Global Burden of Disease: Topics & Country Cases Resource Pack · Global Burden of Disease (GBD)...

This resource pack was originally developed by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University in 2018. It is used and distributed with permission by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. The Incubator’s educational materials are not intended to serve as endorsements or sources of primary data, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Harvard University. [Last updated: February 2020]

This resource is licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivs3.0Unported

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Global Burden of Disease: Topics & Country Cases Resource Pack 2020

Overview This resource pack on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. The GBD studies form the largest-ever systematic effort to describe the distribution and causes of a wide array of major diseases, injuries, and health risk factors by examining national and sub-national data across populations worldwide from 1990 to the present. Led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, it is a global effort, with more than 2,300 researchers from 130 countries, including numerous low- and middle-income countries, participating in the most recent update.

This resource pack provides links and brief descriptions of the numerus resources developed by IHME and other partnering organizations to disseminate and visualize the findings of the GBD studies. The pack focuses on regional- and country-level analyses conducted by GBD researchers; a separate resource pack is also available which explores global findings.

This resource pack includes:

• GBD Topic Studies • Country Cases • Country Profiles • Fact Sheets • Data Interactives & Infographics • Organizations • Definitions

http://www.healthdata.org/gbd

Resource Pack: GBD Topics & Country Cases

2 This resource is licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivs3.0Unported


Selected Resources *indicates resource listed in GHELI's online Repository

GBD TOPIC STUDIES

* Article. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4.

* Article. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Diarrhoea Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Diarrhoea Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30401-3.

* Article. The Global Need and Availability of Blood Products: A Modelling Study Roberts N et al. The Global Need and Availability of Blood Products: A Modelling Study. The Lancet Haematology 2019; 6(12): 606-615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5.

* Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stomach Cancer in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Stomach Cancer Collaborators. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stomach Cancer in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30328-0.

* Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Pancreatic Cancer Collaborators. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019; 4(12): 934-947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4.

* Article. Progress in Adolescent Health and Well-being: Tracking 12 Headline Indicators for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016 Azzopardi PS et al. Progress in Adolescent Health and Well-being: Tracking 12 Headline Indicators for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016. The Lancet 2019; 393(10176): 1101-1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32427-9.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and Forecasts to 2030, for 195 Countries and Territories: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 Global Burden of Disease HIV/AIDS Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and Forecasts to 2030, for 195 Countries and Territories: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. The Lancet HIV 2019; 6(12): 831-859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1.

* Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Alatab S et al. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30401-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30328-0

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32427-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1




* Article. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017 GBD Cancer Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Oncology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996.

* Article. The Global Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Stanaway J et al. The Global Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019; 19(12): 1312-1324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9.

* Article. World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease Risk Charts: Revised Models to Estimate Risk in 21 Global Regions The WHO CVD Risk Chart Working Group. World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease Risk Charts: Revised Models to Estimate Risk in 21 Global Regions. The Lancet Global Health 2019; 7(10): 1332-1345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3.

* Article. The Global Burden of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in 2017: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Global Burden of Disease Childhood Cancer Collaborators. The Global Burden of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in 2017: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Oncology 2019; 20(9): 1211-1225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0.

* Article. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study. JAMA Pediatrics 2019; 173(6): 190337. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337.

* Article. Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, Present, and Future of Global Health Financing: A Review of Development Assistance, Government, Out-of-Pocket, and Other Private Spending on Health for 195 Countries, 1995–2050 Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, Present, and Future of Global Health Financing: A Review of Development Assistance, Government, Out-of-Pocket, and Other Private Spending on Health for 195 Countries, 1995–2050. The Lancet 2019; 393(10187): 2233-2260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30841-4.

* Article. Tracking Spending on Malaria by Source in 106 Countries, 2000–16: An Economic Modelling Study Haakenstad A et al. Tracking Spending on Malaria by Source in 106 Countries, 2000–16: An Economic Modelling Study. The Lancet 2019; 19(7): 703-716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30165-3.

* Article. Potential for Additional Government Spending on HIV/AIDS in 137 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Modelling Study Haakenstad A et al. Potential for Additional Government Spending on HIV/AIDS in 137 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Modelling Study. The Lancet HIV 2019; 6(6)382-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30038-4.

