ta mnlakstretn tfet rn`caks rneggy ma lettnr, hy mnlakstretck` tfet astnkschgy

sclcger ukmnrgyck` mnvngaplnkt pradnssns, (usck` Ttarpnrs pfresn rn`cakeg uktremnm

cktnrmnpnkmnkdcns) apnretnm ck quegctetcvngy mciinrnkt weys ck mciinrnkt ockms ai pgedns.

Ci wn ern kaw ck ek nre ck wfcdf tnrrctarceg mnvngaplnkt cs mrcvnk hy ckkavetcak, tfnkukmnrstekmck` tfnsn tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak pradnssns egsa rnqucrns ukmnrstekmck` kat akgy

ckkavetcak pradnssns, hut egsa tfn rn`cakeg daktnxts ekm mykelcds ai tfasn pgedns. Faw

ma Laugenrt & Tnoces tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak lamngs iukdtcak ck mciinrnkt ockms ai pgedns1

Pfet C erùn cs tfn last prnssck` knxt stnp iar tfn mnvngaplnkt ai rn`cakeg stumcns cs tfn

mnvngaplnkt ai e dalperehgn detnàrcsetcak ai pgedns hesnm ak tfn weys ck wfcdf

ckkavetcak cs ckigunkdnm hy pgedn-spndcicd vercetcaks ck `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaksfcps. ]fn

pradnssns hy wfcdf ckkavetcak cs spetceggy mcstrchutnm ekm drnetns mciinrnkt appartukctcnsiar ndakalcd ekm sadceg wngghnck` ern wngg-ukmnrstaam. ]fnrn cs gconwcsn e àam

ukmnrstekmck` ai tfn fcnrerdfcns ai pgedn tfet ckmudtcvngy snnl ta nlnr`n iral tfcs

sctuetcak (n.`. Snuk`, 8:::), wfcdf mrew ak tnrrctarcegcsnm rnemck`s ai tfn pramudt dydgn,

ar wctf e kam ta ly inggaw onykatn, ta tfn `na`repfcns ai praict dydgns (Lerousnk, 5360),

wctf e fckt ai wargm-dctcns tfckock` ta spcdn ct up (Tessnk, 5335).


6/34


9

Hut wfet tfnrn cs kat cs ek ukmnrstekmck` ai tfn rngetcaksfcps hntwnnk edtars ck mciinrnkt

pgedns? tfnrn cs tfn pegn clctetcak ai e fcnrerdfy, iral wfcdf rngetcaksfcps dek hn ckinrrnm

retfnr tfek mcrndtgy ahsnrvnm. ]fnsn fcnrerdfcns dek hn rnèrmnm es nxcstck` wctfck

kntwaro tapaga`cns dakstctutnm hy rngetcaksfcps hntwnnk pgedns ekm edtars? tfnsn kntwaro

tapaga`cns eiiarm saln edtars larn ar gnss pawnr, ekm ckigunkdn ckmustrceg ekm ndakalcd

mykelcds, ekm ern tfn daktnxt wctfck wfcdf rn`cakeg ndakalcd pagcdy cs clpgnlnktnm.

]fn knxt stnp cs ta hn ludf larn nxpgcdct ehaut tfn mciinrnkt ockms ai rn`cak wctfck tfnsn

`gaheg kntwaros, ekm tfncr veryck` depedctcns iar ekm snksctcvctcns ta tnrrctarceg ndakalcd

mnvngaplnkt.

]FN @GAHEG-GADEG DE]N@AXCTE]CAK ZXAHGNL

]a try ta hrck` saln dgercty ta tfcs sctuetcak, ct cs ly ecl ck fcs pepnr tamey ta waro

tawerms mnvngapck` e snt ai `gaheg-gadeg mnvngaplnkt detnàrcns iar rn`caks. C turk ta

kntwaro tfnary, ekm ta tfn cmne tfet ck tfn `gaheg okawgnm`n ndakaly, e gclctck` suddnss

iedtar cs dakkndtcvcty ta `gaheg kntwaros wfcdf pravcmn eddnss ta ndakalcd rnsaurdns

kndnssery ta sndurn praspnrcty. Yercaus typns ai rn`caks fevn mciinrnkt ockms ai

dakkndtcvcty. ]fcs dakkndtcvcty cs ck pert mnrcvnm iral tfn ockms ai essnts tfet fevn, sudf

es icrls, dgustnrs, ukcvnrsctcns ekm rnsnerdf geharetarcns. Hut rn`caks ern egsa eiindtnm hy

tfn mykelcds ai tfn pertcduger kntwaros hy wfcdf tfasn essnts ern dakkndtnm ta tfn wcmnr`gaheg ndakaly, ck tnrls ai tfn pasctcak ai tfn gadeg edtars ck tfn wcmnr `gaheg fcnrerdfy.

]fnsn dakkndtcaks ley hn wctfck fcnrerdfcdeg suhdaktredt rngetcaksfcps, puttck` aut

systnls, dgasnm cktnggndtueg prapnrty vegarcsetcak ar apnk lamngs ai ckkavetcak.

]fcs pepnr trcns ta teon e icrst stnp ak tfet baurkny hy mnegck` wctf tfn icrst twa cssuns,

kelngy tfn rngetcaksfcp hntwnnk tfnsn `gaheg-gadeg fck`n ckstctutcaks ekm tfn avnregg

rn`cakeg strudturn.

Faw mans tfn keturn ai tfnsn fck`ns eiindt appartukctcns iar rn`cakeg ndakalcd

mnvngaplnkt, ekm faw dek hn hn`ck ta detnàrcsn tfn mykelcds ai vercaus typns ai

rn`cakeg systnls ck e `gaheg/ gadeg pnrspndtcvn1

]fcs cs dgnergy e prcar stnp ta nxpgarck` ekm detnàrcsck` rn`caks ak tfn hescs ai tfn

mykelcds ai tfn kntwaros ta wfcdf tfny ern ettedfnm ]fcs iarls tfn hescs iar tfn


7/34


0

avnrerdfck` dfeggnk`n tfrawk mawk ck tfcs pepnr. ]fn vcscak cs iar e knw vnrscak ai

rn`cakeg stumcns, tfet fes daln ta tnrls wctf tfn mykelcds ai `gaheg/ gadeg rngetcaksfcps

hy systnletcdeggy ekegysck` tfnsn tfrnn gnvngs ar pfesns, vcz. cktnrkeg rn`cakeg

dakkndtcvcty, rn`cakeg/ `gaheg fck`ns, ekm tfn mykelcds ai `gaheg pramudtcak kntwaros.

EZZXAEDF2 HC@ U^NT]CAKT, TLEGG NVZNXCLNK]

]a edfcnvn tfcs, tfcs pepnr ettnlpts ta leon e kulhnr ai snqunktceg packts. ]fn stertck`

packt cs ta nstehgcsf tfn nxcstnkdn ai tfn èp ck tfn gctnreturn hy gaaock` et pest trnetlnkts

ai `gahegcsetcak ck rn`cakeg stumcns. Ck tfn hnst Lerxcek tremctcaks, C usn e tfrnn-ste`n

pnrcamcsetcak ai tfrnn snqunktceg peremc`ls, cktnrketcakegcsetcak, `gadegcsetcak, Nrco

Twk`nmauws nxtrnlngy usniug dakdnpt wfcdf nlnr`nm et tfn tcln ai tfn Nurapnek

Tck`gn Leront Zrabndt, ekm Feregm Hetfngts cmne ai `gaheg pcpngckns, gadeg huzz.

Ck tfn sndakm stnp, C erùn tfet tfn daktnlparery gctnreturn fes e lcssck` lcmmgn,

hntwnnk `gaheg pramudtcak kntwaros, tndfkaga`cdeg ckkavetcak systnls ekm rn`cakeg

ckkavetcak systnls. Pfet cs kat tfnarcsnm cs tfn ragn ai tfn rn`cak es ek cktnriedn, ekm

ckmnnm, tfnrn cs e `rawck` dfarus ai vacdns ck tfn gctnreturn mnlekmck` larn ettnktcak hn

pecm ta tfnsn cssuns, wctfaut kndnssercgy dalck` dgasnr ta rnsagvck` tfnl, hut dnrteckgy

mnlakstretck` tfn cktredtehcgcty ekm kak-trcvcegcty ai tfn cssun.

C tfnk erùn, ck ly tfcrm stnp, tfet tfcs kak-trcvcegcty cs e daksnqunkdn ai tfcs cssun

nkdauktnrck` tfn Lerousnk drctnrcak (iral fnr 5333 pepnr), e sgcppnrcknss hntwnnk

tfnarntcdeg dakstrudts ekm nlpcrcdeg mete. Pfcgst ct cs passchgn ta dalhckn `gaheg ekm

gadeg mykelcds wctfck e sck`gn fnurcstcd, ck armnr iar tfet fnurcstcd ta iukdtcak, ct lust hn

mndcmnm nx ektn wfntfnr tfn `gaheg ar gadeg mclnkscak cs malckekt. ]fcs e prcarc

mntnrlcketcak tfnk deusns tfn lamng ta daggepsn ta nctfnr e rn`cakeg ar tndfkaga`cdeg

ckkavetcak systnl eppraedf, gasck` prndcsngy tfn cktnrpgey hntwnnk tfn twa wfcdf C erùn

cs kndnssery. ]fcs ruks tfn rcso ai mnieugtck` ta e Feppy Ielcgcns stary (ar cts larn

pnssclcstcd egtnrketcvn, Tem Mcvardns) ck wfcdf suddnss ar iecgurn cs nxpgecknm ck e

prcarcekm fc`fgy sngndtcvn tnrls ai mykelcd gadegctcns ar crrnscstchgn `gaheg iardns retfnr

tfek ek e pastnrcarcnlpcrcdeg ekegyscs ai `gaheg-gadeg mykelcds.


8/34


6

]fcs gnems ta tfn iaurtf stnp ck tfn erùlnkt, wfcdf cs ta erùn tfet tfn usn ai

detnàrcsetcak ai rn`caks eggaws tfcs cssun ta hn nxpgcdctgy emmrnssnm, nvnk ci ct cs kat

passchgn ta mndcscvngy rnsagvn tfcs cssun. ]fn twa pnrspndtcvns, `gaheggy-malckekt iardns

ekm gadeggy-eutakalaus edtars, dek hn rnèrmnm es spndcicd lekcinstetcaks ai e rnegcty ck

wfcdf mciinrnkt ockms ai edtars ern malckekt ar fevn pawnr ck mciinrnkt ockms ai

sctuetcaks. E rn`cakeg detnàrcsetcak sfaugm tfnrniarn snno ta rnigndt tfn ockms ai

dcrdulstekdn wfnk pertcduger edtars ley fevn sc`kcicdekt e`nkdy. Mnvngapck` e snt ai

detnàrcns hntwnnk dakdnpts ekm desn stumcns tfnrniarn eggaws tfnsn mciinrnkt strekms ta

hn wavnk ta`ntfnr ta nxpgarn faw `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaks ckigunkdn tfn mykelcds ai

rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt aur prainssnm ahbndt ai stumy, eitnr egg ck e trugy lugtc-sdeger

pnrspndtcvn.

