Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective
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Transcript of Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective
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8/9/2019 Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective
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Session 5 Management & Social Aspects, 9 Nov. 2007 Global Information Commons Workshop Copyright 2010 J. Goossenaerts
Jan Goossenaerts
Pragmeta Knowledge Clout
www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be
http://www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be/http://www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be/ -
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Session 5 Management & Social Aspects, 9 Nov. 2007 Global Information Commons Workshop Copyright 2010 J. Goossenaerts
AbstractIn the long term perspective, the creation of economic and social values concurs with therise from niche (micro) to regime (meso) or landscape (macro) of new solutions tofrequently occurring problems. Multiple socio-technical regimes such as transportation,agriculture, manufacturing, health and energy, depend on the society's science base andthe socio-industrial fabric utilizing it to achieve more sustainable innovations. Broadlyspeaking, in the chain from scientific data and facts to improved artifact, multiple trade-offs and combinations are required. The chains involve multiple stakeholders anddecision frames. Even if all required knowledge and information would be open, theywould be complex and time-demanding. Yet, as the rationality of men is bounded, muchknowledge and scientific data are enclosed, and engineering designs are protected by
property rights, the outcome of the trade-off and the sub-sequent engineering effort aremore likely to be conservative rather than innovative.In the multi-level perspective the importance of meso-level arrangements is emphasized,yet the institutional and infrastructural elaboration of these arrangements needs moreattention. It is a hypothesis that in the global to local context, much value is left un-constructed as the unfolding research & technology development proceeds underprevailing institutional practices. Within specific sectors (regimes as meso-level actors),past studies have used counterfactual models to quantify the social savings of
infrastructure systems such as railroads (Fogel). Macro-level institutional innovationshave been key in achieving landscape-wide surges in economic performance andinnovation (North, Shiller).For a science-based socio-industrial landscape and at the meso-level, we proposearchitecture commons (a limiting principle for IPR) and architecture-commonscompliant provisioning of scientific and technical data. (We tentatively estimate thepotential impacts of enhanced meso-level institutions and infrastructure in overcomingcurrent micro-level barriers to innovation.)
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Overview Introduction
Socio-technical Transitions in a multi-level perspective
Multi-level Regulative Cycle? Is it a wheelwork?
Do information products induce a problematicexpansion?
Architecture Commons for sectoral consolidation of dominant designs
in science (software) applications the scorecards of enterprise architecture
Conclusion
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Introduction Systems Architect's Perspective:
strive for balance and compromise among the tensions of multiple
stakeholder needs and resources, interests and technology
consider the full scope of the system of concern: from strategy to
operations, from its environment to its interface and component families
Contributions (Target) A Multi-level Perspective to scrutinize the boundary of (intellectual)
property and commons
Leverage knowledge on:
institutional analysis and design
socio-technical transition pathways product, software and enterprise architecture
Shared vision on problem mess & solution options
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Session 5 Management & Social Aspects, 9 Nov. 2007 Global Information Commons Workshop Copyright 2010 J. Goossenaerts
Socio-Technical Transition Pathways- society & its
governance
- discipline §orcommons
(laws, models,standards,..)
- labs & firms
-
- personsRef: Geels, F. W., Schot, J., (2007) Typology ofsociotechnical
transition pathways, Research Policy 36, pp. 399-417.
macro
meso
micro
pico
Landscape
Socio-technical Regime C
Socio-technical Regime A
Socio-technical Regime B
Networks of actors
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The Regulative Cycle
real sitework system
site specificreference model
s
ProblemIdentification
Analysis anddiagnosis
InterventionImplementation
Plan of actionDesign
Evaluation/ Monitoring
reference model
Translation
Peer Intelligence(Market, Science,
Roadmap,Benchmarking,..)
Problem/Gap
Register
PRM
sitespecific
PRM
PRM: performance reference model
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Examples at multiple levelsLevel
Aspect
Macro
(Landscape)
Meso
(Regime/sector)
Micro
(Niche/firm)
Pico
Typical
Principals
Intern., regional, nat. & local
authorities
Standards orgs;
engineering & science disc.
corporations person in multiple roles
Real site work
system
Market & non-market
interactions in a territory
sectoral interactions in a
territory, or in community of
practice
farm, factory, office
environment that sustain
value creating processes
the livelihood, the learning
and/or work context of the
person
Sample Design
Methods
regulatory reform (Jacobs,
2007)
Constitutive Institutional
Analysis & Design (IAD)
research & eng. design
methods; standards dev.;
sectoral IAD (Hess & Ostrom,
2007)
business & org. dev.
methods
Kolb; learning paths
Cases Parliament in the England
(North, 1990)
Limited liability by Law (Shiller,
2003); TRIPS
Photo Voltaic cells (Nagamatsu
et al, 2006);
GSM (Bekkers et al, 2002);
ICPS (Nagashima)
many
(business lit.)
many
(psychology & pedagogy
lit.)
