“Because we don’t think about future generations, they

will never forget us”

Henrik Tikkanen

Marta Aparício

• Population growth

• Technological revolution

• Increase of poluition

• Lack of water

• Loss of biodiversity

• Increase of temperature

Marta Aparício

“For the past 150 years, Earth’s global temperature has been rising.”

Marta Aparício

EVIDENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING

CO2 levels

Global Temperature

years ago

Marta Aparício

The Greenhouse

Effect

“For the past 150 years, Earth’s global temperature has been rising.”

Marta Aparício

Marta Aparício

Greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide - 49%

Methane -  18%

CFC - 14%

Nitrous Oxide - 6%

Other Gases - 13%

Why do the levels of CO2 diminish once a year?

CO2 levels

CO2 levels

The leaves fall and

disgorge CO2

The leaves come out

and breath in CO2

Marta Aparício

• Melting of the North Polar ice cap and of the rest of the mountain glaciers in the world,

• Increasing the sea levels of as much as 6 metres• Leaving people nearby incapable of drinking fresh water from the ice shelves• Taking ice from polar bears, who drawn trying to reach another platform

• Unstable configuration of ocean and wind – heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, floods

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING

Marta Aparício

• Sea saturation of calcium carbonate interferring with the making of shells by sea creatures – species extintion

• Increase of deserted areas

• Emerging of infectious diseases because of the disruption on instability in climate patterns

Marta Aparício

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING’S CAUSES

• Volcanos: sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen

sulphide

• Some microorganisms anaerobic activity; in livestock farming, liquid manure is stored in massive tanks:

methane

• Water vapor

Natural Causes

Water vapor is a natural greenhouse gas that increases in volume with warmer temperatures, thereby magnifying the impact of all artificial greenhouse gases.

Marta Aparício

• Landfills

• Fossil-fuel burning (cars)

• Waste-water treatment

• Other industry

Human Causes

GLOBAL WARMING’S CAUSES

• Fertilizers

• Forest burning

• Crop residues

• Aluminum smelting

• Electricity grid

Marta Aparício

“According to the main relation

between Mankind and Envyronment,

we need to guarantee to a minimum

wellfare of the society, as to a

maximum utilization of the resources

our planet has.”

“Sustainable development applies to present needs without compromising the needs of future generations”

Marta Aparício

The countries which release carbon dioxide (CO2) in higher

quantities

United States 36,1%

Russia 17,4%

Japan 8,5%

Germany 7,4%

United Kingdom 4,3%

Canada 3,3%

Italy 3,1%

Poland 3,0%

France 2,7%

Australia 2,1%

Spain 1,9%

Netherlands 1,2%

Czech Rebublic 1,2%

Romania 1,2%

Marta Aparício

• Promoves renewable sources of energy to get electric light and

efficient transports

• Reduces to 5% the CO2 emissions

• Protects forests and other carbon emissors

• Has been ratified by 132 Nations in the developed world

• Has not been ratified by the United States

Marta Aparício

Most of the scientists agree that, in order to control Global Warming, it’s necessary that the countries reduce to 60% the CO2 emissions.

Marta Aparício

There’s another group of scientists – the ceptics – who agrees

that the Kyoto Treaty doesn’t

make sense; people should

just change the way they live

their lives.

The most poluent countries can:

• Buy “credits” to those who • polute less and • have the right to emit more than they do.

• Or acquire “credits” by doing things that help absorving CO2 from the atmosphere, like planting trees or mantaning the soil healthy.

EMISSIONS TRADE

removing CO2 out of the atmosphere• stored for long periods of time in vegetation, in the ground or under the ground

• injected in the bottom of the oceans

• transformed into solid materials such as rocks

Captured CO2:

Marta Aparício

Racional utilization of energy: to decrease the losses of energy during

its production, transformation and consuming.

• Choose compact fluorescent lightbulbs• Buy local products•Insulate your house

• Reduce standby power waste• Drive less and get hybrid or fuel-cell cars

• Use less hot water• Plant a tree

• Don’t waste paper• Include less meat in your diet

A single tree will absorb one tone of

CO2 over its lifetime.

