Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS –...

Global Mercury Observation System- GMOS –

Funded by:European Commission – DG Research

(2010 – 2015)

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy

http://www.iia.cnr.it

Nicola Pirrone(*) Alessandra Fino and Marco Strincone

CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution ResearchRome, Italy

(*) GMOS Coordinator

Mercury Transformations in Atmosphere & at the air/water/snow/soil Interfaces

(I) Water/lakes/Ocean

(II) Soil and vegetation

Long-range

transport

Local

deposition

Soil

Emission/

Biomass burning

Wet/Dry

Deposition

(III) Sea Ice/

snow

Hg(0)

Hg(II)Hg(0)

Hg(0)

hv

Hg(II)/

aerosols

Cl2/Br2

hv

Hgp

Hg(II) Reduction

hv

Hg(0)

food web XHgCH3

BrCl + hv Br/ClBr2 + hv 2BrBr/Cl + O3 BrO/ClO + O2

BrO/ClO + Hg0 Br/Cl + HgOBrOH/ClOH + Hg0 HBr/HCl + HgO2Br/2Cl + Hg0 HgBr2/HgCl2

Surface microbeshvhv

zooplankton

fish

Industry



Global Mercury Emissions

Volcanoes90

Natural5118

Forest fires672

Oceans2682

Forest & agriculture1674

Anthropogenic2320

Global Emission (2008):7438 Mg yr-1

Source: Pirrone et al. ACP, 2010



Why Anthropogenic Emissions Shall Be Regulated

- Emissions from Natural Sources/Processes cannot be regulated/controlled whereas the Anthropogenic ones can be.

- Depending on the latitude and time of the year, Natural sources release mostly Hg(0), whereas Anthropogenic sources may release all Hg species in % that depends on the source type;

- With the exception of Volcanoes, natural sources are primarily diffuse/areal sources whereas anthropogenic sources are primarily point sources different impact areas;

- Emissions from natural sources/processes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions (time of the year) and latitudes whereas Emissions from anthropogenic sources are not;

- …….



Trends and Global Hg-background Concentrations

• In the Northern Hemisphere 1.5 to 1.7 ng m-3

• In the Southern Hemisphere 1.1 to 1.3 ng m-3

Key Sources:

Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommergue, A. (2010) Worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements: a review and synthesis of spatial and temporal trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8245-8265.

Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E. and Seigneur C. (2007) A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition. Ambio, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.19-32.

Chemical analysis of lake sediments, ice cores and peat deposits from both hemispheres indicates about a

threefold increase of mercury deposition since pre-industrial times



A Global Mercury Observation System able to provide continuous information on mercury concentrations and fluxes in and between the atmospheric, marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.

Validated regional and global scale atmospheric and marine models as well as socio-economic models

An International Observatory with the mandate to provide support to Policy Makers in the implementation of strategies and best practices to: Reduce the use of mercury for many industrial and commercial

applications and practices; Promote a safe storage of excess mercury at country or regional

level; Support the implementation and future verification of the LBI (or

Treaty or Convention) at regional and continental scales; Run scenario analysis of different reduction strategies in order to

meet the requirements of international legislation on mercury pollution control and monitoring.

What is needed to Policy



GMOS Goal



To establish a Global Observation System for Mercury able to provide ambient concentrations and

deposition fluxes of mercury species around the world, by combining observations from permanent ground-

based stations, and from oceanographic and tropospheric measurement campaigns.

GMOS Overarching Objectives

To validate regional and global scale atmospheric mercury modelling systems able to predict the temporal variations and spatial distributions of ambient concentrations of atmospheric mercury, and Hg fluxes to and from terrestrial and aquatic receptors.

To evaluate and identify source-receptor relationships at country scale and their temporal trends for current and projected scenarios of mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources.

To develop interoperable tools to allow the sharing of observational and models output data produced by GMOS, for the purposes of research and policy development and implementation as well as at enabling societal benefits of Earth observations, including advances in scientific understanding in the nine Societal Benefit Areas (SBA) established in GEOSS.



Innovative Aspects of GMOS The outcomes of GMOS will support the achievement of goals and objectives of

key international programs including the GEO Task HE-09-02d “Global Observation System for Mercury”, the UNEP F&T, and TF HTAP of the UNECE-LRTAP convention.

