Global Responses to the Rise of the West Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School.
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Transcript of Global Responses to the Rise of the West Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School.
![Page 1: Global Responses to the Rise of the West Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649ddb5503460f94ad301b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global Responses to the Rise of the West
Mr. Wilson
AP World History
Wren High School
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History of Imperialism
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World in 1900
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British Empire in 1900
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”
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Dutch Empire
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German Empire in 1914
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India “The Jewel in the Crown”
1661 1st British trade center at Bombay– 1690 British establish center at Calcutta
1707 Start of Mughal decline
1756-1763 Seven Years’ War– British East India Co. uses sepoys
1857 Sepoy Rebellion
1858 Beginning of the British Raj
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Indian Resistance to British RuleReforms– Ram Mohan Roy
Cooperation– Indian National Congress (1885)
Nationalism– Radical movement centered on
Hinduism
– Called for independence and revolts
– Paved path for Gandhi, etc.Ram Mohan Roy
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Impact of British rule in India
Positive:– Western education
– Social reforms• Keep the caste system
– Technology• Railroads
• Telegraph lines
– Brought into the global market economy
Negative:– Move towards cash crops
lead to famines
– Drain India of resources
– Taxes used to pay for army and generous salaries for administrators
– Increase in chronic poverty
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British Railways in India
Left: the Darjeeling ExpressAbove: Queen Victoria station
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Famine in India 1877
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French Empire
Light Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire
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French in Vietnam1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with Vietnam follows
1802 French help Gia Long unite Vietnam
1820-1841 Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to persecute Christians
Persecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification for French conquest
By 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add Cambodia and Laos)
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Vietnamese Resistance
Guerrilla warfare – “Save the King Movement”
Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)– Fail to create mass
movement
– Replaced by Communist Party of Vietnam (Viet Minh)
• Dominated by Ho Chi Minh
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Bastille Day in Vietnam
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Imperialism in Africa
Left: Africa in 1878
Right: Africa in 1914
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Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
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British Imperialism in South Africa
1652 1st Dutch settlement at Cape Town
1815 British annex Cape Town
1830 Boers begin Great Trek
1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State
1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal
1899-1902 Boer Wars
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Images of Britain in Africa
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British in Imperialism in Egypt
1798 Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon
1805 Muhammad Ali and his successors modernize Egypt– Borrow heavily from England and France– Build Suez Canal
1882 Nationalist uprisings threaten Egyptian government– Egypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain
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Suez Canal
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Egyptian Responses
Reforms– Muhammad Ali
Nationalism– Arabs see British control of
Egypt as double colonization– Dinshawi incident (1906)
Islamic Fundamentalism– Mahdi
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Legacy of the Mahdi
Mahdi army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Iraq
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Ottoman Empire in the 19th c.
Called the “Sick Man of Europe”
Why? Just a few examples…– Power struggles between government, religious experts,
Janissaries, and other elites
– Ayan (landlords) skimmed tax revenue
– Import of European manufactures caused a decline in the artisan class
– Empire became economically dependent on Europe
– External threats from Egypt, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Balkan nationalism
• Greece gained its independence in 1830
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Ottoman Territorial Losses
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Ottoman Reforms
Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries
Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826
Tanzimat Reforms– Modernize military and bureaucracy– University education focusing on math & science– Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)– Constitution of 1876
Few changes for lower class & women
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Resistance to Reforms & Revolt
Religious conservatives– Ulama
Individual sultans– Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)– Overthrown in 1908
Ottoman Society for Union Progress– “Young Turks”—Nationalism– Establish a parliamentary system– Led Ottoman Empire into WWI
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The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)
Founded by a Manchu warlord
Traditional Chinese dynasty
Qing Golden Age– Kangxi (1662-1722)– Yongzheng (1722-1735)– Qianlong (1735-1796)
Dynasty in declines after the death of Qianlong– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
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China: Decline of a Civilization
Internal Breakdown
Opium War
Taiping Rebellion
Self-Strengthening Movement
Failure of Force– Sino-Japanese War– Boxer Rebellion– Chinese Revolution of 1912
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The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
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The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
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The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1939, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.
