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A Project on

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Introduction Definition : -Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth'snear-surface air and oceans. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C during the last century. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that increasinggreenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activity such asfossil fuel burning and deforestation caused most of the observedtemperature increase since the middle of the 20th century.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate thatthe global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century. Warming is expected to continuebeyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record

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Temperature changes

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An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation ,probably including expansion of subtropical deserts . The

continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice isexpected, with warming being strongest in the Arctic . Otherlikely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions , and changes inagricultural yields .

Based on estimates by NASA 's

Goddard Institute for Space Studies , 2009 is the warmestyear since 1900.

Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, landtemperatures have increased about twice as fast as oceantemperatures. The Northern Hemisphere warms faster thanthe Southern Hemisphere because it has more land andbecause it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice

cover.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise

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Greenhouse gases The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared

radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet 's lower atmosphere and surface.

The atmosphere allows a large percentage of the rays of visible light from the Sun toreach the Earth's surface and heat it. A part of this energy is reradiated by the Earth'ssurface in the form of long-wave infrared radiation , much of which is absorbed bymolecules of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere and which is reflectedback to the surface as heat. The trapping of this infrared radiation causes the Earth's

surface and lower atmospheric layers to warm to a higher temperature.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 C(59 F). The major greenhouse gases are water vapor , which causes about 3670percent of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO 2), which causes 926 percent;methane (CH 4), which causes 49 percent ;and ozone (O 3), which causes 37 percent .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29

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Green House Effect

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Human activity since the Industrial Revolution hasincreased the amount of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere. The concentrations of CO 2 and methane

have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since themid-1700s. These levels are much higher than at anytime during the last 650,000 years, the period for whichreliable data has been extracted from ice cores .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

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Aerosols A system of liquid or solid particles uniformly distributed in a finely

divided state through a gas, usually air is called as an Aerosol. Theseparticles play an important role in the precipitation process. Theyparticipate in chemical processes and influence the electricalproperties of the atmosphere. These aerosols exert a cooling effect byincreasing the reflection of incoming sunlight.

Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and thus lead toclouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These cloudsreflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer andlarger droplets. This effect also causes droplets to be of moreuniform size, which reduces growth of raindrops and makes the cloudmore reflective to incoming sunlight.

Atmospheric soot aerosols directly absorb solar radiation, whichheats the atmosphere and cools the surface. When deposited,especially on glaciers or on ice in arctic regions, the lower surfacealbedo can also directly heat the surface.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twomey_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twomey_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei

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Warming :-1)Water vapour : -

If the atmosphere is warmed, the saturation vapor pressure increases,

and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere will tend to increase.Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vaporcontent makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes theatmosphere to hold still more water vapor.

2)Cloud : -Warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds. Seenfrom below, clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface, and soexert a warming effect; seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and emitinfrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect.

3)Gas Release : -Release of gases of biological origin may be affected by global warming,but research into such effects is at an early stage. Gases such asNitrous oxide released from peat , directly affect climate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_vapor_pressure

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4) Ice Albedo Effect : -

Aerial photograph showing a section of sea ice. Thelighter blue areas are melt ponds and the darkest areas are

open water. When ice melts, land or open water takes its place. Bothland and open water are on average less reflective than iceand thus absorb more solar radiation. This causes morewarming, which in turn causes more melting, and this cycle

continues.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_pondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_ponds

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5) Reduced Absorption of CO 2 By Oceans : -Ocean ecosystems' ability to sequester carbon is expected to decline asthe oceans warm. This is because warming reduces the nutrient levels of the mesopelagic zone (about 200 to 1000 m deep), which limits thegrowth of diatoms in favor of smaller phytoplankton that are poorerbiological pumps of carbon.

6) Gas Release : -Release of gases of biological origin may be affected by global warming,but research into such effects is at an early stage. Gases such asNitrous oxide released from peat , directly affect climate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplanktonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplanktonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone

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7) Environmental : -

Broader effects are expected to include glacial retreat , Arctic shrinkage, and worldwide sea level rise. Sea level rise, changes in rainfallpatterns, and increased intensity and frequency of extreme weatherevents are attributable in part to global warming. Other expectedeffects include water scarcity in some regions and some adversehealth effects from warmer temperatures.

"Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China,and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in anyother part of the world." "In the short term, this will cause lakes toexpand and bring floods and mudflows." "In the long run, the glaciersare vital lifelines for Asian rivers, including the Indus and the Ganges .Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_mass_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance

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Mitigation

Models suggest that mitigation can quickly begin to slowglobal warming, but that temperatures will appreciablydecrease only after several centuries. The world's primaryinternational agreement on reducing greenhouse gasemissions is the Kyoto Protocol , an amendment to the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol

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1) Adaptation :- A wide variety of measures for adaptation to global warming are such as the installation of

air-conditioning equipment, to major infrastructure projects, such as abandoning settlementsthreatened by sea level rise .

Measures including water conservation , water rationing , adaptive agricultural practices,construction of flood defenses , Martian colonization , changes to medical care, andinterventions to protect threatened species have all been suggested.

2) Geo Engineering :-Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of Earth'snatural environment on a large scale to suit human needs.An example is greenhouse gas remediation , which removesgreenhouse gases from the atmosphere, usually through

carbon sequestration techniques.Solar radiation management reduces absorbed solar

Responses to Global Warming :-The broad agreement among climate scientists that global

temperatures will continue to increase has led some nations , states, corporations and individuals to implement responses. Theseresponses to global warming can be divided into mitigation of thecauses and effects of global warming, adaptation to the changingglobal environment, and geo-engineering to reverse globalwarming.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_defenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_defenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warming