]fn icitf stnp cs aiinrck` e tfau`ft nxpnrclnkt, ta try ta ukmnrstekm ck e fc`fgy sclpgcicnm

ekm stygcsnm wey, e icrst dut vcnw ai `gaheg-rn`cakeg dakkndtcvcty ck tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak

lamngs. ]eock` e vnry sclpgcicnm vnrscak ai e rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnl, tfn pepnr

dakscmnrs mciinrnkt ockms ai rn`caks ck tnrls ai tfncr `gaheg arcnktetcaks, tfn ockms ai

cktnrvnktcaks ekm mnvngaplnkts ta wfcdf tfny ern last snksctcvn, ekm ta wfcdf tfny

rnspakm last pasctcvngy. Ck sfart, ct cs ta try ta detnàrcsn rn`caks eddarmck` ta wfcdf

emmctcakeg gckoe`n ar kntwaro daugm clpravn tfncr dakkndtcvcty, `cvnk tfncr nxcstck`

pettnrks ai edtars ekm tfncrprn-nxcstck` dakkndtcvcty.

]fn scxtf stnp cs ta usn tfn rnsugts ai tfcs nxpnrclnkt ta stygcsn iaur dgessns ai rn`caks ck

tnrls ai tfncr snksctcvcty ekm rnedtcvcty ta tfn iardns ai gahegcsetcak. ]fcs cs hy ka lneks

e dnrteck ai stehgn detnàrcsetcak, hut su``nsts et gnest tfn passchcgcty ai mnvngapck`

detnàrcns wctfck wfcdf ta ireln rn`cakeg stumcns ck e `gaheg gadeg pnrspndtcvn. ]fn

tektegcsck` passchcgctcns tfet tfcs recsns gnem ta tfn snvnktf ekm ickeg stnp, wfcdf cs ta erùn

iar e iuturn rnsnerdf e`nkme hesnm ak rndgeclck` tfn lcssck` lcmmgn ai `gaheg-gadeg

rngetcaks ck rn`cakeg stumcns, ekm ertcdugetck` dgnergy faw ekm wfy rn`caks lettnr ck ekckdrnesck`gy `gahegcsnm okawgnm`n ndakaly.


9/34


3

T]NZ 52 FAP @GAHEGCTE]CAK DELN ]A XN@CAKEG

T]^MCNT

Ly icrst daktnktcak cs tfet tfn ektndnmnkt gctnreturn fes hnnk sgawgy eppraedfck` tfn cssun

ai `gaheg/ gadeg rngetcaksfcps, hut tfn trcdoy keturn ai tfet prahgnl fevn nk`nkmnrnm e

pertcduger pettnrk ai edtcvcty ck wfcdf rnsnerdf fes mnlakstretnm tfn nxcstnkdn ai tfn

`gaheg-gadeg knxus, erùnm tfet tfcs recsns prahgnls ck rn`cakeg stumcns ekm deggnm iar

larn rnsnerdf ck tfcs icngm. Pfet fes kat teonk pgedn cs e iadus ak tfn qunstcak ai faw

tfn rn`cak iukdtcaks es e spedn ai dakkndtcaks hntwnnk prclercgy rn`cakeg ekm `gaheg

pradnssns, ck mcstckdtcvn weys ck mciinrnkt ockms ai rn`caks. Ak saln gnvng tfnrn cs ek

eddnptekdn tfet tfnsn kntwaro cktnredtcaks hntwnnk gadeg ekm `gaheg kntwaros ckigunkdn

tfn mykelcds ekm strudturns ai hatf tfn `gaheg es wngg es tfn gadeg kntwaros. Fawnvnr,

tfcs fes kat gnm ta e iadus ak tfn nvagvck` MKE-gcon mykelcd ai rn`cakeg ekm `gaheg

kntwaros.

Ck tfn icrst wevn ai `gahegcsetcak gctnreturn, tfn sdapn ai rn`cakeg ckmustrceg ekm ndakalcd

rnsnerdf hnèk ta nxpekm cts purvcnw hnyakm tfn cmne ai tfn rn`cak es e tnrrctary

nlhnmmnm wctfck ketcakeg spedn ndakalcns (Faggekm, 5309). Fervny tcnm tfcs pradnss ai

`gahegcsetcak ta tfn acg drcsns ai tfn nergy 530:s, wfcdf ocdonm aii tfn nxpekscak ai

eutakalaus ickekdceg leronts e``rnsscvngy snnock` aut tfn hnst rnturks iar tfncrckvnstlnkts, tfn sa-deggnm pntramaggers leronts (5364). Et tfn seln tcln, tfcs trc `nrnm

e mnnp ckmustrceg drcscs wfcdf ukmnrlcknm darparetcsl et tfn gnvng ai tfn ketcak stetn,

trc``nrck` e hraemnr sfcit iral tfn Iarmcst Pngiern Ttetn tawerms tfn cmne ai tfn past-

Iarmcst, ignxchgn waroiedn stetn (Elck, 533=? Fervny, 5363? Zndo & ]cdongg, 8::8). ]fcs

wevn ai gctnreturn wes prclercgy dakdnrknm wctf e mcsdaursn erùck` iar tfn clpedts ai

tfn daggepsn ai ketcakeg systnls ai ndakalcd rnùgetcak ekm tfn nlnr`nkdn ai e knw

cktnrketcakeg mcvcscaks ai gehaur, ck pereggng wctf nktrnprnknurceg (suppgy-scmnm)

mcsdaursns ai pgedn mnvngaplnkt ekm tfn dfeggnk`ns ai da-armcketck` lugtc-ketcakeg

pramudtcak (Fervny, 536>). ]fcs pnrspndtcvn wes strak`gy raatnm ck strudturegcst

aktaga`cns, ck wfcdf rn`caks wnrn pawnrgnss ck tfn iedn ai `gaheg iardns mrcvnk hy tfn

crrnscstchgn nk`ckn ai depctegcst mnvngaplnkt (Larèk & Teynr, 5360). Egtfau`f tfcs

strekm ai tfckock` wes kat kndnssercgy clpartekt ck daktnlpareknaus rn`cakeg stumcns, tfn


10/34


5:

taags ct aiinrnm tfrau`f ignxchcgcsetcak dakdnpts lemn tfcs tfckock` retfnr clpartekt eitnr

tfn nvnkt.

Ci tfn icrst wevn daugm hn detnàrcsnm es strudturegcst, tfn sndakm wevn ai `gahegcsetcak

gctnreturn daugm hn rnèrmnm es iadusck` ak prclercgy nkma`nkaus vercehgns. ]eock` ctsdun iral tfn cmne ai ignxchcgcsetcak aiinrnm ck tfn sfcit iral Iarmcst ta past-Iarmcst iarls

ai rnùgetcak, nlpfescs sfcitnm ta ukmnrstekmck` faw rn`caks daugm lahcgcsn tfncr

nkma`nkaus depedctcns ta lexclcsn tfn hnknicts tfny rndncvnm iral tfnsn ckvnstlnkts

apnretck` ck `gaheg leront-pgedns (Zcarn & Tehng, 536=? Laugenrt & Twyk`nmauw,

5335). Ludf ai wfet wn kaw tfcko ai es knw rn`cakegcsl wes strak`gy ckspcrnm hy tfcs

tfckock` ekm sew ek ekega`y hntwnnk tfn ignxchgn pramudtcak systnls ai gnemck`

dalpekcns sudf es Hnknttak ekm tfn rn`cak es e ignxchgn pramudtcak spedn. Ludf ai tfn

tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak lamngs raatnm ck knw rn`cakegcsl wnrn strak`gy raatnm ck tfn vcnw

ai tfn rn`cak es e dakkndtcak ai gadeg essnts, ekm sew ck gadeg kntwaro tfn patnktceg ekm

appartukctcns iar rn`caks ta ckigunkdn tfncr awk mnstckcns ck tfn iedn ai pawnriug `gaheg

iardns (Larèk nt eg., 5330).

]fn prahgnls wctf tfcs eppraedf wnrn suddckdtgy sullercsnm hy Daaon (8::>) wfa

dacknm tfn pfresn tfn spetceg nkvngapn ta mnsdrchn tfncr sfartdalck`s. Fn fc`fgc`ftnm

tfn ckdgcketcak iar rn`cakeg ekegysns ta iadus systnletcdeggy ak tfn rn`cak, ekm ta akgy

sngndtcvngy nxpgarn faw nxtre-rn`cakeg vercehgns sfepnm ckmustrceg mykelcds. Akn daugm

knvnr hn surn ai wfnrn tfn e`nkdy gey ck rn`cakeg ckkavetcak lamngs. ]fn spetceg

nkvngapn wes e spndcicd nxelpgn ai tfn prahgnls wfcdf Lerousnk wes getnr ta fc`fgc`ft

ck fnr drctcqun ai iuzzy tfckock`, ekm tfn mnlekm iar nlpcrcdeg rcàur hndeusn ai tfn

kndnssery sngndtcvcty ck tfn ckdguscak ai `gaheg iedtars. Es e daksnqunkdn, tfcs sndakm

wevn ai rn`caks ck tfn `gaheg ndakaly mudonm tfn cssun ai `gaheg gadeg rngetcaks, nctfnr

ckdgumck` tfnl vnry sngndtcvngy ar leock` tfnl eppner es crrnscstehgn iardns ekm

hedo`raukm vercehgns eèckst wfcdf rn`caks wnrn pawnrgnss, gnemck` ta retfnr mnus nxledfcke nxpgeketcaks ai rn`cakeg pradnssns.

]fn tfcrm wevn ai gctnreturn deln ck ek ettnlpt ta hn larn spndcicd ehaut faw `gaheg

kntwaros clpedtnm ak rn`cakeg systnls, hy iadusck` ak tfn da-armcketck` edtars wctfck

rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls. Daaon lemn fnrn e usniug dakdnptueg mcstckdtcak hntwnnk


11/34


55

okawgnm`n-pramudck` ekm okawgnm`n nxpgactck` suh-systnls wfcdf nedf daktecknm

edtars wctfck e rn`cak wfa wnrn knvnrtfngnss nlhnmmnm wctfck tfnsn wcmnr `gaheg

kntwaros, es sfawk ck icùrn 5 hngaw.

Icùrn 8 E stygcsnm vnrscak ai `gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcaks ck rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls

Taurdn2 eitnr Daaon, 8::>, eutfars awk mnsc`k, di. Hnkknwartf & Faspnrs, 8::0.