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The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
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Legacy of the Opium War
“Unequal Treaties”– Opens 5 ports to trade
with Britain
British gain control of Hong Kong
British gain extraterritoriality
Does NOT address sale of opium
Chinese hero, Lin Zexu
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Causes of the Taiping Rebellion
Anti-Manchu sentiment– Strongest among southern
laborers who were mostly Han Chinese
– Caused by a myriad of problems
• Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War
Leadership of Hong Xiuquan– Brother of Jesus?
Statue of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan
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Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing (picture above).
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Aftermath of the Taiping Rebellion
Self-Strengthening Movement– Modernize the army
– Improve infrastructure
– Relied on foreign investment
Resisted by Neo-Confucian scholars and Dowager Empress Cixi (1861-1908)
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Dowager Empress Cixi, “the
Dragon Lady”
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Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
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Western Spheres of Influence
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Boxer Rebellion (1900)
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Fall of the Qing Dynasty
Death of Dowager Cixi
Sun Yat-sen’s 3 Principles of the People– Nationalism, Democracy, and
People’s Welfare
Qing falls in 1912– End of the imperial system
Replaced by the Republic of China– Sun Yat-sen named 1st president
Sun Yat-sen
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Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate
By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Harsh taxes on peasants– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation– Samurai and daimyo are in debt to merchants
Some Positives– Highest literacy rate outside of the West
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Challenge of the West
Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties
• Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty
– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay
– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.
Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry
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Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel the
barbarians”
Demands for reform include lowering rice prices & expulsion of foreign “barbarians”Revolution?– Two minor wars between supporters of
emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and
the shogunate was destroyed
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Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order– Daimyo removed from power– Samurai class is abolished
Constitutional government– Constitution of 1889 establishes constitutional
monarchy with legislature– Emperor commanded armed forces, named
prime minister, and appoint the cabinet– Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890
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New Meiji Government
Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:
Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor
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Modernization: Meiji RestorationJapanese industrialization– Modernize the military, transportation,
communication, education, etc.– Creation of zaibatsu
• Combination of state initiative and private investment
• Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families
• Many companies started by men of samurai origins
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Japan’s Economic Growth
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Social DevelopmentsNo reforms to ease burdens on rural population
Massive population growth– Strained resources and kept labor costs low
Role of women– Maintain inferiority of women in the home– High-school education for women (1899)– Silk industry relied upon women working in
factories
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Japanese Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence
over Korea & Manchuria
Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to
victory over Russia
Japan annexes Korea in 1910
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Latin American Independence
Factors– Creole leadership
• Simon Bolivar
– The Enlightenment
– Napoleon’s conquest of Spain
• Mask of Ferdinand
– Native unrest• Father Miguel de
Hidalgo
– Distance
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Problems After Independence
Political rivalries– Centralists vs. federalists
– Liberals vs. conservatives
– Caudillos• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
– Victorious at the Alamo!
• Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
– Role of the Catholic church
– Creoles vs. natives
– Western interference
Santa Anna
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Economic Problems
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Economic Imperialism?– Britain replaced Spain as the dominant
economic force in Latin America– Economy continued to depend upon exports– Britain dominated until 1860
Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory
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U.S. Intervention in Latin America
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)– Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Spanish-American War– U.S. gains Puerto Rico, the
Philippines, Guam
– “Independence” for Cuba
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
Panama Canal– Completed August 1914
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U.S. Imperialism
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U.S. Imperialism
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“Big Stick” foreign policy
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Mexico (1821-1876)1821-1850’s marked by political instability– Defeat in Mexican-
American war began a nationalist movement
Benito Juarez (1858-1872)– La Reforma
• Attempted massive land reform
– Reforms challenged the Catholic churchBenito Juarez
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Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)Industrialized Mexico– Built railroads
– Improved banking system
– Focused on oil & mining
– Depended on foreign investment
Increasingly autocratic
Oppressed political opposition– Arrested Francisco Madero
in 1910Porfirio Diaz
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Argentina
After independence dominated by caudillos
Politically stabilized after 1862
Economic growth based on exports– Primary export is beef– Industrialization dependent on foreign capital
Large numbers of immigrants from Europe– 3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.– Golondrinas
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Latin American Society
Few changes for women in Latin America– Remained under the control of their fathers and
husbands• Machismo
– Lower class had more economic freedoms– Gained more access to education
Racial castes were formally abolished– Racial and ethnic tensions continued
• Few major/ethnic reforms