Problem
articulation
comparative economics,
Incl. historical (North, 1990)
comparison among
sectors
benchmarking social comparison
(Festinger)
Values growth, inclusivity,
sustainability, security
Innovation; diffusion;
substitutability (market)
competition, productivity,
market share, profit
care of the self and the
family, wealth
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The carrying capacity & development of livelihoods
S N
FP
H
livelihood
Vulnerability
Context
Changes in
flows&stocks
Development
Processesinfluence
livelihood
Outcomes
Asset Stocks & Flow
H: Human capital
S: Social capital
P: Physical capitalF: Financial capital
N: Natural capital
Reference SLF: Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
Opportunity
Context
Technology
Learning
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...is it a (regulative) wheelwork?
in a "good" socio-technical design, it is preferrable thatlevels can behave & evolve "autonomously" (decoupling)
mono-level incremental/modular innovation
mono-level architectural/radical innovation"business as usual under institutions that are fit for theinteractions"
accumulating innovation in one (or more) levels or locimay cause pressures elsewhere
"contradictions necessitate analysis (of fitness) andredesign"
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institutions
infrastructure
demand for
content & services
by business & consumers
supply of content &
service solutions
demand-supply interactions under
right-conditioned institutions
facilitated by utilities designed for
efficient material/energy/financial
flow & people mobility
information based
demand-supply interactions
without fit institutions &
utilities for data & knowledge
institution gap
utility gap
non-interoperabilities
as cross-cuttinginnovation decelerator;
asset eroder;incentive destroyer
improvement
misses due tosilo-architecture
& high switching costs
strategy to lockin customers by
vertical solutions
Do information products induce a
problematic socio-technical expansion?
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Embedding eInfrastructure into livelihoods
+ e-Infrastructure
Asset Stocks & Flow
H: Human capital
S: Social capital
P: Physical capital
F: Financial capital
N: Natural capital
S N
FP
H
livelihood Evidence-based
Development
Processes
influence
livelihood
Outcomes
Vulnerability
Context
Changes in
flows&stocks
stock of knowledge
& its remembering
+ e-device
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development of ICT-reliant
livelihoods
ModelIncrement
ModelIncrementWork System Repository
(cumulative models)
Lfe Cycle Focus
Using a methodology
Project
Execution
Life Cycle Stage
Using a methodology
Maintenance &Operation
Life Cycle Stage
Using a methodology
Monitoring &
Evaluation
Life Cycle Stage
Using the assets & IT
Primary Process &
Asset
Maintenance
ICT Models
- Requirements Model- Component Model
- Platform Specific Model
D1-O1-I1
direct
Scope
Definition D2
direct
Decision
Analysis
Operations Model- Principal Model
- Asset Model- Resource Model
- Interaction Refinements
Value and Risk Model- Function Model
- Context Statement- Indicator Register
- Value & Risk Register
D3-O5-I8
direct
Installation
& Delivery
O2-I2
operations
Problem
Analysis D2
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Global Information Commons thought experiment: a material economy without commons?
commons and private property as two sides of a coin (in a market)
incentives in productive & market interactions depend on a clear andenforceable property regime:Market economies are institutionallyunderpinned by a clearly delineated system of property rights enabling
people and firms to keep the returns on their investments, makecontracts and resolve disputes ...(Rodrik, 1999)
How would a clearly delineated system of property rights forinformation products look like?
Are there any problems with information products?
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The information products
problem mess
institutional gaps;
patchwork IPR regimes;
aged content practices;
immature generic models;
coping with globalization
macro
Many sectoral regimes;
Much fragmentation (standards);
dominant content & software
providers seek rents from path
dependence & lock-in ;
intellectual infrastructure is
low on agenda
meso
Many non-interoperability costs;
many missed improvements;
slow innovation; rapid erosion;
high switching costs
micro
Much learning needs;
rapid erosion of knowledge;
information overload
pico
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Different viewpoints Economics: Increasing returns in information products are cemented
by business models which leverage small portfolios of intellectualproperty into the control of markets. Information products are, however,equally well suited to other business models in which increasing returnsare slight and competitors are many." (Guy,Rev. of InternationalPolitical Economy, 2007)
Law:property regimes for infrastructure resources (Frischmann,Minnesota Law Review, 2005); Essential Facilities Doctrine (Sherman
Act, US 19th century); Competition Law (EU)
Technology/Suppliers:proprietary architecture & data standards are
essential to deliver innovation to the market
Demand side: good decisions build upon much information (which ishard to get)
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Architecture Commons (1) Architecture = the fundamental organization of a system embodied in
its components, their relationships to each other, and to theenvironment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution (IEEE1471-2000)
Characteristics:
via dominant design, it is fairly stable in an industrial sector basis for division of production & service processes
those who own architecture via patent(s) have power that can block othersfrom innovating (Ford vs. Ransom, Blackberry,...) (architecture patenting)
(in software, moreover):
often privately controlled ( e.g. Microsoft, SAP) (stack wars)
silo-structured applications lock-in customers (use
prevailing claim: proprietary control of architecture is key to delivery ofinnovation
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Architecture Commons
in Industry Sectors (General) Design choices:
treat it as an infrastructure resource that cannot be part of intellectualproperty (i.e. prohibit architecture patenting)
make meso-level entities owner of it (as part of standards)
use it as a means to segment the modules on the basis of which end-
user functionality is configured (adaptivity) patents within a pool are either:
complementary (different modules);
substitutable (for a same module, or new module for set of others)
use it to structure patent pools & decide on division of license income
among the owners of (component-related) intellectual property Current practices (incl. past patent pools):
product platforms, often maintained within companies
GSM standard and the essential IPR underlying it (ETSI)
Aerospace, automotive,...
