Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance and Nuclear ... · Global Clean Water Desalination...
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Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance and Nuclear Energy H2O -CO2
Leon Awerbuch,
Dean of IDA Desalination Academy, President International Desalination Consultancy Assoctiates LLC
IAEA Technical Meeting to Examine the Techno-Economics of and
Opportunities for Non-Electric Applications of Small and Medium Sized
or Modular Reactors
Vienna, Austria 29-30 May 2017
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Water and Environment
With dramatic interest in finding solutions to combat
climate change in view of the impacts of global warming
on water resources, Nuclear Desalination can offer
significant potential to substitute fossil fuel as a source of
energy for desalination.
Water demand is increasing worldwide as a result of
growing populations and rising standards of living. Further,
increasing climate variability is disrupting historical
patterns of precipitation and water storage. While
conservation and reuse efforts have helped to moderate
demand for new freshwater resources in some locations,
desalination technology is increasingly being used to meet
demand worldwide.
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Global cumulative installed contracted and
commissioned desalination capacity, 1965 – 2016
Source: GWI DesalData / IDA, 2016
The Latest Trend GWI Data
By Capex
The Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance – H20 minus CO2, initiated by
Masdar in collaboration with France and the International Desalination
Association, launches in Paris during COP21
With access to drinking water already a major challenge for as much as one quarter of
the world’s population, and further forecasts predicting that by 2030, 47% of the
global population will face water scarcity, The Global Clean Water Desalination
Alliance – H20 minus CO2 is one of the few climate initiatives dealing with the water-
energy nexus and climate change.
The Alliance’s goal is to seek solutions that will substantially reduce the projected
increase in CO2 emissions from the desalination process, as global demand for
drinking water continues to grow. The Alliance’s action plan could see a decrease in
emissions from 120 MTCO2 up to as much as 270MTCO2 per year by 2040.
The Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance – H20 minus CO2
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The action plan includes obtaining amplified commitment by all Alliance
members to use clean energy sources to power new desalination plants
and to retrofit existing plants, whenever possible. Further focus is on
improved energy efficiency of desalination processes, increased efforts on
R&D and demonstration projects, better dissemination of innovative
technologies, capacity building and analysis and formulation of adequate
policies and regulatory frameworks. The concept note of the Alliance
underlines that the initiative will ensure the sustainability of the entire
desalination process is taken into account beyond the sole issue of energy
sources.
We call on all to join the Alliance to bring the vision to reality
"IDA is proud to be a founding member of the Global Clean Water
Desalination Alliance. We have long been a champion of environmental
responsibility in desalination practices including lower energy consumption
and an increase in the use of renewable energy to power desalination,
resulting in the reduction of CO2 emissions. This has been a goal of IDA's
Energy and Environmental Task Forces, and we believe that the GCWDA
initiative will bring us ever-closer to realizing this objective,"
The Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance – H20 minus CO2
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The International Desalination Association held an Energy &
Environment Forum in Miami, Florida on December 7-8, 2016.
Attended by invited leaders of the global desalination and water reuse
community, the theme of the Forum was “Creative Solutions and Innovative
Strategies to Today’s Water Challenges.”
The Forum addressed three main goals: a) brokering knowledge of the best
available and most appropriate technologies and practices for energy
efficiency and environmental stewardship in desalination and water reuse; b)
raising awareness of the national importance of water as committed to during
the 2016 White House Water Summit; and c) identifying and prioritizing
solutions that reduce CO2 emissions and promote the use of renewable
energy in desalination and water reuse in accordance with the mission of the
Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance – H2O minus CO2.This IDA Blue
Paper report provides a summary of the Forum’s proceedings and includes
the presentations given and supplemental material submitted by the
participants. Its available to IDA members but some of the finding, I included
in this presentation. It will be presented in IDA World Congress in Sao Paulo,
Brazil October 15-20, 2017
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Process/energy type MED MED -TVC MSF RO
Specific heat consumption,
kJ/kg,
PR kg/2326 kJ/kg
178
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221-250
10.5-9.3
250-273 9.3-
8.5
Steam pressure, ata 0.35 - 0.4 2.5-3.5 2.5-3.5 _
Electric energy equivalent,
kWh/m3 3-4.5 5.4-8* 5.6-8.0 _
Electric consumption, kWh/m3 1.0--1.5 0.9-1.8 3.4-4.5 3.3-4.0
Total electric energy
equivalent, kWh/m3 4.0-5.0 6.3-9.8 9.0-12.5 3.3-4.0
Energy Requirements for Desalination
Courtesy of Leon Awebuch
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Top-down estimates place equivalent electric energy consumption of
current online capacity at about 200 TWhe/yr, or an average power
demand around 23 GWe, and preliminary
estimates show a direct carbon footprint of about 120 million metric tons
annually.
About 41% of this energy is consumed as electricity; the remainder is heat
used to drive thermal desalination plants, typically in the form of steam at
temperatures between 65 and 130°C depending upon the technologyiv.
With RO, about 2.1–3.6 kg CO2 are produced per m3 (1000 liters) of fresh
water, depending strongly on the fuel used to produce the electricity. The
less efficient thermal desalination technologies generally emit 8–20 kg
CO2/m3, with the exception of stand-alone MED at 3.4 kg CO2/m3.
Desalination Carbon Footprint
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Calculating GHG emissions (grams CO2-equivalents per cubic meter of fresh water)
associated with producing the energy to drive a modern large-scale 3.5
kWh/m3 seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant.
