Global warming-sparrows

8/7/2019 Global warming-sparrows

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First let us understand what is

global warming?

Global Warming:Global warmingrefers to an average increase in the

Earth's temperature, which in turn

causes changes in climate. Awarmer Earth may lead to changes

in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea

level, and a wide range of impacts

on plants, wildlife, and humans.

When scientists talk about theissue of climate change, their

concern is about global warming

caused by human activities

Climate Change: Climate is thelong-term average of a region's

weather events lumped together.

Climate change represents a


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change in these long-term weather

patterns. They can become warmer

or colder. Annual amounts ofrainfall or snowfall can increase or

decrease.

I would like to through some light

on how Global warming affects

birds and other wildlife in countless

ways, and can even cause

extinctions.

How does global warmingaffect birds, other wildlife, andtheir habitats?All organisms depend on their

habitats for food, water, shelter,

and opportunities to breed and

raise young. Climate changes can

affect organisms and their habitats

in a myriad of ways. In fact, global


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warming impacts all life on earth,

from individual organisms to

populations, species, communities,and ecosystems. It can alter

behaviors, population sizes,

species distributions, plant and

animal communities, and

ecosystem functions and stability.How strongly different species will

be affected varies, depending on

differences in their ecology and life

history. Species with small

population sizes, restricted ranges,and limited ability to move to

different habitat will be most at

risk. When it comes to global

warming, birds are like canaries in

the coal mine, showing us that

temperature increases are

reshaping our ecology in potentially


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dangerous ways. According to a

2009 Audubon report, nearly 60% of

305 species found in North Americain winter have been on the move

over the last 40 years, shifting their

ranges northward by an average of

35 miles, and in some cases by

hundreds of miles.

Is wildlife already beingaffected by global warming?There is mounting scientific

evidence that global warming isalready having profound effects on

birds, broader biodiversity, wildlife

habitat, and ecosystems. Here are

some of the ways that global

warming is affecting wildlife:

Ge o g ra p h ic ra n g e The ranges of many plants and
http://birdsandclimate.audubon.org/http://birdsandclimate.audubon.org/


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animals are moving toward the

poles and toward higher elevations.

For example, the ranges of manyBritish breeding birds were, on

average, more than 11 miles farther

north in the period from 1988-91

than they were in the period from

1968-72, according to comparisonsderived from breeding bird atlases.

(British butterflies are also being

found farther north.)

R e p ro d u c t io n t im in gEgg-laying, flowering, and

spawning are occurring earlier for

many species, in some cases

disrupting delicate cycles that

ensure that insects and other foodare available for young animals. For

example, Tree Swallows across

North America have advanced egg-


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laying by as many as nine days

from 1959 to 1991.

M ig ra t io n t im in g a n d p a t te rn sSpring migration is occurring

earlier and fall migration later in

many species. For example, 25

migratory bird species are arriving

in Manitoba, Canada, earlier than

they did 63 years ago; only two are

arriving later.

F re q u e n c y a n d i n te n s it y o fp e s t o u tb re a k sGlobal warming increases droughts

in some areas; and spruce

budworm outbreaks frequently

follow droughts, perhaps because

dry weather increases the stresson host trees or allows more

spruce budworm eggs to be laid.


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Spruce budworms can be lethal to

spruce trees, and spruce-fir forests

are a very important habitat type inthe northern hemisphere for a wide

variety of plants and animals.

Can global warming causeextinctions?Global warming is already causing

extinctions in vulnerable species.

Approximately 70 species of

harlequin frogs in Central and

South America have been driven toextinction by a disease that is

linked with global warming.

Warmer temperatures cause

increased cloud cover that creates

ideal conditions for a fungus thatkills the frogs. This is only one

cautionary example of how global


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warming disrupts the stability of

ecosystems. As it continues, it will

cause more extinction.

Scientists predict 9-52% of all

terrestrial species (1 million plants

and animals) will be on an

irreversible path to extinction by

2050. (These predictions are based

on modeling of the effects of

minimum to maximum climate

warming impacts on a broad range

of species in regions around the

world.)

The planet's 25 biodiversity

"hotspots" are especially

vulnerable to climate impacts.

These special places providehomes to 44% of the world's plants

and 35% of its vertebrates, in less


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than 1.4% of its land area. A

doubling of atmospheric carbon

dioxide, which estimates suggestcould occur in about 100 years,

could lead to extinction of as many

as 43% of these areas' endemic

species.

