Global Overview of the Double Burden of Nutrition Why this...
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Global Overview of the Double Burden of Nutrition
Why this Conference Matters Now?
Richard J. Deckelbaum MD, FRCP(C)
Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University May 26 ‘14
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Marwah Abdallah
Paula Bordelois
Kaichi Kida
Koji Takemoto
Steve Shea
Steve Leeder
Henry Greenberg
THANK YOU!! NIH, UNRWA, Danone
Salwa Massad
Maysoon Obeidi
Umaiyeh Khammash
Bram Wispelway
Tanya Blasbaq
Jessica Fanzo
Kim Hekimian
Edgar Housepian
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The “Double Burden”
ONE GLOBAL ISSUE!
Gustafson, 30 project
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NUTRITION
“The Double Burden”
Undernutrition Overnutrition
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How much does undernutrition
cost?
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• Mortality
statistics do not
capture long
term effects on
human capital
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Undernutrition
Source: A. Croppenstedt and C. Muller. 2000. The impact of farmer’s health and nutritional status on their
productivity and efficiency: evidence from Ethiopia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(3):475-
502.
BMI by 10% in Ethiopia
Work output 23%
Wages 27%
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A 1% loss in adult height as a result of
childhood stunting is associated with a 1.4%
loss in productivity
(JM Hunt, 2005)
Percentile Male Female
50th 177 cm 164 cm 8%
3rd 163 cm 151 cm 8%
8% height = 11.2% productivity!!
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Stunting and brain development
Normal Stunted
Typical brain cells Extensive branching
Impaired brain cells Limited branching
Abnormal, shorter branches Source: Cordero E et al, 1993
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Soldiers – US, North Korea, South Korea
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Stunting in Armenia (Increasing over 10yrs: now 18-36%)
• risk of LBW offspring
• neonatal/infant mortality
• mental/behavioral performance
• risk of “adult chronic diseases”
Low birth weight = 6-7%. Therefore,
stunting occurs post delivery!
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“Hidden” Malnutrition Micronutrient Deficiencies
Focus on 7 sentinel nutrients:
Iron
Iodine
Vitamin A
Zinc
Folate
Vitamin D
Calcium
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PDI of Bayley Scales in IDA and
Non-Anemic Groups During Treatment
105
110
115
120
Pre treatment 3 mo 6 mo
Psychomotor Development
Index Treated IDA
Non-anemic
Lozoff et al, 1995
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Nutritional Indicators in Armenia
• “Low birth weight” ~7%
• Stunting ~ 19%
• Anemia in children 30-60%
• Anemia in women ~12-25%
FAO Armenia Report, 2005, Informal information from Nov.1st,2011 visit to Ichevan
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Probable “Treatable” Major Nutritional
Deficiencies in Armenia
• Vitamin D
• Calcium
• Folic acid
• Iron
• Iodine?
Meetings in Yerevan and Ichevan, Nov. 2011
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The Cost of Undernutrition
Source: The State of Food and Agriculture, 2001 (FAO 2001b)
• There is evidence that 46 million years of
productive, disability-free life were lost in 1990,
the result of lost social productivity caused by
four types of malnutrition: stunting and
disorders related to iodine, iron and vitamin A
deficiency.
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NUTRITION
“The Double Burden”
Undernutrition Overnutrition
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Stunting prevalence is
highest in:
• Syunik
• Aragatsotn
• Ararat
• Gegharkuni
k
Yerevan
11,3%
Ararat 29,2%
Aragatsotn
32,3%
Armavir
21,5%
Gehjarkunik
25,3%
Lori
23,4%
Kotayk
17,3%
Shirak
21,4%
Syunik,
36,5 %
Vayots
Dzor
16%
Tavsuh
16,1%
Stunting Prevalence by Geographic Area (DHS-2010)
• Lori
K. Saribekyan, MoH, based on DHS 2010
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Overweight Prevalence by Geographic Area (DHS 2010)
• Ararat
Yerevan, 11%
Aragatsotn, 9%
Ararat, 17%
Armavir, 10%
Gegharkunik, 23%
Lori, 34%
Kotayk, 11%
Shirak, 18%
Syunik, 22%
Vayots Dzor, 18%
Tavush, 15%
Overweight is prevalent
in: • Lori
• Gegharkunik
• Syunik
• Shirak
• VayotsDzor
K. Saribekyan, MoH, based on DHS 2010
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The Bill, Please (for 5 chronic diseases for 20 years)
N.B. These numbers are TRILLIONS
The Global Economic Burden of NCDs: WEF&HSPH-2011
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NCDs Account For 90% of All Deaths, Armenia 2011
Cancer 16%
WHO NCD Country Profiles, 2011
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SOLUTIONS
????
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Lifecycle Nutrition Perspective
Periconceptional Women
Pregnancy
Lactation
and
Feeding
Infancy
Adult
Health
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Nutritional Health – Interacting
Dimensions
“Medical”
“Non-medical” Social
Nutritional
Health
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Intervention programs Benefit-cost
Breastfeeding promotion in hospitals 5-67
Integrated child care programs 9-16
Iodine supplementation (women) 15-520
Vitamin A supplementation (< 6 years) 4-43
Iron fortification (per capita) 176-200
Source: Behrman, Alderman, and Hoddinott (2004)
The benefit-cost ratios for nutrition
programs
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Median folate: 16.1 ng/ml
0.1% : <3.1 µg/L (Very low)
2.3% : <7.0 µg/L (NTD risk)
72.3%: 7-20 µg/L (Normal)
25.1% : >20 µg/L (High)
8.5% : >30 µg/L (High)
n = 1890
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- Costs of NOT addressing STUNTING and ANEMIA
= $175 million
- Costs of flour fortification with iron and folate
= $6.2 million
Personal communication with Liana Hovagimyan, UNICEF, 2011
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Decreases in < 5yr Stunting in Indigenous and
Non-Indigenous Mexican Children -1988 to 2012 (Prof. Juan A. Rivera-Dommarco, INSP, 2012)
55
24.6
49.2
18
34.1
13.2
33.1
11.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Indígenas No Indígenas
1988 1999 2006 2012
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Screening for “Treatable” Causes of
Undernutrition in Armenia
• Poor breastfeeding practices
• Poor post weaning and childhood
feeding practices
• Celiac disease
• Cow milk protein allergy
• Intestinal parasites
• Lead, arsenic toxicity
• ….., ……, …….
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Celiac Disease
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Celiac Disease – Wheat Free Diet
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Cow Milk Protein Allergy
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Intestinal Parasites – Giardia Lamblia
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Cost of Obesity (USA)
>$150 billion/yr
How much does obesity cost in
Armenia?
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The Obesity Epidemic:
Solutions
Individual - ……….
Community –…….
Industry – ………
Government – ………
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(USA)
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What are the
costs of doing
nothing?