STUDENT NAME:RESHMINDER KAUR

MATRIX NO: A132843

KKKH4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR LESTARI

LECTURERS

i. Prof. Ir. Dr. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN O.K. RAHMAT ii. Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN

iii. Puan NORLIZA BINTI MOHD AKHIR

TASK 6: GLOBAL WARMING

Supposed you are living in a coastal city. The city administrator has noticed that the mean sea

level has been rising for the past 50 years. The raising is small but over a long period of time it

may cause problems in the city centre as the level of that part of the city is quite low. If you are

hired as a consultant, write a plan of action on what can be done to reduce or mitigate the

problems.

Your report must include Mitigation and Adaptation measures

As the hired Consultant its important to analyze thoroughly what causes the sea level rising

before planning for the actions to reduce and mitigate the problems in the city centre as the level

of that part of the city is quite low.

Over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels and other human and natural activities has

released enormous amounts of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. These emissions have

caused the Earth's surface temperature to rise, and the oceans absorb about 80 percent of this

additional heat.

The rise in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by this ongoing global

climate change:

a) Thermal expansion

When water heats up, it expands. About half of the past century's rise in sea level is attributable

to warmer oceans simply occupying more space.

b)Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps

Large ice formations, like glaciers and the polar ice caps, naturally melt back a bit each summer.

But in the winter, snows, made primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to

balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global

warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to

later winters and earlier springs. This imbalance results in a significant net gain in runoff versus

evaporation for the ocean, causing sea levels to rise.

c)Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica

As with glaciers and the ice caps, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover

Greenland and Antarctica to melt at an accelerated pace. Scientists also believe meltwater from

above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's and West Antarctica's ice sheets,

effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea.

Moreover, higher sea temperatures are causing the massive ice shelves that extend out from

Antarctica to melt from below, weaken, and break off.

Consequences

When sea levels rise rapidly, as they have been doing, even a small increase can have devastating

effects on coastal habitats. As seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion,

flooding of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish,

birds, and plants.

When large storms hit land, higher sea levels mean bigger, more powerful storm surges that can

strip away everything in their path.

In addition, hundreds of millions of people live in areas that will become increasingly vulnerable

to flooding. Higher sea levels would force them to abandon their homes and relocate. Low-lying

islands could be submerged completely.

Mitigations is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.The

emphasis is on the identification and mitigation of pollution.

1. Reduce Air Travel as its combustion of fuels increases the Green House Gases.

2. Energy Conservation

• Promotes the usage of renewable energy such as solar,wind and water to generate

electricity

• Reduce emission of heat and greenhouse gases in the city by legalize law of

reducing emission of gas act.

• Reduce usage of paper and use more advance technologies for readings

• Reduce glass material construction and use steel more for more sustainable design

• Educates the teen to save the environment

• Use steel structure for better performance and higher lifespan

• Researchers will have new field study to determine how to use sea water more

often than using fuel or gases to heat the house

3. Reduced Motorised Transportation

• Increase public transport and increase campaign on using bicycles for normal

routine

• People must help reduce emission of gas and heat by stop using own cars

• Expand Public Transport to attract the attention of its user covering a larger area

which is convenient,safe and fast.

4. Landfill Gas Management

• A proper landfill gas management shall be proposed that involves treating landfill

gas namely Methane gas by way of flaring in the initial stage,and subsequently

generating electricity from the landfill gas as a sustainable source of energy,with

the prospect of supplying power to national grid.

Adaptations is the action or process of adapting or being adapted.Thus,the adaptation shall be

the strategy to cater the risk of sea level rising to a critical level.

1. Protection of Communities

Actively confront encroaching seas by building structures such as polders, which reclaim

inundated coastal regions, and coastal defenses such as dikes and beach nourishments,which

provide an impediment to rising waters. When that is no longer adequate, one might move on to

the next step--accommodating some degree of inundation. That might include building flood-

proof structures, and floating platforms for agriculture.The final step is retreat. It can involve

managed retreating, such as the building of sea walls, and planned evacuation when no other

options are available.

2. Use barriers at the sea to prevent high tides. The inner side can become marine bay

an improve tourism.

3. Drainage Upgrade and Stormwater Management

• Use earth drainage system (soil only) to provide better infiltration of rain

water,improvised by plant vegetation and beautification

• Help to absorb stormwater by storing the water for daily uses.

• Develop new research on how to use sea water efficiently in daily life

4. Heat Alert System

5. Install water suction pump from the sea to absorb sea water to be process and used

for daily routines

6. Business Continuity Plan identifies an organization's exposure to internal and

external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention

and recovery for the organization, while maintaining competitive advantage and

value system integrity

7. Plant vegetation at coastal to make new design of green coast design.

8. Plant more green vegetation along the roads and use naked street system with

permeable pavement with increased expansion of tree canopy

In conclusion,it is not necessary to use expensive technology to cater this problem but a synergy

approach which includes integration of multiple elements in a system to produce an effect

different from or greater than the sum of their individual effect.These methods might be costly.

But if well planned and participated by all parties, it is possible and logical. To help getting rid of

storm water and sea water from flooding the city, we must efficiently use them to balance the

system. The runoff must be designed properly and all parties must help to make the water cycle

become better and optimized.

REFERENCES

i. http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-level-rise/

ii. https://www.udemy.com/sustainable-urban-development/#/lecture/279534

iii. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/220