England's long history of nature

observation makes it a center of

phenology, the study of natural

events such as flower bloomingand bird nesting occurs. There and

all across Europe, detailed records

show rising average temperatures

are affecting natural processes.

David Walker


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of the Dungeness Bird Observatory

holds a chiffchaffPhylloscopus

collybita, a warbler whose yearly

migration and nesting are much

earlier now than in the mid-20th

century.


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Ornithologist Andrew Gosler of

Oxford University records the date

of egg lying of great tits Parus

major, in Wytham Wood. Monitoring

900 nest boxes since the 1960s,

this project, run by the Edward

Grey Institute of Field Ornithology,

has documented a three week

advance in date of first laying,

which is "entirely consistent with

the weather." British Trust for

Ornithology records confirms


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similar advances for many other

birds.

One of the most dramatic changes

to the British countryside is the

earlier budding of the famous

English oaks, Quercus robur. These

trees are monitored on a canopy

walkway at Wytham Environmental

Change Network. Across Europe,30 years of records from botanical

gardens show that the growing

season is almost 11 days longer


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due to earlier spring and later fall

events.

The next small research on birds is

done by the American

ornithologists are investigating

climate change in several ways.

Jeff Price of the American Birding

Congress collects data from birders

and scientists and reports

changing migration and ranges for

hundreds of North American

species. This yellow warbler was

an early migrant at Point Pelee

National Park, Ontario.


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And than the next research is

carried on by Audubon scientists.

The findings signal predict that

global warming will mean dire

consequences, even extinction, for

many bird species, and this

analysis suggests that that the

process leading down that path is

already well underway," warned

Audubon President John Flicker.

"We're witnessing an uncontrolled
http://audubon.org/news/pressroom/Leaders/Flicker.htmlhttp://audubon.org/news/pressroom/Leaders/Flicker.html


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experiment on the birds and the

world we share with them."

The following is a list of top 20

common birds in North America

with the greatest population which

has decline in there recent

research.

#1

NorthernBobwhitea chubby,

robin-sized birdthat runs

along theground in

groups

and isfound ingrasslandsmixed


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with

shrubs or

widelyspacedtreesthroughout much ofthe

EasternUnitedStates.

#2

EveningGrosbeak:

a rotund,robin-sized bird

found inthe

mountainsof thewesternUnitedStates and
http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=2http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=2http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=2http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=2


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Canada;

the boreal

forest ofCanadaand thenorthernedge ofthe United

Stateseast toNova

Scotia.

#3

Northern

Pintail: aMallard-sized

"puddleduck" with

a slimbodyfound ingrassyuplands


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and

untilled

crop fieldsnearshallowseasonaland semi-permanen

t wetlandsin much ofthe

NorthernHemisphere.

#4

GreaterScaup: a

black,gray, and

whiteduck,smallerthan aMallard,


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found

along

lakes andlargeponds inlarge opentundracomplexes

in Alaskaandeastern

Canada.

#5BorealChickadee

: a small,active,grayish

bird with ablack chin,

browncap, andbrownishsidesfound in
http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5http://stateofthebirds.audubon.org/cbid/profile.php?id=5


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spruce

and fir

forests inmost ofAlaskaandCanadaand the

U.S.statesadjacent

toCanada.

#6

EasternMeadowlark: a robin-

sized birdwith a

lightbrownback andbrilliantyellow


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breast

with a big,

black "V",found ingrasslandsand opensavannasin eastern

Canadasouththrough

theeasternUnited

States.


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#7

Common

Tern: aslender,medium-sized,black-capped,

gray-and-white birdwith thin,

pointedbill, and along,

deeplyforkedtail, found

near shorein oceans,

lakes, andrivers intheNorthernHemispher


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e,

wintering

in theSouthernHemisphere.

#8

Loggerhea

d Shrike:a robin-sized gray

bird withblackwings,

whitewing-patches, a

blackmask, and

black tail,found inshortgrass withisolated


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trees or

shrubs,

especiallypastureland in mostof Mexicoand thesouthern

half of theUnitedStates.

#9FieldSparrow:a small

brownsongbirdwith a

light rustycap and a

brightpink billfound inabandoned fields


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with

scattered

shrubsand treesin theUnitedStateseast of the

RockyMountainsand

Canada.