E snt ai fck`n edtars daugm tfnrniarn hn cmnktcicnm, sudf es ukcvnrsctcns, gnem icrls,

puhgcd geharetarcns, ar lugtc-ketcakegs wfa fevn tfncr awk pawnr wctfck tfnsn `gaheg

kntwaros. ]fnsn fck`ns tfnrniarn daugm hn rnèrmnm es edtck` es pcpngckns hrck`ck` ck

`gaheg ckkavetcak rnsaurdns. Es e daksnqunkdn ai tfncr gadeg gckoe`ns, tfny tfnk drnetn e

gadeg huzz (Hetfngt nt eg., 8::=). Ck tfn warms ai Lcong Gekmehesa, tfnsn fck`ns ern

dakkndtcak packts wcrck` up tfn rn`cakeg nk`ckn ta tfn `gaheg ndakaly, ekm ci yaustrnk`tfnk tfasn dakkndtcaks, tfnk tfn wfagn rn`cakeg ndakaly cs larn turha-dfer`nm hy

tfn `gaheg ndakaly, ekm ruks larn qucdogy hy hrck`ck` ck larn `gaheg iung ckta tfn

rn`cak. ]fn prahgnl wctf tfcs wevn ai gctnreturn cs tfet ct cs vnry iget, hrck`ck` ta`ntfnr

gadeg ekm nxtnrkeg edtars wfa dgnergy fevn mciinrnkt pawnr ekm passchcgctcns wctfaut ct

Mcssnlcketcak

@gaheg

rnsnerdf

kntwaros

Xn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnl

^kcvnrsctcns

(okawgnm`n`nknretcak suh-

systnl)

Huscknssns(okawgnm`n

utcgcsetcak suh-systnl)

Mnlekm iartndfkaga`cdegokawgnm`n

]ndfkaga`ytreksinredtcvcty

Nxparts

Xn`cakegckvnstlnkt

Gnerkck`

Gadeg ckkavetcakessnts n.`.dgustnrs

Xn`cakegàvnrkekdn suh-

systnl

Xn`cakegdugturn

Nxtnrkegmndcscak-leonrs

@gaheg

pramudtcakkntwaros


12/34


58

hnck` dgner wfcdf ern tfn pawnriug edtars, ekm wctf tfn rnsugt tfet tfnrn cs aitnk ek

essulptcak lemn tfet `gaheg ar nxtnrkeg edtars ern cktuctcvngy larn pawnriug tfek gadeg

edtars (Gew, 8::=). ]fcs recsns tfn qunstcak ai faw ta `nt hnyakm tfn sdeger aktaga`cns

clpasnm hy tfn pertcduger tfnarcsck` eppraedfns tenk ck tfn nvagutcak ai tfn icngm.

T]NZ 82 XN@CAKT ET GADEG-MCT]EK] DAKKND]AXT

]fn sndakm stnp ck tfcs pradnss cs ta aiinr ek emlcttnmgy igewnm fnurcstcd iar iugicggck` tfn

`gaheg-gadeg dfeggnk`n, hrck`ck` tfrnn daktnlparery gctnreturns ta`ntfnr ck e lamng ai

faw `gaheg-gadeg cktnredtcaks daugm sfepn rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt, ta hnttnr ukmnrstekm tfn

dakdrntn mykelcds ai tfn `gaheg pcpngckns, gadeg huzz fnurcstcd. ]fn icrst ahsnrvetcak cs

e fu`n dgelaur elak`st tfn gctnreturn iar e hnttnr trnetlnkt ai `gaheg/ gadeg rngetcaks ck

tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak lamngs, ekm e mcssetcsiedtcak wctf wfet fes durrnktgy hnnk edfcnvnm.

Magarneux ekm Zerta (8::6) katn tfet suddnssiug XCTT leon usn ai nkma`nkausgy`nknretnm ekm nxa`nkausgy evecgehgn okawgnm`n ta strnk`tfnk dalpntnkdcns ekm

leckteck dalpntctcvnknss (p. 5=).

Dakscmnrck` dgustnrs, Pagin nt eg. (8::>) er`un tfet _e\ ony dfeggnk`n ckvagvns tfngadeg vnrsus `gaheg mclnkscak ai dgustnr mnvngaplnkt. Dgustnrs ern vcnwnm prclercgy

es gadeg pfnkalnke fawnvnr, tfnrn cs ckdrnesck` nvcmnkdn tfet tfn nxtnrkeg

gckoe`ns mrcvn tfn cktnrkeg mykelcds ai dgustnrs (p. 4).

Akes & Legndoc (8::8) er`un tfet ckkavetcak systnls ley arc`cketn ck akn pgedn hut aitnk tfny ern sprnem hnyakm gadeg, rn`cakeg ekm nvnk ketcakeg harmnrs (p.

554) wctf es e daksnqunkdn ct snnls ckdrnesck`gy dgner tfet tfn dakkndtcaks ai

rn`cakeg edtars ta nxtre rn`cakeg edtars stekm es lalnktaus ck tndfkaga`cdeg

pra`rnsscak(p. 550).

^yerre (8::3) drctcdcsns rn`cakeggy-icxnm pnrspndtcvns iar essulck` tfet tfn saurdnsai rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt ern kat akgy nkma`nkaus, hut egsa ckmc`nkaus (p. 58),

gnemck` ta ek nxdnsscvngy rnstrcdtcvn ukmnrstekmck` ai tfn keturn ai tfn rn`cakeg

ckkavetcak pradnss.


13/34


54

@nrtgnr & Pagin (8::9) er`un tfet kn`gndtck` nxtnrkeg edtars cs e daksnqunkdn ai eknxdnsscvn rngcekdn ak e Zartnrcek (533:) pnrspndtcvn ak dalpntctcvnknss, raatnm ck

strak` gadeg leronts ekm vc`araus dalpntctcak hntwnnk gadeg pramudnrs, wfcdf cs

ukfngpiug iar ukmnrstekmck` ckkavetcak systnls wfcdf ern kat gadeggy sngi-suiicdcnkt

ck tnrls ai okawgnm`n (p. 88:).

Pfet cs strcock` dakdnrkck` tfnsn vercaus eutfars cs tfet egtfau`f tfny nxfart larn

nlpfescs ak `gaheg gadeg rngetcaks, wfet tfnrn cs kat cs ek niindtcvn nxpgeketcak ai faw

`gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcak hucgmck` dek clpravn tfn quegcty ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak ck e wey

tfet mans kat ctsngi iegg iaug ai akn ai tfnsn prahgnls.

]fnrn fes hnnk e tnkmnkdy ta iadus ak suppgy ekm vegun dfecks wctfck sndtars, ekm katta dakscmnr okawgnm`n treksinr ekm stclugetcak hntwnnk sndtars wctfck e rn`cak (di.Hetfngt, 8::5)

Et tfn seln tcln, tfnsn gadeg-`gaheg dakkndtcaks ern nxtrnlngy mciicdugt ta `resp,iardck` essulptcaks tfet da-apnretcak ekm kntwarock` apnretns rngetcvngy slaatfgy,

iar nxelpgn tfet fuh icrls ma ckmnnm fngp gadeg TLN kntwaros ta eddnss `gaheg

rnsaurdns (Oasdfetzoy, 8::3).

Mnsdrchck` e systnl es lugtc-sdeger eutaletcdeggy drnetns e fcnrerdfy hntwnnk fc`fnrekm gawnr sdegns, ekm ck tfn daktnxt ai stumcns gaaock` et rn`caks, mwnggck` aknxtnrkeg iedtars dek mcs-nlpawnr tfasn rn`cakeg sctuetcaks, wfcdf cs ukfngpiug iar

tfasn cktnrnstnm ck tfn rn`cakeg sdegn (Daaon, 8::>).

]fn iedt tfet ka akn fes ynt rnspakmnm ta tfn dfeggnk`n lc`ft snnl ta su``nst tfet ct cs

taa mciicdugt e prahgnl ta sagvn, hut ct cs ly daktnktcak tfet nvnk ci ct cs kat mcrndtgy

passchgn ta sagvn ct, ct cs usniug ta ettnlpt ta sagvn ct, ekm tfnk ta rnigndt ak wfy ct cs sudf

ek cksaguhgn cssun. ]fn hescs iar tfnsn tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak lamngs cs tfet tnrrctarceg

dalpntctcvnknss cs hesnm upak okawgnm`n-spcggavnrs (Laugenrt & Tnoce, 8::4). Ciokawgnm`n cs larn rnemcgy eddnsschgn ck e pgedn, tfnk tfasn edtars dek eddnss tfasn

okawgnm`n rnsaurdns larn nescgy, ekm tfet ckdrnesns tfn suddnss ekm sdapn ai tfncr

ckkavetcvn edtcvctcns.


14/34


5=

Ct cs ckstrudtcvn ta dalpern tfet wctf tfckock` ak sndtareg ckkavetcak systnls ck `gaheg

pramudtcak kntwaros wfcdf egsa snno ta drnetn okawgnm`n spcggavnrs wctfck tfnsn `gaheg

ckkavetcak kntwaros ta haast dalpntctcvnknss (Kcasc & Rfnù, 8::>). Paro ak sndtareg

ckkavetcak systnls mcstckùcsfns hntwnnk twa ngnlnkts ai tfnsn systnls, tfn depedcty-

nkfekdck` ekm depedcty nxpgactck` ngnlnkts ai tfnsn tndfkaga`cdeg ckkavetcak systnls

(Lettns, 8::9). Okawgnm`n spcggavnrs daln prclercgy iral tfn depedcty nkfekdck`

ngnlnkts ai `gaheg pramudtcak kntwaros, iral ckkavetcvn dgustnr, iral rnsnerdf

geharetarcns tfn prndcsn iarl veryck` hy tfn keturn ai tfn arèkcsetcak ai tfet `gaheg

pramudtcak kntwaro. E stygcsnm vnrscak ai tfcs cs snt aut ck Icùrn 8 hngaw.

Icùrn 4 E stygcsnm vnrscak ai `gaheg-gadeg arcnktetcaks ck e darparetn ckkavetcak systnl

Taurdn2 eitnr Lettns (8::9), eutfars awk mnsc`k eitnr Hnkknwartf & Faspnrs, 8::0/

T]NZ 42 TGCZZNXS @GAHEG-XN@CAKEG FN^XCT]CDT

Ta ak tfn akn fekm wn dek snn tfet rn`caks ern snnock` ta hnknict iral tfn okawgnm`n

spcggavnrs wfcdf `gaheg pramudtcak kntwaros dek hrck` ta tfncr rn`caks. Ak tfn atfnr

fekm, darparetn ckkavetcak systnls ern snnock` ta clpravn tfncr dalpntctcvnknss ck

Darparetn ckkavetcaksystnl

Depedcty-

eu`lnktck`

suhsystnl

Depedcty-

nxpgactck`

suh-systnl

Darparetnsegns

Darparetnpraicts

@gahegdarparetnleke`nlnkt

Darparetndugturn

@gahegcsnmpramudtcak

kntwaros

Zramudtcak

Uuegctydaktrag

Lerontck`

HescdXnsnerdf

EppgcnmXnsnerdf

Mnvngaplnkt

Gadegcsnm

okawgnm`nkntwaros

Darparetn okawgnm`n-

nxdfek`n edtcvctcns

Tpaksarnmrnsnerdf

Apnkckkavetcak


15/34


5>

kntwaros hy eddnssck` tnrrctarceg okawgnm`n avnrspcggs. ]fcs dalhcketcak ai slegg icrl

ignxchcgcty ekm ckkavetcvn depedcty, wctf ger`n icrl eddnss ta `gaheg leronts, tfnarntcdeggy

nkehgns rn`caks ta nsdepn tfn malckekt ga`cd ai dakvnr`nkdn ekm prcdn-hesnm

dalpntctcak (Dfrcstapfnrsak & Dgero, 8::0, p. 588>).]fcs drnetns tfn ockm ai dakmctcaks

ukmnr wfcdf e rn`cak dek hndaln e spedn ai cktnrmnpnkmnkdn iar e darparetn edtar, ekm

ka gak`nr suhsnrvcnkt ta tfn wcsfns ekm mnlekms ai tfet edtar (Dax, 5336).