* Article. Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019; 393(10184): 1958-1972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0

https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30841-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30165-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30038-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30038-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8




* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neurological Disorders, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neurological Disorders, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(5): 459-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2019; 18(5): 439-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Brain and other CNS Cancer, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Brain and Other CNS Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Brain and other CNS Cancer, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(4): 376-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30468-X.

* Article. Measuring Population Ageing: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Chang A et al. Measuring Population Ageing: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(3): 159-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30019-2.

* Article. Global, Regional, National, and Subnational Big Data to Inform Health Equity Research: Perspectives From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Article. Mokdad AH et al. Global, Regional, National, and Subnational Big Data to Inform Health Equity Research: Perspectives From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ethnicity and Disease 2019; 29(1): 159-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.S1.159.

* Article. The Global Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators. The Global Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2019; 19(4): 369-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Epilepsy, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Epilepsy Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Epilepsy, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(4): 357-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Suicide Mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Naghavi M. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Suicide Mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The BMJ 2019; 364(94): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l94.

* Article. Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospitalisations Due to Influenza Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, 2017: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Influenza Collaborators. Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospitalisations Due to Influenza Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, 2017: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018; 7(1): 69–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30496-X.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Multiple Sclerosis 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Multiple Sclerosis 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(3): 269-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30443-5.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30468-X

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30019-2

https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.S1.159

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l94

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30496-X

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30443-5




* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Motor Neuron Diseases 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Motor Neuron Diseases 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(12): 1083-1097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6.

* Article. The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Alcohol and Drug Use in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Alcohol and Drug Use in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 5(12): 987-1012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tuberculosis, 1990–2016: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study GBD Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tuberculosis, 1990–2016: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18(12): 1329-1249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30625-X

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 18(1): 88-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 18(1): 56-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Meningitis, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global, Regional, and National Burden of Meningitis, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 17(12): 1061-1082. DOI: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(18)30387-9/fulltext.

* Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(11): 954-976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3.

* Article. GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson’s Disease, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson’s Disease, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(11), 939-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30295-3.

* Article. Mortality Due to Low-Quality Health Systems in the Universal Health Coverage Era: A Systematic Analysis of Amenable Deaths in 137 Countries Kruk ME et al. Mortality Due to Low-Quality Health Systems in the Universal Health Coverage Era: A Systematic Analysis of Amenable Deaths in 137 Countries. The Lancet 2018; 392(10160): 2203-2212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30625-X

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(18)30387-9/fulltext


https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30295-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4




* Article. Developmental Disabilities Among Children Younger Than 5 Years in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators. Developmental Disabilities Among Children Younger Than 5 Years in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(10): 1100-1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30309-7.

COUNTRY CASES

* Report. The Burden of Disease in Singapore, 1990-2017: An Overview of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Results The Burden of Disease in Singapore, 1990-2017: An Overview of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Results. Ministry of Health, Singapore, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2019. http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/burden-disease-singapore-1990-2017.

* Country Case. The Burden of Child and Maternal Malnutrition and Trends in its Indicators in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Malnutrition Collaborators. The Burden of Child and Maternal Malnutrition and Trends in its Indicators in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2019; 3(12): 855-870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30273-1.

* Country Case. Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Gouda H et al. Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health 2019; 7(1): 1375-1387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2.

* Country Case. The Burden of Injury in China, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Leilei D et al. The Burden of Injury in China, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(9): 449-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30125-2.

* Country Case. Mortality, Morbidity, and Risk Factors in China and Its Provinces, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Zhou M et al. Mortality, Morbidity, and Risk Factors in China and Its Provinces, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019; 394(10204): 1145-1158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1.

* Country Case. Italy's Health Performance, 1990–2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Italy Collaborators. Italy's Health Performance, 1990–2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(12): 645-657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30189-6.

* Country Case. Life Expectancy and Disease Burden in the Nordic Countries: Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 Nordic Burden of Disease Collaborators. Life Expectancy and Disease Burden in the Nordic Countries: Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(12): 658-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30224-5.