For the first time, a coordinated Global Mercury Observation System will be established which will include observations from continuous ground-based stations, ad-hoc over-water observation programs, and aircraft-based tropospheric programs.

For the first time vertical profiles of tropospheric mercury concentrations at different latitudes and time of the year will be provided by coordinating the efforts of GMOS with those of other on-going international programs in Europe and North America (i.e., CARIBIC, NAAMEX).

For the first time a full validation of global and regional scale atmospheric models will be performed on the basis of observations that are representative of different regions, locations of natural and anthropogenic sources, terrestrial and aquatic receptors, and atmospheric transport patterns.

For the first time fully validated regional and global scale atmospheric models, will be used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of ambient concentrations, and re-emission rates from and deposition fluxes to aquatic and terrestrial receptors for different scenarios of mercury emissions at regional and global scales.



GMOS Observation Program

GMOS will include the following observation programs:

Ground-Based Observation System

Oceanographic Observation program which will include:

Cruises over the Pacific Ocean Cruises over the Atlantic Ocean Cruises over the Mediterranean and North/Baltic Seas

Aircraft program which will include: Intercontinental Flights in the Upper Troposphere / Lower

Stratosphere

Regional scale flights in Europe (and likely also in USA) up to the mid Troposphere



Overall GMOS Strategy



WP Leaders within GMOS

WP no. Work Package Partner Country Work Package Leader

1 Coordination CNR-IIA Italy Nicola Pirrone

2 Current and future global emissions NILU Norway Jozef Pacyna

3 Ground-based Observation System CNR-IIA Italy Francesca Sprovieri

4 Over-water observation system JSI Slovenia Milena Horvat

5 Aircraft-Based Tropospheric Program GKSS Germany Ralf Ebinghaus

6 Integration of GMOS with Other Programs IVL Sweden John Munthe

7 Global Scale Atmospheric Modelling MSC-E Russia Oleg Travnikov

8 Regional Scale Atmospheric Modelling GKSS Germany Volker Matthias

9 GMOS Interoperable System CNR-IIA Italy Sergio Cinnirella

10 Dissemination CNR-IIA Italy Nicola Pirrone



GMOS Ground-Based Observation System- 40 stations will be established in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere -



GMOS Ground-Based Observation System



GMOS External Partners- As part of the GMOS Scientific Advisory Board -

Representatives of existing regional programs and networks:

- AMNet, USA

- NADP, USA-Canada

- Storm Pick Station (CO), USA

- Mauna Loa (Hawaii), USEPA, USA

- Mt. Bachelor station (WA), USA

- Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan

- Kangwa Island, Korea

- ....more sites during project development…..



KHUMBU GLACIER

More info at: http://evk2.isac.cnr.it/

1. Power provided by solar cells (96 photovoltaic panels and 120 electric storage cells)

2. Station is remote controlled from CNR and CNRS labs.

3. Logistics managed by EvK2CNR.

4. NCO-P in operation since March 2006 (ABC, GAW, Aeronet, CEOP)

GMOS Oceanographic Program- Cruises over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans -



GMOS Aircraft-Based Program- Intercontinental flights in the UTLS



Ensemble mean estimates of Hg0 concentration in air

B4. Global and regional modelling of HgGlobal Hg concentration and deposition levels

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Latitude

Hg0 c

on

cen

tra

tion

, ng

/m3

North Americal = 85ºW

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Latitude

Hg0 c

on

cen

tra

tion

, ng

/m3 l = 10єE Europe

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Latitude

Hg0 c

on

cen

tra

tion

, ng

/m3 l = 110ºE East Asia

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Latitude

Hg0 c

on

cen

tra

tion

, ng

/m3 l = 150ºW Pacific Ocean

CTM-Hg GEOS-Chem GRAHM GLEMOS CMAQ-Hg ECHMERIT

Source: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.)