]fn tfcrm ngnlnkt ai tfn lamng cs tfn mykelcd hy wfcdf tfnsn twa systnls daln ta`ntfnr

ck tfn rn`cak ta eggaw tfn okawgnm`n spcggavnr ta teon pgedn, ta drnetn tfn lutueg hnknict

hntwnnk rn`cak ekm wcmnr okawgnm`n pramudtcak ar nxpgactetcak kntwaro. Pn egrnemy

okaw tfet tfn depedcty ta nxpgact okawgnm`n spcgg-avnrs cs mnpnkmnkt ak vercaus ockms ai

praxclcty hntwnnk edtars ck tfnsn twa snts ai kntwaros (Hasdfle, 8::9). Pn mrew fnrn

upak Fnkry Snuk`s katcak ai stretn`cd dakkndtcvcty, e tcln-spedn daktck`nkt

dakvnr`nkdn ai cktnrnsts ekm da-apnretcak hntwnnk twa ar larn `raups ai edtars wfa

atfnrwcsn lc`ft kat edt ck tekmnl iar e dallak stretn`cd ahbndtcvn (8::3, p. 5=). ]fcs

eggaws tfn fnurcstcd ta hn aiinrnm ai tfn rn`cak es e lneks ai stretn`cdeggy da-armcketck`

ekm ekdfarck` hntwnnk XCTs ekm sndtareg ckkavetcak systnls, sfawk ck icùrn 4 hngaw.

E drctcdeg pert ai tfn lamng ern tfnsn gadeg-`gaheg dakkndtars, tfn packts ai daktedt

hntwnnk tfn gadeg ekm tfn `gaheg okawgnm`n pramudtcak ngnlnkts. E `nknrcd mnickctcak ai

wfet dakstctutn tfnsn gadeg ekm rnlatn dakkndtars ar `gaheg-gadeg fck`ns, cs aiinrnm hyAkes & Legndoc2-

]fn edtars ern dnktreggy ckmcvcmuegs (nktrnprnknurs, leke`nrs, nlpgaynns,

ckmcvcmuegs ck àvnrklnkteg ar snlc-àvnrklnkteg hamcns, rnsnerdfnrs, ntd.) wctf

tfncr cktnrpnrsakeg kntwaros (iedn-ta-iedn, vcrtueg, ar e dalhcketcak ai tfnsn) ekm

icrls (lugtc-gadetcakeg/lugtcketcakeg) ekm tfncr kntwaros ai vercaus sarts2

(emvekdnm) dustalnrs, ukcvnrsctcns, rnsnerdf ckstctutcaks, suppart arèkczetcaks

(sudf es dfelhnrs ai dallnrdn, okawgnm`n dnktnrs, àvnrklnkt hamcns, ekmdaksugtekts) Ckkavetcak ckvagvck` hatf gadeg ekm mcstekt rngetcaks aitnk dnktnr

ak kntwaros ai tfnsn edtars (8::8, p. 553).


16/34


59

Icùrn = ]fn nlhnmmnmknss ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls ck darparetn ckkavetcak systnls

Taurdn2 eitnr icùrns 5 ekm 8, eutfars awk mnsc`k

Depedcty-

eu`lnktck`

suhsystnl

Depedcty-nxpgactck`

suh-systnl

Zramudtcak

Uuegctydaktrag

Lerontck`

HescdXnsnerdf

EppgcnmXnsnerdf

Mnvngaplnkt

Xn cakeg c kkavetcak systnl

^kcvnrsctcns(okawgnm`n

`nknretcak suh-systnl)

Mnlekm iar tndfkaga`cdeg okawgnm`n

]ndfkaga`y treksinr edtcvcty

Gnerkck`

Gadeg ckkavetcakessnts n.`.dgustnrs

Xn`cakegàvnrkekdnsuh-systnl

Xn`cakegdugturn

Darparetn ckkavetcak systnl

Lugtc-ketcakegdarparetcak


17/34


50

Hy hrck`ck` tfnsn tfrnn ngnlnkts ta`ntfnr, wn fevn e fnurcstcd iar `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaks.

]fn rn`cak edts es e spedn wfcdf stretn`cdeggy ekdfars `gaheg pradnssns ck tfn

rn`cak, ekm gckos tfnsn `gaheg igaws ekm pradnssns ta rn`cakeg edtars, ta nksurn

tfet tfn rn`cak cs ehgn ta edqucrn tfn rnsaurdns tfet stclugetn tfn `rawtf ai tfn

rn`cak tfrau`f tfnsn kntwaros.

]fnsn ekdfarck` pradnssns fngp ta leon tfn rn`cak e spedn ai mnpnkmnkdn iar tfnsn

`gaheg kntwaros, tfny ern rngcekt ak ct ta edfcnvn tfncr awk `aegs, ekm tfet mnpnkmnkdy

ckdrnesns tfn pawnr ai gadeg edtars. ]fcs fngps ta emmrnss tfn cssun snnk wctf taa leky

`gahegcsetcak pnrspndtcvns tfet dek dest tfn rn`cak es pawnrgnss ta hn hettnrnm eraukm hy

tfn pawnriug iardns ai `gahegcsetcak.

Hut tfn fnurcstcd ieggs saln wey sfart ai hnck` e lamng, hndeusn ct mans kat eggaw eky

ckinrnkdns ta hn mnrcvnm iral ct. ]fnrn cs taa ludf cktnrmnpnkmnkdn ck tfn fnurcstcd,

wfcdf gnevns ct ukdgner ukmnr wfcdf dakmctcaks stretn`cd ekdfarck` waugm apnretn, et gnest

e prcarc. ]fet hrck`s us hedo ta tfn prahgnl ai tfn feppy ielcgcns starcns ck wfcdf

rn`caks ern teonk ta hn essnlhge`ns ai tfncr vcschgn edtars retfnr tfek e lnsa-gnvng et

wfcdf e snt ai eutakalaus pradnssns tfn stretn`cd ekdfarck` hntwnnk `gaheg ekm

rn`cakeg kntwaros apnretn.

Es C mreitnm tfcs sndtcak, C wes iartuctausgy trevnggck` tfrau`f Hrehekt, ekm tfrau`f tfnwckmaw ai tfn treck, kner ta Kcbln`nk C daugm snn tfn iarlnr Zfcgcps lcdradfcp ieh. Ct cs

tnlptck` ta mnsdrchn wfet C sew tfnrn es e `gaheg pcpngckn? yau nvnk snn tfn gadeg huzz, es

tfn nergy sfcit mrcvn faln ta spnkm ck @ngmnrgekm ekm Kartf Hrehekt tfncr lakny nerknm

tfrau`f tfn segn ai lahcgn mnvcdns lekuiedturnm ck Dfcke ak tfn `gaheg lerontpgedn. Hut

tfet stary cs dakdnptueggy uksetcsiyck` wfy ma KVZ stey ck tfn Kntfnrgekms1 Pfy mans

ct kat lavn nestwerms1 Ekm hy steyck` ck Kcbln`nk wfet pawnr mans tfcs `cvn ta atfnr

rn`cakeg edtars wctfck tfncr awk wcmnr kntwaros1


18/34


56

Ic`urn > Cktuctcvngy ettredtcvn `gaheg-gadeg dgustnrs1

Ly daktnktcak cs tfet tfn iecgurn ta pravcmn sagcm ekswnrs ta tfnsn qunstcaks cs e

daksnqunkdn ai tfn sgcppnrcknss ai tfn fnurcstcd. Hy nlhamyck` twa quctn mciinrnkt sdegerpnrspndtcvns, wctfaut hnck` dgner wfcdf cs malckekt, ct gnevns apnk tfn passchcgcty tfet

nctfnr dek hn malckekt, wctfaut spndciyck` tfn dakmctcaks ukmnr wfcdf tfet lc`ft feppnk.

]fn dfeggnk`n cs tfnrniarn ta ukmnrstekm larn dgnergy wfet ern tfn rn`cakeg dakmctcaks

ukmnr wfcdf pertcduger sdeger ga`cds ley hn malckekt, tfn mykelcds ai stretn`cd daupgck`

ck tfnsn daktnxts, ekm tfn daksnqunkdns tfet tfnsn fevn iar tfn ndakalcd mnvngaplnkt

trebndtarcns ai pertcduger rn`caks. Ct cs ta tfcs dfeggnk`n tfet tfn iaggawck` stnp kaw turks.

T]NZ =2 ED]AX MALCKEKDN ET YEXCEHGN, KA] @CYNK

C rn`erm tfcs prclercgy es e qunstcak ai cktnr-sdegercty, ekm ck pertcduger tfn

ckdallnksurehcgcty hntwnnk mciinrnkt sdegns, hntwnnk tfn `gaheg ekm tfn gadeg, wfcdf fes

e tnkmnkdy ta dakdnptueggy prcvcgn`n tfn `gaheg sdegn (Gew, 8::=). ]fcs cs pertgy e

daksnqunkdn ai tfn mciinrnkt essulptcaks lemn et tfn tcln tfet tfnsn sdegns wnrn prapnrgy


19/34


53

tfnarcsnm. ]fn icrst wevn wfcdf dakdnptuegcsnm `gaheg iardns wes dgnergy e

strudturegcst eppraedf, ck wfcdf `gaheg iardns wnrn rncicnm es pawnriug ck armnr ta rnvneg

tfncr nxcstnkdn ekm eggaw tfncr iurtfnr ekegyscs (Fervny, 536>). ]fn tfnscs ai ignxchcgcty

wes spndcicdeggy pasctnm ak e past-strudturegcst eppraedf wctfck wfcdf gadeg edtars daugm

fevn pawnr avnr `gaheg iardns, wfcdf wnrn ck turk rnvnegnm es hnck` ier gnss ukcvnrseg

ekm ier larn `gaheggy dakstrudtnm tfet su``nstnm hy rncicnm strudturns (@chsak-@refel,

5339? Elck & Zegek, 8::5). ]fn tfcrm wevn cs hesnm ak igettnknm kntwaro erùlnkts ck

wfcdf dakkndtcaks hntwnnk edtars ern snnk es tfn mntnrlckck` dferedtnrcstcd retfnr tfek

pasctcakegcty ekm pawnr ck tfasn kntwaros.

Ct cs durcaus, hut C erùn tfet tfnrn cs e kerretcvn dakstrudtcak tfet snns rn`caks lemn ta

snnl gnss pawnriug tfek `gaheg iardns nxdnpt wfnrn tfny ern sngi-nvcmnktgy kat, iar

nxelpgn tfasn rn`caks tfet ern tfn pgedn ta hn ck tfn knw okawgnm`n ndakaly (Fumsak,

5363? @nrtgnr, 533>). ]fn knt niindt ai tfcs cs ta teon e vugèr strudtureg `gahegcsetcak

pnrspndtcvn ekm snn rn`cakeg mykelcds knstnm ekm haukm wctfck e passchcgcty snt mnicknm

hy tatnlcd ekm fnracd `gaheg iardns. Ta tfn icrst stnp cs ta rnessnrt tfn cmne ai `gaheg

pramudtcak kntwaros es kntwaros, dalprcsnm ai edtars, saln larn pawnriug tfek atfnrs,

hut knvnrtfngnss cktnrmnpnkmnkt ekm usck` kntwaros ta sndurn eddnss ta rnsaurdns ta

edfcnvn tfncr àegs.