It takes far more fossil-fuel energy to produce and transport meat than to deliver equivalent amounts of protein from plant sources.

A great part of the products we

use daily comes from

aboard, which requiers energy

for its transportation

and conservation.

Marta Aparício

• And, of course,

THE THREE “R’s” CYCLE FOR THE CONSUMER

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

Recycling takes far less energy than does sending recyclables to landfills and creating new paper.

Marta Aparício

Coal

Oil

Natural gas

Biomass

Wind

Waves

Solar

Geothermal

Electricity

Heat

Transportation

Industry

Our home

Services

Geothermal power station

Petrol/Fuel

Oil refinery

Hydro

Marta Aparício

Nonrenewable sources of energyare wasted more rapidly than they are produced naturaly.

Ex: Coal, oil, natural gas (fossil-fuels)

Renewable sources of energyare being produced (naturaly or by human intervention) at a very fast speed so that our waste won’t lead to its extintion.

Ex: Wind power, solar power, biomass

Marta Aparício

NONRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Coal

• Fossil-fuel which comes from mining

• It exists in large quantities

• Great envyronmental impacts

• It produces electric energy

• It’s the cheapest fuel

Marta Aparício

Oil

• Main source of energy in the whole world

• Used mostly in transports

• It might spoil

• Its burning releases greenhouse gases - it’s one of the biggest source

of atmospheric polution

Marta Aparício

NONRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Natural Gas

• Less poluent than coal and oil

• It’s cheap

• It exists in many places all around the world

• Not toxic

• Difficult transportation

Marta Aparício

NONRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Why to use renewable sources of energy?

• They protect the envyronment

• Energy independence

• They create wealth, jobs and opportunity

• The Kyoto Treaty (in Portugal, it was allowed the increase of the carbon

dioxide emissions in 27% until 2012)

Marta Aparício

Wind Power

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Turning wind energy into electric energy

• Clean and boundless source

• Noisy

• Birds may crash

• Large tract of land needed for a very high cost of the implementation

of the wind power station

• Dependent on wind velocity

Marta Aparício

Solar

• It comes form the Sun light turned into electric or thermal energy

• It’s guaranteed for 6000 millions of years

• It’s easy to maintain a solar station

• Keeps electricity inside

• High cost of the implementation of the solar panels

• All day long, light is variable; there are different climate situations and shadows from

trees or buildingsMarta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Waves

• It turns machenical energy into electric energy

• The instalations can’t interfeere with the navegation curses and have

to resist sea storms

• The water waves must be very high

Marta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• It comes from the Earth’s inner heat, producing electicity and providing heat itself

• It can be produced 10.000 times the energy needed for a total present year

• It’s cheapest than fossil-fuels

• Its energy is independent from weather variaties

• The required area to the instalment of the geothermal station is small

• It creates jobs

• It’s expensive

• The lost heat increases the envyronment’s temperature

Geothermal Power

Marta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Tides

• It’s energy is obtained from the different levels of the water during a specific time

(minimum: difference of 5 metres)

• It’s not poluent

• It doesn’t require sofisticated material

• The construction of the dam is expensive

• It provides energy during ten hours a day only

Marta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Biomass

• It’s energy comes from forests, and food (during its making or its

treatment) waste

• Ex: biodiesel and bio-gas

Marta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• It’s an alternative fuel that can be brewed from leftover frying oil or any other organic

waste

• Biodiesel increases the car engine’s life

• Vegetation captures the CO2 that comes from the burning of this fuel

• It creates jobs

Biodiesel

Marta Aparício

Hydrogen Power

• It may be the ultimate clean fuel of the future

• It’s at least a few decades away

• It produces electricity with a profit higher than 40%

• Renewable, boundless and not poluent resource of energy (it only expelts water

vapor to the envyronment) • It can have many sources of energy: solar power, wind power, water, fossil-fuels and

biomass

• It cannot be found in nature; it must be produced unnaturally

• Hydrogen power’s cost will be reasonable compared to the oil’s costs

Marta Aparício

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Marta Aparício