B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg

The differences between models are largest in the regions of sparse measurements (e.g. oceans, the Arctic, South Asia, and Africa)

The largest uncertainty of simulated atmospheric deposition of Hg is associated with dry deposition

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Arctic

Europ

e & N

.Afri

ca

North

Am

erica

East A

sia

South

Asia

Africa

South

Am

erica

Austra

lia &

Oce

ania

North

Atla

ntic

Pacific

Hg

0 c

once

ntra

tion,

ng/

m3

0

10

20

30

40

50

Arctic

Europ

e & N

.Afri

ca

North

Am

erica

East A

sia

South

Asia

Africa

South

Am

erica

Austra

lia &

Oce

ania

North

Atla

ntic

Pacific

Tot

al d

epos

ition

flu

x, g

/km

2/y

CTM-Hg GEOS-Chem GRAHM GLEMOS CMAQ-Hg ECHMERIT

Hg0 concentration Hg deposition

Global Hg concentration and deposition levels




B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg

Multi-model source attribution study provides consistent estimates of source relative contributions despite the significant differences in

emissions and chemistry between the models.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GEO

S-Che

m

GRAHM

GLE

MO

S

CMAQ

-Hg

De

po

sitio

n f

lux,

g/k

m2/y

Europe

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GEO

S-Che

m

GRAHM

GLE

MO

S

CMAQ

-Hg

De

po

sitio

n f

lux,

g/k

m2/y

North America

Source attribution for Hg deposition

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

De

po

sitio

n f

lux,

g/k

m2/y

East Asia

Europe North America East Asia South Asia Other Natural & re-emission




Impact on Marine EcosystemsIntercontinental transport from major hydrographic circulation patterns in the oceans

Figure 5.6. Surface water total mercury concentrations in the North Pacific Ocean.

Source: Sunderland et al. [2009]



Metadata

Output

RDBMS Server Server Client

GeoIntClient

Application

PostGIS

Geoserver

Portal

OpenLayers

...

State of the art: GMOS SDI



Output: Desktop GIS (uDig, ArcMap ....) SWE Thin Client Web Gis (OpenLayers,...) Metadata ISO 19115, CS-W 2.0.2 OGC Web Services (WMS, WFS, WPS, SOS..) SMS, ....

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

Core Node

Security and Geo Right Management

SOS, SWE, WPS

Components

Storage

System

Pre Processing!

HTTP Mobile (GMS/UMTS)

................AQUIRE OBSERVATIONS FROM

GMOS Station 1.....

GMOS Station 2 GMOS Station n

GMOS Interoperable Architecture (based on SWE)



GMOS Impact !( #*

!(

!(

#*!(

#*

!(

#*

#*

!(#*

!(!(

#*

!(

!(

!(

#*

#*

!(

#*!(

#*

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

#*

!(

!(

Råö (5)

Manaus (45)

Alert (210)

Kanghwa (88)

Iskrba (520)

EV-K2 (5050)

Pallas (560)

Okinawa (498)

Bariloce (840) Cape Grim (94)

Paramaribo (23)

Cape Verde (10)

Waliguan (3816)

Listvyanka (560)

Ny Alesund (550)

Mt. Kenya (3678)

Mauna Loa (3397)

Cape Point (230)

Storm Peak (4086)

Kodaikanal (2343)

Longobucco (1379)Mt. Changbai (736)

Station Nord (310)

Lulin (LABS) (2862)

Mt. Bachelor (2743)

Amsterdam Island (70)

Dumont d'Urville (40)

Waldhof-Langenbrügge (74)

180°

180°

160°E

160°E

140°E

140°E

120°E

120°E

100°E

100°E

80°E

80°E

60°E

60°E

40°E

40°E

20°E

20°E

0°

0°

20°W

20°W

40°W

40°W

60°W

60°W

80°W

80°W

100°W

100°W

120°W

120°W

140°W

140°W

160°W

160°W

180°

180°

80°N 80°N

60°N 60°N

40°N 40°N

20°N 20°N

0° 0°

20°S 20°S

40°S 40°S

60°S 60°S

80°S 80°S

GMOSUnprojectedCentral Meridian: 0.00

!( Master station manged by GMOS partner (m a.s.l.)

!( Master station manged by Outside Partner (m a.s.l.)

#* Secondary station manged by GMOS partner (m a.s.l.)

EV-K2 (5050)

Mèze (5)Monte Rosa (4554)

Zhuzhang (3580)Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Arctic Circle

Antarctic Circle

M. Head (5)

Spatial Data Infrastructure

(SDI)Web Processing

Service

.....

Users

• Nearcast

• Forecast• .....

Decisors

• Scenarios

• Directives• …..



Update on GMOS progress is available at...

www.gmos.eu

the official GMOS web portal provides all the information concerning the project development,

interoperable system, field campaigns, atmospheric modelling and major findings and

press releases



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Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS –...

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