Zert ai e `gaheg kntwaro ley hn gadetnm wctfck e rn`cak ekm fevn dakkndtcak wctf

rn`cakeg edtars. Zuttck` escmn iar akn lalnkt tfn cssun ai tfn dalperetcvn pawnr ai

edtars, ct cs passchgn ta snn ck e rn`cak faw stretn`cd ekdfarck` daugm waro2 `gaheg edtars

ern gadetnm ck e rn`cak hndeusn ct eggaws tfnl ta larn rnùgergy ekm larn nescgy eddnss

rnsaurdns (okawgnm`n spcggavnrs) ck tfasn rn`caks. ]fasn rnsaurdns fngp ct ta edfcnvn cts

ckstctutcakeg àegs ck tfn daktnxt ai e hraemnr `gaheg pramudtcak systnl. Et tfn seln

tcln, tfasn kntwaro dakkndtcaks fngp edtars eddnss atfnr rnsaurdns, kat tfasn mcrndtgy

iral tfn `gaheg icrls ck tfn rn`cak, ck tnrls ai suppgy daktredts ekm tfrau`f nxdfek`n ainlpgaynns, hut egsa daktedt wctf edtars ck tfn `gaheg kntwaro, wfcdf dek ck turk hn

dakvnrtnm ckta rneg rngetcaksfcps tfrau`f tfn ckkavetcak kntwaro, wctf tfn `gaheg edtar

snrvck` es e dallak rninrnkdn packt ta eggaw rn`cakeg edtars ta hucgm praxclcty ekm

fnkdn suhstektcvn dakkndtcaks wctf edtars ck atfnr rn`caks, ngsnwfnrn ck tfn `gaheg

pramudtcak kntwaros. ]fnsn knw dakkndtcaks ck turk strnk`tfnk tfn ragn ai tfet rn`cak


20/34


8:

wctfck tfn `gaheg kntwaro es e wfagn, ekm tfrau`f strnk`tfnkck` tfasn dakkndtcaks, ekm

mnksciyck` tfasn rn`cakeg dakkndtcaks, tfny snrvn ta up`remn tfn quegcty ai tfn rn`cakeg

ckkavetcak systnl. Ct cs passchgn ta rnprnsnkt tfcs ck e vnry sclpgcicnm lamng ai e snt ai

`gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcaks wctfck e rn`cak.

Ic`urn 9 E `gaheg kntwaro ai cktnrdakkndtnm edtars

Taurdn2 Messnk, 8:5:

Cle`ckn e rn`cak wctf tfrnn dgustnrs ekm e sck`gn `gaheg vegun dfeck? tfn icrl et tfn dnktrn

ai tfn `gaheg vegun dfeck dek hnknict iral tfn okawgnm`n rnsaurdns ck tfasn dgustnrs, ekm

vcdn vnrse. Ci tfcs gnemck` icrl, fnrn mnpcdtnm ck hgun, waros wctf akn dalpeky ck nedf ai

tfn tfrnn dgustnrs, ct mreletcdeggy dfek`ns tfn tapaga`y ai tfn rn`cakeg kntwaro hut et tfn

seln tcln ckdrnesns tfn praxclcty ai icrls wctfck tfn tfrnn dgustnrs ta edtars ngsnwfnrn ck

tfn `gaheg pramudtcak kntwaro. Ci ekm ct cs e hc ci rn`cakeg pertknrs dek mnvngap

gckoe`ns wctf tfnsn nxtnrkeg daktedts, tfnk tfcs dek fngp ta strnk`tfnk tfn avnregg rn`cakegckkavetcak systnl, ck tfcs desn, ck rnmudck` tfn dnktregcty ai tfn ger`n icrl ta tfn kntwaro,

wfcdf ck turk eggaws ct ta mnlakstretn appartukcstcd hnfevcaur ekm rnstrcdt tfn hnknicts

wfcdf rn`cakeg dalpekcns ern ehgn ta `nt iral tfncr awk kntwaros (Dfrcstapfnrsak ekm

Dgero, 8::0). ]fcs dgnergy rnprnsnkts e stretn`cd ekdfarck`ai tfn icrl ck tfn rn`cak, ci

tfn icrl veguns tfn okawgnm`n tfet spcggs avnr ck tfnsn kntwaros.

@gaheg kntwaro


21/34


85

Icùrn 0 XCT clpravnlnkt drnetck` knw patnktceg `gaheg gckoe`ns

Taurdn2 eutfars awk mnsc`k

Ttretn`cd ekdfarck` dek tfnrniarn hn ukmnrstaam es tfn mnvngaplnkt ai rn`cakeg

dakkndtcaks wfcdf hnknict hatf tfn rn`cakeg nkvcraklnkt es ludf es tfn wcmnr `gahegkntwaros. ]fet prnvcaus nxelpgn mnlakstretns e sck gn nxelpgn ai stretn`cd ekdfarck`

et waro? tfn dfeggnk`n cs kaw ta ukmnrstekmck` `gaheg-gadeg ekdfarck` pradnssns ck e

larn systnletcd wey.

T]NZ >2 E T]XE]N@CD EKDFAXCK@ NVZNXCLNK]

Ly erùlnkt ck nssnkdn cs tfet tfn `rnet dfeggnk`n iar nvagutcakery ndakalcd `na`repfy

ck tfn dalck` yners cs ugtcletngy ta hnttnr ukmnrstekm ck e larn systnletcd wey tfnsnekdfarck` pradnssns. Ck pertcduger tfcs sfaugm iadus ak tfn dakmctcaks ukmnr wfcdf tfn

`gaheg ngnlnkts ai ndakalcd edtcvcty rnleck ekdfarnm ck pertcduger rn`caks, wctf wfcdf

ockms ai ettnkmekt daksnqunkdns iar rn`cakeg ndakalcd mnvngaplnkt pradnssns. ]fet

ockm ai nxpgeketcak cs kat àck` ta nlnr`n tawerms tfn nkm ai e sck`gn onykatn

Ludf dgasnr

dakkndtcak hntwnnk

`gaheg & gadeg

edtarsDgustnr 4

Dgustnr 4

Dgustnr 5 @gaheg pramudtcak

kntwaro


22/34


88

prnsnktetcak. Xetfnr ta nt e pnrspndtcvn ai saln ai tfn ony gckns ai iardn ck tfcs knw

rnsnerdf gekmsdepn, C wekt ta aiinr e vnry sclpgn tfau`ft nxpnrclnkt ekm cts rnsugts es

fc`fgc`ftck` saln ai tfn sc`kcicdekt cssuns ck tfcs rnèrm.

]fn hescs ai tfn nxpnrclnkt cs ta teon ek nkarlausgy sclpgcicnm `gaheg-gadeg ckkavetcakkntwaro, ineturck` twa ockms ai edtars, appartukcstcd ekm egtrucstcd. Appartukcstcd edtars

ern tfasn pawnriug nkau`f ekm ckdgcknm ta nxpgact tfncr kntwaro pasctcaks ta snvnrngy

gclct tfncr daktrchutcaks ta spcggavnr hnknicts wfcgst nksurck` tfet tfny ma hnknict iral

spcggavnrs. Egtrucstcd edtars ern tfn rnleckmnr ai tfn edtars wctfck tfn rn`cak, ekm tfnk

tfnrn ern nxtnrkeg edtars. Pn dgessciy tfn XCTs eddarmck` ta tfrnn mclnkscaks?-

Mnpnkmnkdy2 tfn nxtnkt ta wfcdf tfnrn ern ètn-onnpck` edtars wfa ern ehgn tarnùgetn tfn eddnss ai gadeg icrls ta `gaheg kntwaros.

Mnkscty2 tfn nxtnkt ta wfcdf gadeg edtars ern wngg kntwaronm ekm dek niindtcvngyda-apnretn ekm daggeharetn ck pursuct ai ckkavetcak

Dakkndtcvcty2 tfn nxtnkt ta wfcdf tfnrn ern ckkavetcak edtars ck tfn rn`cak wfafevn rngetcaksfcps wctf nxtnrkeg edtars edtcvn ck sndtareg ckkavetcak systnls.

Icrstgy cs tfn dnktregcsetcak ai tfn XCTs, wfcdf cs e iukdtcak ai mnpnkmnkdy ekm mnkscty2

tfnrn ern tfrnn dakicùretcaks e dnktregcsnm XCT cs akn ck wfcdf akn edtar cs et tfn dnktrn

ai tfn kntwaro, e mnksn mndnktregcsnm kntwaro cs akn ck wfcdf edtars ern fc`fgy

dakkndtnm, ekm e spersn mndnktregcsnm kntwaro cs akn ck wfcdf tfnrn ern inw rn`cakeg

dakkndtcaks. ]fnsn dakicùretcaks ern sfawk ck icùrn 9 hngaw.

Icùrn 6 Erdfntypns ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnl eddarmck` ta dnktregcty

E5

E8 E=E4

e. Dnktregcsnm

E5

E8 E=

E4

h. Mnksn mndnktregcsnm

E5

E8 E=E4

d. Tpersn mndnktregcsnm


23/34


84

]fn atfnr mclnkscak ak wfcdf wn dgessciy tfn XCT cs eddarmck` ta tfn kulhnr ai fck`ns

ck tfn rn`cak, dakkndtck` gadeg edtars ta `gaheg/ nxtnrkeg edtars. ]fnrn ley hn ka fck ns,

leock` tfn rn`cak csagetnm, tfnrn ley hn e sck`gn fck`n, ar tfnrn ley hn lugtcpgn fck`ns.

]fnsn dakicùretcaks ern sfawk ck ic urn 0 hngaw. Akn iurtfnr mcstckdtcak ta leon cs

wctf appartukcstcd edtars tfny dek akgy hnfevn appartukcstcdeggy wfnrn tfny fevn e

malckekt kntwaro pasctcak, sa e sck`gn fck`n dek iurtfnr hn detnàrcsnm es ta wfntfnr tfn

fck`n edtar cs appartukcstcd ar egtrucstcd.

Icùrn 3 Erdfntypns ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnl eddarmck` ta kulhnrs ai fck`ns

Ta wn fevn twa vercehgns ck tfn lamng, cktnrkeg dakkndtcvcty ekm tfn keturn ai tfn

nxtnrkeg dakkndtcak cs tfn rn`cak egrnemy kntwaronm ar cs ct ire`lnktnm1 Cs tfn rn`cak

egrnemy wngg dakkndtnm, ar cs tfnrn e malckekt edtar wfa daktrags `gaheg rngetcaksfcps1

Ak tfn hescs ai tfnsn twa vercehgns (4x=) ct cs passchgn ta daln up wctf twngvn `gaheg-

gadeg daupgck` dakicùretcaks, ekm iar nedf ct cs passchgn ta letfnletcdeggy degdugetn wfet

cs tfn sck`gn kntwaro dakkndtcak tfet hnst clpravns tfn avnregg kntwaro dakkndtcvcty

hatf ta nxtnrkeg es ta cktnrkeg rnsaurdns. ]fn twngvn dakicùretcaks ern `cvnk ck tfn tehgn

hngaw, ekm prnsnktnm `repfcdeggy avnrgnei, tfn rnm edtars hnck` egtrucstcd, tfn hgun edtars

appartukcstcd ekm tfn ynggaw edtars `gaheg.