#10

Grasshopp

erSparrow:a fairly

nondescript, small

brownbird with ashort tailand a flathead often


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found

hiding in

largerpatches ofgrassland,usuallywith fewshrubs or

trees, inthe UnitedStates

east of theRockyMountains

andadjacentportions of

southernCanada.

#11

SnowBunting: asmall,pale-brown-


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and-white

bird

usuallyfound inwinter bythe ocean,lakes, andrivers

shores,grassyfields or

roadsidesin NorthAmerica,

Alaskaandnorthern

Canada.Its

breedingplumageis brilliantwhite andblack.


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#12

Black-

throatedSparrow:a verydistinctivesmall,brown

bird with ablackthroat and

maskfound inopen

areas withscatteredshrubs

and trees,including

desertsand semi-desertgrasslandsin the


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intermoun

tain

region inthewesternUnitedStates,northern

Mexico,and BajaCalifornia.

#13LarkSparrow:a brown

bird withdistinctivemarkings

on thehead and

tail, foundin grassyhabitatswithscattered


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trees or

shrubs,

includingsagebrush, park-likesettings,and opendeciduous

savannasin interiorsouthwest

ernCanadasouth to

northernMexicoand from

Illinoiswest to

California.

#14

CommonGrackle: adark bird


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longer

than most

blackbirds, slimmerthan mostcrows,and veryiridescent

with longcenter-creased

tail, foundin avariety of

openhabitatswith trees,

includingurban

areas,parks,riparianareas, anda variety


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of woody

wetlands

in theUnitedStates andCanada.

#15

American

Bittern: atwo-foottall brown

and tanstripedwading

bird foundinfreshwater

wetlandswith tall,

emergentvegetationin most oftheCanadian


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provinces

and the

northernhalf of thecontiguous UnitedStates.

#16

RufousHummingbird: a

verysmall,almost all

cinnamon-coloredbird with a

redthroat,

foundwhereverflowersare near,from


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dense

forests to

sunnygardens insouthernAlaska tonorthernCalifornia

andMexico.

#17

Whip-poor-will:a bird only

active atnight withmottled

brownplumage,

found indry, openwoodlandswith littleunderbrus


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h in most

of the

easternUnitedStates,and partsofsoutheast

ern andsouth-central

Canada,southwestern United

States,Mexico,and into

northernCentral

America.

#18

HornedLark: asmall


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grayish

brown

bird withdramaticblack,yellow,and whitefacial and

breastpattern,and small,

featheredhorns onits head,

found inopen,barren

habitats inCanada,

the UnitedStates(includingAlaska),and


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northern

Mexico

outside ofheavilyforestedareas.

#19LittleBlue

Heron: adark bluebird with a

light bluebill thathas a

black tipin adults,found in a

widevariety of

shallowwatersandwetlands,including


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fresh and

saltwater

in thesoutheastern UnitedStates,Bahamas,Cuba, and

most ofthe coastof Mexico.

#20

RuffedGrouse: a

round-bodied,mottled-

brown,crow-sized

bird foundin aspenforests,but inparts of


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the United

States,

found inyoung,open,mixeddeciduous-

coniferousforests,also in

Alaska,throughmost of

Canada,and thenorthern

UnitedStates.

At last I would like to tell about NalSarover bird sanctuary in

Ahmedabad which is one of the


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premier attraction for birds

migration and its one of the major

tourist attraction for having 250spices of birds but due to effect of

global warming it has reduced and

hardly we can see 150 spices like

Wlute strokes, Rosy pelicans,

herones, flamingoes, Brahminyducks

Just want to say that save the

creatures flying in the sky whichadds more beauty to the nature


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Warming has been a big threat for

us, as well as for birds! Birds are

the barometer of the environmentalhealth. Birds send warning to us

about the climate change, if we

need to save ourselves; we need to

save the birds first!

The temperature is getting higher

and higher every year. Birds are

flying north further and further.

This gives a hint that our world is

having 'fever' and the temperatureis still increasing!

We have to lower the energy

consumption to battle the global

warming crisis, to give back a

healthy habitat for the birds and

protect our live. Do whatever we


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can to reduce the pollution by 80%

in the next 50 years.

We need to act now! Please stand

together fighting for global

warming!

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