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Architecture Commons in
Information Systems Issue:
data and its use are all encapsulated in a single application
applications have heterogeneous user interfaces, data
encoding techniques,...) it is very difficult to repurpose the data
Solution Option:
use a reference model for technical integration adopt/enforce a componentization discipline in the
development of applications
(all in addition to commons needs addressed duringworkshop)
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E i A hi
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Enterprise Architecture:Scorecard commons in Value & Risk Analysis
Balanced Scorecard Generalized Scorecard
Financial Value flows
Customer External stakeholders; SC &Network Processes;Social Capital
Internal Business Processes Internal Assets & business processes;Human capital
Learning & Growth Competitiveness & Sustainability
generalize for
ubiquitous
value & risk
dimensions
globe / MDG
person scorecard
firm scorecard
sector scorecard
(Global Reporting
Initiative,
incl.sector supplement
instantiate
for each
level &work system
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performance & developmental connectivities across levels
Bedrijfsomgeving
Levenscyclus
fase
Systeem-
operaties &Onderhoud
Bedrijven
Levenscyclus
fase
System
Development
BedrijfIS-reliant
Worksystem
Instituties
Levenscyclus fase
Systeem-ontwikkeling
Markt
Levenscyclus fase
Systeemoperaties &Onderhoud
MarktIS-reliant
Worksystem
Levenscyclus focus
m.b.v.
E&B instrumenten
Evaluatie &Beoordeling
Levenscyclus focus
m.b.v. assets &
operationele ICT
systemem
Primary Process &Asset Management
Levenscyclus focus
m.b.v. project portfolio
instrumenten
Project PortfolioManagement
Levenscyclus focus
m.b.v. project instrumenten
& repositories
Project uitvoering
Performance Alert:
Behoefte aan belastingverhoging
Bedrijven
Levenscyclus
fase
Systeem-
ontwikkeling
Bedrijfsomgeving
Levenscyclus
fase
Systeem-
operaties &
Onderhoud
BedrijfIS-reliant
Worksystem
Levenscyclus
focus
m.b.v. E&B instrumenten
Evaluation &Monitoring
Levenscyclus
focus
m.b.v. assets &operationele ICT
systemen
Primary Process
& AssetManagement
Levenscyclusfocus
m.b.v. project portfolioinstrumenten
Project PortfolioManagement
Levenscyclus
focus
m.b.v. projectinstrumenten &
repositories
Project
uitvoering
Performance Alert:BTW-tarief verandert
Risico op boetes
Marktrepository Bedrijfsrepository
Macro Meso
BTWERP
model
ProjectCharterProject
CharterProjectCharter
ProjectCharter
ProjectCharterProject
Charter
Balanced
Scorecard
l
l
BalancedScorecard
ERP
systeem
BTWsysteem
Ontsta
an
Perform
ance
Ale
rts
Case: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2009.05.013
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S i 5 M t & S i l A t 9 N 2007 Gl b l I f ti C W k h C i ht 2010 J G t
Conclusion
A multi-level perspective allows us to further clarify the boundary betweenintellectual property and intellectual infrastructure
architecture commons offer an additional factor choice in the redesign ofthe socio-technical landscape: it builds upon legacy and successful practices of the "industrial" economy
its implications for the knowledge economy should be further evaluated: impacts (cost/benefits) on innovation efficiency interferences with GIC identified elsewhere
it goes hand in hand with Regulative Cycle as a livelihood-driven methodpattern
more detailed analysis, design & validation via scenarios needed prior tothe advocacy of an institutional redesign (knowledge economy reform)
the "module"Intellectual property" frontside (with an "architecture GI"commons backside) offers a clearly delineated, incentive-rich research &technology development playing ground (which could mobilize creativeminds - inclusivity)