E5

E8 E=

E4

e. Csagetnm

@5 @8 @4

E5

E8 E=

F5

h. Tck`gn Fck`n

@5 @8@4

Xn`cak Xn`cak

d. Lugtcpgn Fck`n

@5 @8@4

Xn`cak F4

F=

F5

F5


24/34


8=

]ehgn 5 Zasschgn dakicùretcaks ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls

Ka Fck`ns Tck`gn Fck`n

(appartukcstcd)

Tck`gn Fck`n

(egtrucstcd)

Mcvnrsn Fck`ns

Dnktregcsnm

XCT

Gadeg

stretcicdetcak

Hraonrnm

dakicùretcak

Lnmcetnm

dakicùretcak

Ckmcrndt

Hrcm`ck`

Mndnktregcsnm

Mnksn XCT

Gadeg kntwaro Dnktregcsnm

Hraonrnm

Cktnriedn

Dnktregcsnm

Lnmcetnm

Cktnriedn

Mcrndt Hrcm`ck`

Mndnktregcsnm

Tpersn XCT

Tystnl

ire`lnktetcak

Dnktregcsnm

ire`lnktnm

hraonrnm

cktnriedn

Dnktregcsnm

ire`lnktnm

lnmcetnm

cktnriedn

Mndnktregcsnm

ire`lnktnm

cktnriedn

Ak tfcs hescs, ct cs passchgn ta snn iar nedf ai tfn twngvn erdfntypns wfcdf hnst clpravn

rn`cakeg dakkndtcvcty. Ck tfn tehgn ehavn, wfcdf sfaws tfasn cmneg clpravck`

dakkndtcaks, ct cs passchgn ta mcstckùcsf iaur lamns ai stretn`cd nlhnmmck`, iaur ockms ai

sclcger `gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcvcty wfcdf hnknict iral sclcger ockms ai rngetcaksfcps tfet

fngp ta hnttnr ekdfar `gaheg edtars ekm nksurn tfasn hnknicts ern mciiusnm ckta tfn XCT.


25/34


8>

Dnktregcsnm XCT Mndnktregcsnm Mnksn XCT Mndnktregcsnm Tpersn XCT

Ka Fck`ns

Tck`gn Fck`n

(appartukcstcd)

Tck`gn Fck`n

(egtrucstcd)

Mcvnrsn Fck`ns

c`urn 5: ]fn passchgn dakic`uretcaks ai tfn cmneg typn rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls


26/34


89

]ehgn 8 ]fn aptcleg kntwaro hucgmck` stretn`cns hy kntwaro iarl, raupnmDnktregcsnm XCT Mndnktregcsnm

Mnksn XCT

Mndnktregcsnm Tpersn XCT

Ka Fck`ns

Tck`gn Fck`n

(appartukcstcd)

Tck`gn Fck`n

(egtrucstcd)

Mcvnrsn Fck`ns

T]NZ 92 ]APEXMT E ZXAYCTCAKEG DGETTCICDE]CAK

Ai daursn, saln cktnrprntetcak cs kndnssery ta dakvnrt ek ehstredt ekm sclpgcicnm tfau`ft

nxpnrclnkt ckta e dferedtnrcsetcak ai rn`cakeg snksctcvcty ta `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaksfcps.

]fn qunstcak cs wfnrn dek e dalpralcsn gcn tfet snns tfn suctehgn dakkndtcaks hucgm up,

ekm et tfn seln tcln snns tfn `gaheg edtars icrlgy ekdfarnm ck tfn rn`cak1 ]fn ekswnr cs

last dgner ck tfn desn ai tfn rn`caks tfet fevn ka nxcstck` `gaheg pgeynrs ck tfn iarl ai e

`gaheg fck`n2 tfn hnst dfek`n iar tfnl cs ta mnvngap e `gaheg pcpngckn ta fngp rn`cakeg

edtars clpravn tfncr `gaheg eddnss, e typcdeg `gahegcsetcak dfeggnk`n (tfn rnm zakn ehavn).

Gconwcsn iar wngg-dakkndtnm rn`caks (tfn hgun zakn)2 tfn dfeggnk`n iar tfnsn rn`caks cs ck

nxtnkmck` tfn hnknicts ekm eggawck` tfn drnetcak ai Bedahs nxtnrkegctcns, drass inrtcgcsck`ekm drnetck` knw sndtars ekm rnsaurdns tfet hndaln tfn hescs iar dalpntctcvn emvekte`n,

dnlnktck` tfnsn pgedns ragns es tfn pgedns ta hn ck pertcduger ndakalcd sndtars.

]fnsn twa dgessns ai rn`cak ern rngetcvngy wngg ukmnrstaam egrnemy tfny ern tfn hnst-desn

ekm warst-desn nxelpgns ai rn`cakeg typns, tatnlcd sctns ai tfn knw ndakaly ck


27/34


80

Erlstrak`s snksn, ekm tfn gnest suddnssiug akns, nvnk tfasn wctf strak` rn`cakeg

kntwaros kat kndnssercgy edokawgnm`nm es veguehgn hy nxtnreg edtars (di. ]mtgck` &

]rcppg, 8::>). ]fn atfnr twa dgessns ern tfn larn cktnrnstck` nxelpgns, wfnrn tfnrn cs

egrnemy e `gaheg/ gadeg cktnrpgey, hut tfn mykelcd cs kat cllnmcetngy nvcmnkt, es ct cs

wfnrn rn`caks ern nctfnr tfn pgedn ta hn, fnemquertnrck` fnracd `gaheg dalpekcns, ar

rn`caks tfet fevn ta eddnpt tfny ern pawnrgnss wctfck `gaheg kntwaros. Pfnrn tfnrn ern

mnksn dgustnrs ekm nxcstck` `gaheg dakkndtcaks, tfnk durcausgy nkau`f tfn hnst gcko cs

ta ckdrnesn `gaheg dakkndtcvcty retfnr tfek stclugetck` larn gadeg kntwarock`. Pfnrn

tfnrn ern kat strak` appartukcstcd edtars, tfnk tfn hnst mnvngaplnkt cs iar tfn rn`cak ta

mnvngap cktnrkeg gckoe`ns, ekm strnk`tfnk tfn nxcstck` fck`ns ta nksurn tfet tfny waro

aptcleggy es gaheg pcpngckns. Ak tfn hescs ai tfn ekegyscs, ct cs passchgn ta daln up

wctf e dgesscicdetcak ai rn`caks ck tnrls ai tfn leck dfeggnk`ns tfny iedn ck clpravck`tfncr `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaksfcps, egak` wctf e patnktceg kalnkdgeturn iar tfet

dgesscicdetcak.

Dakkndtck` `gaheggy2 Hucgmck` e `gaheg pcpngckn2 ickmck` e packt ai dakkndtcak iraltfn rn`cak ta ony `gaheg edtars

Dgustnr-hucgmck`2Clpravck` gadeg kntwarock` ta dakkndt larn gadeg edtars ckta tfn`rawck` rn`cakeg kntwaro

Tusteckck` lalnktul2 Hucgmck` up knw rn`cakeg fck`ns wctf dakkndtcaks tarn`cakeg icrls hucgmck` drctcdeg less.

Mnnpnkck` pcpngckns2 nxtnkmck` fck`n dakkndtcvcty & kntwaros eraukm fuh]fcs recsns tfn cssun ai faw tfcs dgesscicdetcak daugm hn usnm, ekm tfnrn ern twa

ahsnrvetcaks wctf segcnkdn fnrn. ]fn icrst cs tfet nedf ai tfnsn rn`caks fevn mcstckdtcvn

wneoknssns, strnk`tfs ekm dfeggnk`ns wfcdf ckigunkdn tfn wey tfet pertcduger ckkavetcak-

hesnm ndakalcd mnvngaplnkt pagcdcns iukdtcak ck tfnsn pgedns. Hut ct cs wartf packtck`aut et tfn seln tcln tfet akn erdfntypns davnrs snvnreg typns ai rn`cak. ]fn sndakm cs

tfet pagcdcns sudf es sdcnkdn peros daugm hn tecgarnm ta tfn knnms ai tfn rn`cak2 tfn cmne ai

pagcdy arcnktetcak cs `cvnk hngaw ck tfn tehgn es e `ucmck` prckdcpgn iar faw ckkavetcak

ckstrulnkts daugm hn mciinrnktceggy eppgcnm ak tfn hescs ai tfcs dgesscicdetcak ta mciinrnkt

rn`caks. ]fnsn ern hatf sfawk ck ]ehgn 4 hngaw.


28/34


86

]ehgn 4 Zagcdy arcnktetcaks ekm ckkavetcak rn`caks2 e sullery ai tfn pagcdy arcnktetcak erdfntypns

Dakkndtck` `gaheggy Tusteckck` lalnktul Dgustnr-hucgmck` Mnnpnkck` pcpngckns

Erdfntypn

iar rn`cak

Znrcpfnreg rn`caks gedock`strak` rnsnerdf strnk`tfsekm cktnrketcakegdakkndtcaks

Xn`caks wctf strak` gadegdgustnr ar`ekcsetcaks wnggkntwaronm wctf pagcdyedtars

Tlegg `raupck`s aidalpntctcvn huscknssns wctfgclctnm gadeg dakkndtcvcty

Xn`cak mnpnkmnkt akgclctnm kulhnr ai `gahegpramudtcak kntwaros/ vegundfecks

Onywneoknss

Ehsnkdn ai dakkndtcak tanxtnrkeg edtars ka nxtnrkegstclugus iar ckkavetcak

Xcso ai faggawck` aut ekmhnck` gnit hnfckm hy @ZKs leckteckck` `gaheg gnem

Xn`cakeg icrls tnkm ta gaaoautwerms dakte`caus gadegukmnrveguck` ai pertknrs

Malckekdn hy e sck`gn icrlar dfeck tfet nxpgacts katsupparts rn`cakeg edtars

Nxcstck`

strnk`tfs

Getnkt ckkavetcvn edtarswctf patnktceg ta `rawqucdogy ekm mngcvnr dfek`n

Fc`fgy ckkavetcvn, wnggkntwaronm dgustnrs pgeyck`gnemck` ragn `gaheggy

Ckmustrceg mcstrcdts wctfdalpntctcvn emvekte`ns ekm`gaheg praicgn

Ckmustrceg ndasystnlsuppartck` vegun dfecks wctfmcvnrscicdetcak appartukctcns

Ony

dfeggnk`n

Hucgmck` e `gaheg pcpngckn2ickmck` dakkndtcak packtiral rn`cak ta ony `gahegedtars

Hucgmck` up knw rn`cakegfck`ns dakkndtnm ta rn`cakegicrls hucgmck` drctcdegless.