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During last year IAEA’s Technical Meeting on User/Vendor Interface
on Cogeneration for Electricity and Seawater Desalination using Nuclear Energy
14-16 March 2016 Vienna, Austria we arrived with consensus on the best option.
There was a consensus among participant at the meeting that the best
option for nuclear desalination is the use of straight MED technology
hybridized with RO. The MED unit size and efficiency in recent year’s
demonstrated full ability to reach unit size of 50,000 m3/day and in near
future up 91,000 m3/day. Today, the Gain Output Ratio is exceeding GOR=11
and in future will exceed GOR=15.
The electrical energy consumption is between .9 kWh/m3 to 1.3 kWh/m3.
The seawater Reverse Osmosis (RO) fully demonstrated its ability to reliably
produce desalinated water with low electrical energy consumption of 3.5
kWh/m3, during construction of nuclear plant, as well as more important
during nuclear refueling, during maintenance and non-availability of nuclear
steam. RO has been also proven for its use during nuclear emergency.
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The integrated hybrid MED-RO design can make use of warmer seawater
discharged from NPP or reject sections final condenser of MED to reduce
energy consumption, reduce size of seawater intake and outfall. To minimize
energy consumption and reduce power losses of NPP it is recommended to
use straight MED with the lowest extractions steam pressure available using
straight MED, rather than MED-TVC. To use steam from extraction section of
NPP turbine .15 MPa cannot be send directly to MED, because of high volume
of steam at lower pressure the piping would be too big with very large
diameter, making economically not practical. We proposed an indirect energy
transfer trough water transformer system. The power plant low pressure
extraction steam is initially exchanged in a separate smaller Condenser to a
closed cooling water circuit. The heat absorbed by the water is transferred by
pipeline to MED flashing chamber to provide steam for the first effect of MED at about 68.5 °C. The flashed water cooled to 68°C together with portion of the
vapor condensed in the first effect is pumped by return water pipeline to Condenser at the steam turbine proximity
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The significant benefits of preferred design of Nuclear Desalination
Elimination of the large steam piping from power plant to the evaporators, including
heat and steam loss.
Elimination of the MED steam transformer as there is no need for a thermocompressor.
The condensate is re-flashed deaerated and totally returns from first effect. No
hydrazine contamination of the product.
The heat can be transferred in water pipeline a long distance allowing NPP power and
water islands to be at optimum location.
We recognized that there is significant difference in construction time of NPP of at least
6 years versus desalination plant of 30 months, therefore it was recommended that the
Feasibility Study and Minimum Functional Specification (MFS) be prepared at the
beginning of the NPP project. The consideration has to be given to different life time
design for NPP sixty years and desalination of 20-30 years with rapid changing and
improving desalination technology.
In specifying NPP and desalination islands it is recommended that the standards for
desalination island both design and operations does not use nuclear design criteria but
more conventional established desalination practice, however the monitoring of safety,
radioactivity of air and water, quality of desalination products and brine needs to be
responsibility of nuclear developer.
IDA 2016 ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT FORUM
The size of MED units is growing rapidly. The largest MED plant in
the world is currently the Jubail Water and Power plant (JWAP) a
Marafiq plant built by SIDEM of France with 800,000 m3/d
production capacity from 27 MED units of 6.6 MIGD per train. This
is a dual purpose plant generating 2744 MW electricity in addition to
desalinated water.
The largest operational MED units are in Fujairah 2 with units of 8.5
MIGD capacity producing 455,000 m3/day (100 MIGD) also by
SIDEM. This also the largest MED-RO Hybrid with 30MIGD
A single unit of 15 MIGD was built for demonstration purposes in
Yanbu by Doosan with capacity of 15 MIGD and a unit of 20 MIGD
was offered by Sasakura of Japan and Sidem in KSA.
Multi-Effect Distillation Technology (MED)
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Veolia/Sidem is completing Az Zour North Phase 1 IWPP - 1500
MW +107 MIGD an EPC contract won in 2014 to build a
desalination plant in Kuwait with a daily production capacity of
486,400 cubic meters of water. The plant is MED-TVC with 10 x
10.84 MIGD units in total 107 MIGD. But most important is the
ability to lower the process power consumption to 0.9 kWh/m3
with GOR 11 meaning that 1 ton of steam generates 11 ton of
desalinated water.
Hyundai is responsible for the 1,500-MW power station. The
energy for the desal plant is provided by backpressure steam
from combine cycle power plant typically at 2.7 bars
Az Zour North Phase 1 IWPP - 1500 MW +107 MIGD MED
• The heat for the MED unit will be supplied from steam water transformer.
• The hot water will be sent to a flash chamber and will generate the required steam to the MED unit.
• From the flash chamber the colder water will be pumped back to the steam/water transformer.
• In order to improve the overall specific energy consumption a nanofiltration unit has been added to treat the feed water to the hot group.
• The NF unit will remove all the sulphates dissolved in the feed, allowing to operate the MED at a top brine temperature of 80°C without scaling problems.
NF-MED Coupling with NPP steam/water transformer
NPP with NF-MED steam at 92 C and 20 effects with GOR 16 using hot water transformer.
The challenge is coupling of nuclear energy to MED thermal desalination plants through hot water loop
Sketch: Nano-filtration as a pre-treatment for MED
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Application of integrated nuclear energy with hybrid desalination solutions offers great opportunity to be
effective and competitive desalination process offering at the same time significatnt reductions in
Carbon Dioxide footprint, it should become an important task for Global Clean Water Desalination
Alliance.
Conclusions