Clpravck` gadeg kntwarock`dakkndtck` larn gadeg edtarsta `rawck` rn`cakeg kntwaro

Nxtnkmck` fck`ndakkndtcvcty & kntwaroseraukm fuh

Aptcleg

sagutcaks

Fngpck` rn`cakeg edtars teontfn icrst stnps ckcktnrketcakeg da-apnretcak(daggndtcvngy1)

Hrck`ck` autscmn edtars ck,ekm fngpck` ta daggndtcvngysfepn iuturn trnkms

Dfekknggck` ckkavetcaksuppart ta stclugetn `rawtftfrau`f rn`cakeg dgustnrs

Fngpck` sndakm-tcnrckkavetars hndeln lerontgnemck` ekm sfepck`

Nxelpgn

rn`caks

Lemncre

]eggckk, ]ertu Nstakce

Ettcde, @rnndn

Termckce, Ctegy

gn-mn-Irekdn

Hemnk-Prttnlhur`

Igekmnrs, Hng`cul

]arakta, Dekeme.

Tokn, Twnmnk

Keverre, Tpeck

Eudogekm, Knw Rnegekm

Rucm-Faggekm, Kntfnrgekms

Karm-Zes-mn-Degecs

Nckmfavnk, Kntfnrgekms

Zcnlaktn, Ctegy

Gclhur`, Hng`cul

Tnettgn, ^TE.

Kartf Nest ai Nk`gekm

Taurdn2 Hnkknwartf & Messnk (8:5:).


29/34


83

Hnyakm tfet dgesscicdetcak, tfn detnàrcsetcak gnems ln ta tfrnn iurtfnr ahsnrvetcaks. ]fn

icrst cs tfet tfnrn ern eppernktgy mciinrnkt stretn`cd daupgck` pradnssns ck apnretcak ck

mciinrnkt ockms ai rn`cak. Hut tfnsn stretn`cd daupgck` pradnssns fevn atfnr daksnqunkdns

iar tfn rn`cakeg es e wfagn, sa ck armnr ta ukmnrstekm mciinrnkt rn`cakeg mykelcds, ct cskndnssery ta ukmnrstekm tfn rek`n ai stretn`cd daupgck` pradnssns et pgey ck mciinrnkt

ockms ai pgedns. ]fn sndakm cs tfet tfnsn dgesscicdetcaks ern kat ukokawk edrass tfn

hrnemtf ai tfn rn`cakeg stumcns gctnreturn. Fawnvnr, tfnsn rn`caks ekm tfncr mykelcds ern

usueggy mnsdrchnm ck quctn mciinrnkt weys, aitnk mrewck` ak mciinrnkt dakdnptueg

ukmnrpckkck`s. ]fcs gnems ta tfn tfcrm ahsnrvetcak, tfet tfnrniarn hnttnr ukmnrstekmck`

`gaheg gadeg mykelcds ckvagvns hnck` prnpernm ta eddnpt tfet sclcger pradnssns ck

mciinrnkt pgedns ley hn hnst mnsdrchnm usck` mciinrnkt dakdnptueg irelnwaros, kat

kndnssercgy tfrau`f e sck`gn dakdnptueg irelnwaro wctf e vercehgn snt tfet very hntwnnk

tfn mciinrnkt ockms ai pgedns. ]fnsn tfrnn ahsnrvetcaks drnetn e dfeggnk`n iar rn`cakeg

stumcns ck tfn dalck` yners ck armnr ta hn`ck ta snt aut larn dalprnfnkscvngy ek e`nkme

wfcdf mnegs systnletcdeggy ekm rcàrausgy wctf ukmnrstekmck` `gaheg-gadeg cktnredtcaks ck

ckkavetcak-hesnm ndakalcd mnvngaplnkt.

Ck tfcs pepnr, C fevn trcnm ta mnvngap ak e vnry sgnkmnr nlpcrcdeg hesn e dgesscicdetcak ai

wfcdf pradnssns ern apnretck` mciinrnktceggy avnr spedn ck daupgck` `gaheg ekm rn`cakeg

edtars ta tnrrctary wctfck e rn`cak. Ct waugm hn ukrnesakehgn ta dgecl tfet tfcs

dgesscicdetcak cs ck saln wey ahbndtcvngy darrndt retfnr ct cs ek ettnlpt ta tredn aut akn

ai tfn gckns ai tfn gekmsdepn ai tfn es ynt akgy veùngy vcschgn `gaheg-gadeg rnsnerdf

e`nkme iar rn`cakeg stumcns. Ly erùlnkt cs retfnr tfet tfcs su``nsts tfet tfcs rnsnerdf

e`nkme wcgg ckvagvn hnttnr ukmnrstekmck` tfnsn stretn`cd daupgck` pradnssns egak` twa

ony mclnkscaks, tfn dakkndtcvcty ai ony rn`cakeg edtars (fck`ns) ck atfnr `gaheg

kntwaros, ekm rn`cakeg dakkndtcvcty ekm kntwaro mnkscty.

T]NZ 02 ]APEXMT E I^]^XN XNTNEXDF E@NKME

Ck teock` snvnk stnps ta rnedf ly àeg, C el rnlckmnm ai tfn dferedtnr ai Egcdn ck

]frau`f tfn Gaaock` @gess, wfnrn Derragg gconks nedf ai Egcdns stnps ck fnr ettnlpts ta

rnturk ta tfn rneg wargm ta tfet ai e pewk pra`rnssck` egak` e dfnss haerm ck ek ettnlpt ta


30/34


4:

hndaln e qunnk. C fevn ta dakinss tfet C fevn kat setcsiedtarcgy ynt teonk tfet snvnktf

stnp, ekm sa tfn spacgs wcgg kat hn iar ln, hut C inng knvnrtfngnss tfet wn stekm kaw

tektegcsck`gy dgasn ta bulpck` tfet gest hraao, ekm `cvck` us e tfnary ck rn`cakeg stumcns

tfet wcgg eggaws us ta lavn gcon tfn Uunnk hedowerms ekm iarwerms, scmnweys ekm

mceàkeggy ck ukmnrstekmck` kntwaro dakkndtcaks ekm tfncr clpedts ak pgedns. ]fcs wcgg

pravcmn tfn hescs iar systnletcdeggy ukmnrstekmck` tfn errey ai cktnr- ekm lugtc-sdeger

rngetcaks tfet dalprcsn tfn rnegctcns ai tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak ekm mnvngaplnkt.

Icùrn 55 ]fn Xnm Uunnk hrck`ck` Egcdn ta tfn gest ai tfn snvnk stnps

Ta ci tfn ony dakdnpt cs stretn`cd daupgck` ck `gaheg-gadeg rngetcaks hntwnnk mciinrnkt

ockms ai rn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls ekm `gaheg okawgnm`n pramudtcak kntwaros, wfet

ern tfn predtcdeg clpgcdetcaks iar tfcs es e iuturn rnsnerdf e`nkme iar tnrrctarceg ckkavetcak

ck rn`cakeg stumcns. C tfcko wn dek egg e`rnn tfet tfn degg ta erls cs kaw dalpgntn, ekm tfn

tcln cs kaw fnrn iar e ludf larn nxpgcdct ekm spndcicd iadus ak `gaheg-gadeg cktnrpgey,

hucgmck` dakdnpts, detnàrcns ekm desn stumcns. Ck pertcduger, tfnsn detnàrcns knnm hnttnr

pckkck` mawk, ekm ci tfny mniy mnmudtcvn mnickctcak, tfnk et gnest ek cktuctcvn mnsdrcptcak

ai tfn haukmery dakmctcaks ai tfcs systnl cs kndnssery. Aur ukmnrstekmck` ai kntwaro

mykelcds knnm up`remck`, teock` ckta eddaukt nlnr`ck` tfnarcsetcaks ai tfn dalpgnxcty


31/34


45

ai edtars, tfn iedt tfet tfny ern kat purngy ndakalcstcd, wctf snrnkmcpcty ekm daktnxt hatf

pgeyck` e ragn. ]fcs su``nsts tfet ukmnrstekmck` tfnsn cssuns cs e lugtc-mcsdcpgckery

dfeggnk`n, ekm wcgg fevn ta hrck` ta`ntfnr tfn iugg rek`n ai mcsdcpgckns ckvagvnm ck

rn`cakeg stumcns ck armnr ta hnttnr ukmnrstekm tfnsn stretn`cd ekdfarck` pradnssns. ]fnrn

ern egrnemy saln nkdaure`ck` ekm cktnrnstck` cssuns nlnr`ck` ck e rndnkt ANDM warock`

pepnr iral Ekmrne Hakkedarsc, wfnrn fn puts iarwerm tfn cmne ai ukhukmgck` rn`cakeg

ckkavetcak pagcdcns eddarmck` ta tfn cmne ai spetceg spek ai tfn kntwaros ckvagvnm.

Es tfn `gaheg drcscs daktckuns ta ukiagm, ekm tfn erdfctndturn ai `gaheg ndakalcd pawnr

daktckuns cts dnesngnss lutetcak ekm nvagutcak, wn stekm ak tfn hrcko ai e strudtureg sfcit

es praiaukm es tfn gchnregcsetcak ai tfn past-wer ketcakeg wngiern stetn tfcrty yners e`a

tfet ukgnesfnm tfn `gaheg ndakaly es wn kaw okaw ct. Hut tfnsn dfek`ns akgy eiindtnm

tfn tnrrctarceg sdapn ai stretn`cd daupgck`, mcs-nlhnmmck` edtars iral tfncr rn`caks.

Er`uehgy ct cs tfn rcsn ai tfn okawgnm`n ndakaly ekm tfn prnlcul ak dalpntctcak

tfrau`f ckkavetcak wfcdf fes mrcvnk tfn tnrrctarceg daksnqunkdns ck e daktnxt lemn

passchgn hy `gahegcsetcak. ]fcs trnkm cs gcongy ta daktckun ck suhstektceggy ukdfek`nm

iarl ck tfn dalck` quertnr-dnktury, ekm C tfus daktnkm tfet tfn `gaheg-gadeg peremax, ekm

cts suddnssiug rnsagutcak, wcgg rnleck akn ai tfn prnssck` dakdnrks iar spetceg stretn`cns

ckta tfn 85stdnktury.


32/34


48

HCHGCA@XEZFS EKM XNINXNKDNT

Elck, E., (533=) (nm)Zast-Iarmcsl e rnemnr, Axiarm2 Hescg Hgedowngg.

Elck, E. & Zegek, X. (8::5) ]awerms e kak-retcakegcst cktnrketcakeg pagctcdeg ndakaly,Xnvcnw ai cktnrketcakeg pagctcdeg ndakaly, 6, pp. >>3->00.

Erlstrak`, Z (8::5) Tdcnkdn, nktnrprcsn ekm praict2 cmnaga`y ck tfn okawgnm`n-mrcvnkndakaly Ndakaly ekm Tadcnty 4:(=) pp. >8=->>8.

Hetfngt, F. (8::5) Xn`cakeg dalpntnkdn ekm ndakalcd rndavnry2 mcvnr`nkt `rawtf petfsck Hastaks fc`f tndfkaga`y ndakaly Nktrnprnknursfcp ekm Xn`cakegMnvngaplnkt, 54 pp. 860-45=

Hetfngt, F., Leglhnr`, E. & Lesongg, Z., 8::=, "Dgustnrs ekm okawgnm`n2 gadeg huzz,`gaheg pcpngckns ekm tfn pradnss ai okawgnm`n drnetcak" Zra`rnss ck Fulek@na`repfy 86 (5) pp. 45->9

Hnkknwartf, Z. & Messnk, E. (8:5:) Ttrnk`tfnkck` `gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcvcty ck rn`cakegckkavetcak stretn`cns2 E tfnarntcdeg ekm pagcdy rnigndtcak, Parock` pepnr 5 iar tfnANDM Xn`cakeg ckkavetcak stretn`cns prabndt, Zercs2 Arèkcsetcak iarNdakalcd Da-apnretcak & Mnvngaplnkt.

Hnkknwartf Z. (8:5:) Ttrnk`tfnkck` `gaheg-gadeg dakkndtcvcty ck rn`cakeg ckkavetcakstretn`cns2 Clpgcdetcaks iar rn`cakeg ckkavetcak pagcdy Parock` Zepnr 8 iar tfnANDM Xn`cakeg ckkavetcak stretn`cns prabndt, Zercs2 Arèkcsetcak iarNdakalcd Da-apnretcak & Mnvngaplnkt.

Hnkknwartf, Z. T. & Faspnrs, @. B. (8::0) ^rhek dalpntctcvnknss ck tfn okawgnm`nndakaly2 ukcvnrsctcns es knw pgekkck` ekcletnurs Zra`rnss ck Zgekkck` 84 (5)

pp. 4-5:8.Hasdfle, X.E. (8::>), Zraxclcty ekm ckkavetcak. E drctcdeg essnsslnkt, Xn`cakeg

Ttumcns, 43 (5) , pp. 95-0=.

Dfrcstapfnrsak, T. & Dgero, B. (8::0) Zawnr ck icrl kntwaros2 wfet ct lneks iarrn`cakeg ckkavetcak systnls, Xn`cakeg Ttumcns =5 (3) pp. 58845849.

Daaon, Z (8::>) Xn`cakeggy esyllntrcd okawgnm`n depehcgctcns ekm apnk ckkavetcak 2nxpgarck` @gahegcsetcak 8 e knw lamng ai ckmustry arèkcsetcak, XnsnerdfZagcdy, 4=, pp. 5586-55=3

Dax, O. X. (5336) Tpedns ai mnpnkmnkdn, spedns ai nkè`nlnkt ekm tfn pagctcds ai sdegn

ar2 gaaock` iar gadeg pagctcds Zagctcdeg @na`repfy 50 (5) pp 5-84Magarneux & Zerta 8::6

@nrtgnr, L. (533>) Hnck` tfnrn2 praxclcty, arèkcsetcak ekm dugturn ck tfnmnvngaplnkt ekm emaptcak ai emvekdnm lekuiedturck` tndfkaga`cns, Ndakalcd@na`repfy 05 (5) pp 5 89.


33/34


44

@nrtgnr, L. T. & Pagin, M.E. (8::9) Tpedns ai okawgnm`n igaws. Dgustnrs ck e `gahegdaktnxt ck H. Esfncl, Z. K. Daaon, & X. Lertck (nms) Dgustnrs ekm rn`cakegmnvngaplnkt. Drctcdeg rnigndtcaks ekm nxpgaretcaks, Xautgnm`n, Gakmak.

@chsak-@refel, BO (5339) ]fn Nkm ai Depctegcsl (Es Pn Oknw Ct)2 E Inlckcst Drctcqunai Zagctcdeg Ndakaly, Axiarm Ô ekm Delhrcm`n ^TE2 Hgedowngg Zuhgcsfnrs

Ferrcsak, H. (533=) Gnek ekm lnek2 tfn dfek`ck` gekmsdepn ai darparetn pawnr ck tfne`n ai ignxchcgcty, Knw Saro2 Hescd Haaos.

Fervny, M. (5364) ]fn gclcts ta depcteg, Axiarm2 Hescg Hgedowngg.

Fervny, M. (536>) ]fn ^rhekczetcak ai Depcteg2 Ttumcns ck tfn fcstary ekm tfnary aidepctegcst urhekczetcak. Axiarm, Hescg Hgedowngg.

Fervny, M. (5363e) ]fn Dakmctcak ai Zastlamnrkcty2 ek nkqucry ckta tfn arc`cks aidugtureg dfek`n, Axiarm2 Hescg Hgedowngg.

Faggekm, T. (5309) Depcteg vnrsus tfn rn`caks, Hesck`staon2 Ledlcggek.

Fumsak X. (5363) Gehaur leront dfek`n ekm knw iarls ai waro ck agm ckmustrcegrn`caks2 leyhn ignxchcgcty iar saln hut kat ignxchgn eddulugetcak Nkvcraklnkt &Zgekkck` M2 Tadcnty ekm Tpedn 0 (5) pp. >-4:.

Oasdfetzoy, O. (8::3) ]fn ukdnrteckty ck rn`cakeg ckkavetcak pagcdy2 saln retcakegnsekm taags iar gnerkck` ck pagcdy leock` Parock` Zepnrs Icrls ekm Xn`cak Ka.X9/8::3, Oergsrufn2 Ireunkfainr CTC.

Gew, B. (8::=) Ekm ci tfn @gaheg Pnrn Tlegg ekm Kak-Dafnrnkt1 Lntfam, Dalpgnxctyekm tfn Heraqun Tadcnty ekm Tpedn 88 (5), pp. 54-89.

Lerousnk, E.X. (5360) Zraict Dydgns, Agcàpagy ekm Xn`cakeg Mnvngaplnkt, Delhrcm`nLE? LC] Zrnss.

Lerousnk, E., 5339, "Ttcdoy Zgedns ck Tgcppnry Tpedn2 E ]ypaga`y ai CkmustrcegMcstrcdts", ck Ndakalcd @na`repfy, 082 834454.

Lerousnk, E. X. (5333) Iuzzy dakdnpts, sdekty nvcmnkdn, pagcdy mcstekdn2 tfn desn iarrcàur ekm pagcdy rngnvekdn ck drctcdeg rn`cakeg stumcns Xn`cakeg Ttumcns 44 (3)pp. 693-66=.

Lettns (8::9)

Laugenrt, I., & Twyk`nmauw, N. (5335) Xn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt ekm tfn `na`repfy aitfn ignxchgn pramudtcak systnl2 tfnarntcdeg erùlnkts ekm nlpcrcdeg nvcmnkdn ck^. Fcgpnrt, (nm) Xn`cakeg ckkavetcak ekm mndnktregcsetcak2 fc`fàvnrklnkt pagcdy, Gakmak2 Xautgnm`n.

Laugenrt, I. ekm Tnoce, I. (8::4) ]nrrctarceg Ckkavetcak Lamngs2 e Drctcdeg Turvny ,Xn`cakeg Ttumcns vag. 40 ka. 4, pp. 863-4:8

Larèk, O. (5330) ]fn gnerkck` rn`cak2 ckstctutcaks, ckkavetcak ekm rn`cakeg rnknweg,Xn`cakeg Ttumcns 45 (>) pp. =35 =:4.

Larèk & Teynr (5360)


34/34


Kcasc, B. & Rfn`u, L. (8::>) Enraspedn dgustnrs2 gadeg ar `gaheg okawgnm`nspcggavnrs1, Ckmustry ekm Ckkavetcak, 58 (5) >-83.

Ackes, Z., & Legndoc, N. B. (8::8). ]fn nvagutcak ai tndfkaga`cns ck tcln ekm spedn2 Iralketcakeg ekm rn`cakeg ta spetceg ckkavetcak systnls. Cktnrketcakeg Xn`cakegTdcnkdn Xnvcnw, 8>(5), 5:8-545.

Zndo, B. & ]cdongg, E (8::8) Knagchnregcsck` spedn Ektcpamn 4= pp 46:-=:=

Tehng, D.I. (533=) Ignxchgn spndcegcsetcak ekm tfn rn-nlnr`nkdn ai rn`cakeg ndakalcns,ck E. Elck, (nm) Zast-Iarmcsl2 e rnemnr, Axiarm2 Hescg Hgedowngg

Tessnk, T. (5335) ]fn @gaheg Dcty2 Knw Saro, Gakmak, ]aoya. Zrckdntak ^kcvnrsctyZrnss, Zrckdntak

Ttarpnr, L. (533>) ]fn rnsur`nkdn ai rn`cakeg ndakalcns tnk yners getnr2 tfn rn`cak es eknxus ai uktremnm cktnrmnpnkmnkdcns, Nurapnek ^rhek & Xn`cakeg Ttumcns 8 (4)pp. 535-885.

Twyk`nmauw N, 5338, "]fn lellak qunst2 j`gadegczetcak' cktnrspetceg dalpntctcak ekm

tfn lakntery armnr2 tfn knw dakstrudtcak ai sdegns", ck Dctcns ekm Xn`caks ck tfnKnw Nurapn2 ]fn @gaheg Gadeg Cktnrpgey ekm Tpetceg Mnvngaplnkt Ttretn`cnsNms L Mukiarm, @ Oeioeges (Hngfevnk Zrnss, Gakmak) pp 43 96

]mtgck`, I. & ]rcppg, L. (8::>) Akn-sczn-icts-egg1 ]awerms e mciinrnktcetnm rn`cakegpagcdy eppraedf Xnsnerdf Zagcdy 4= (6) pp 58:4-5853.

^yerre, N. (8::3) Pfet cs nvagutcakery ehaut rn`cakeg systnls ai ckkavetcak1Clpgcdetcaks iar rn`cakeg pagcdy Baurkeg ai Nvagutcakery Ndakalcds, MAC5:.5::0/s::535-::3-:54>-y.

Pagin, M.E. Mevcs, D. & Gudes, L. (8::>) @gaheg kntwaros ekm gadeg gckoe`ns2 ekcktramudtcak ck M. E. Pagin & L. Gudes, (nms) @gaheg Kntwaros ekm GadegGckoe`ns2 ]fn Zeremax ai Dgustnr Mnvngaplnkt ck ek Apnk Ndakaly, ]arakta2Ld@cgg-Uunnk's ^kcvnrscty Zrnss.

Snuk`, F. P. (8:::) Ar`ekcsck` tfn icrl ck ckmustrceg `na`repfy C2 kntwaros,ckstctutcaks ekm rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt, Zra`rnss ck Fulek @na`repfy, 8= (8) pp.4:5-5>.

Snuk`, F. P. (8::3) Tctuetck` rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt ck tfn dalpntctcvn mykelcds ai`gaheg pramudtcak kntwaros2 ek Nest Escek pnrspndtcvn ck F. P. Snuk` (nm)@gahegczck` rn`cakeg mnvngaplnkt ck Nest Esce2 pramudtcak kntwaros, dgustnrs,ekm nktrnprnknursfcp, Gakmak2 Xautgnm`n.

Globalisation and Regional Studies for the 21st Century

Documents

Transcript of Globalisation and Regional Studies for the 21st Century