* Country Case. Maternal Mortality Ratios in 2852 Chinese Counties, 1996–2015, and Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5 in China: A Subnational Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Liang J et al. Maternal Mortality Ratios in 2852 Chinese Counties, 1996–2015, and Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5 in China: A Subnational Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 393(10168): 241–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31712-4.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30309-7

http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/burden-disease-singapore-1990-2017


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30273-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30125-2

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30189-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30224-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31712-4




* Country Case. Association of Adverse Effects of Medical Treatment with Mortality in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study Sunshine JE et al. Association of Adverse Effects of Medical Treatment with Mortality in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. JAMA Network Open 2019; 2(1): e187041. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7041.

* Country Case. The Impact of Air Pollution on Deaths, Disease Burden, and Life Expectancy Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Air Pollution Collaborators. The Impact of Air Pollution on Deaths, Disease Burden, and Life Expectancy Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018; 3(1): 26-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4.

* Country Case. Health Disparities Across the Counties of Kenya and Implications for Policy Makers, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burdens of Disease Study 2016 Achoki T et al. Health Disparities Across the Counties of Kenya and Implications for Policy Makers, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burdens of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Global Health 2018; 7(1): 81-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30472-8.

* Country Case. Changes in Health in the Countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority Areas 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Steel N et al. Changes in Health in the Countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority Areas 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10158): 1647-1661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32207-4.

* Country Case. The Burden of Cancers and Their Variations Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Cancer Collaborators. The Burden of Cancers and Their Variations Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 19(10): 1289-1306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30447-9.

* Country Case. Gender Differentials and State Variations in Suicide Deaths in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Suicide Collaborators. Gender Differentials and State Variations in Suicide Deaths in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10153): 1138-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30138-5.

* Country Case. The Burden of Disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Russia Collaborators. The Burden of Disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10153): 1138-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5.

* Country Case. The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States The US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States. JAMA 2018; 319(14): 1444-1472. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158.

* Country Case. The Burden of Disease in Greece, Health Loss, Risk Factors, and Health Financing, 2000–16: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global Burden of Disease 2016 Greece Collaborators. The Burden of Disease in Greece, Health Loss, Risk Factors, and Health Financing, 2000–16: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Public Health 2018; 3(8): 395-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30130-0.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7041

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30472-8

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32207-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30447-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30138-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5

https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30130-0




* Country Case. Burden of Disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: A Systematic Subnational Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Brazil Collaborators. Burden of Disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: A Systematic Subnational Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10149): 760-775. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2.

* Country Case. On the Road to Universal Health Care in Indonesia, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Mboi N et al. On the Road to Universal Health Care in Indonesia, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10147): 581-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6.

* Country Case. Causes of Death Among Children Aged 5–14 years in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Kyu HH et al. Causes of Death Among Children Aged 5–14 years in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 2(5): 321-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30095-6.

* Country Case. Nations Within a Nation: Variations in Epidemiological Transition Across the States of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. Nations Within a Nation: Variations in Epidemiological Transition Across the States of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet 2017; 390(10111): 2437–2460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0.

* Country Case. The Changing Patterns of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators. The Changing Patterns of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1339-1351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8.

* Country Case. The Increasing Burden of Diabetes and Variations Among the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Diabetes Collaborators. The Increasing Burden of Diabetes and Variations Among the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1352-1362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5.

* Country Case. The Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Their Heterogeneity Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CRD Collaborators. The Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Their Heterogeneity Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1363-1374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1.

COUNTRY PROFILES

* Country Profiles. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. http://www.healthdata.org/results/country-profiles.

FACT SHEETS

* Fact Sheets. U.S. Fact Sheets. U.S. Fact Sheets. Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. http://www.healthdata.org/node/6444.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30095-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30095-6

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1

http://www.healthdata.org/results/country-profiles

http://www.healthdata.org/node/6444




DATA INTERACTIVES & INFOGRAPHICS

* Data Portal. Maternal Health Atlas: The Global Push for Healthy Motherhood Data Interactive. Maternal Health Atlas: The Global Push for Healthy Motherhood. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://maternalhealthatlas.org.

* Data Portal. Child Mortality 2000-2017: Precision Mapping to End Child Deaths Data Interactive. Child Mortality 2000-2017: Precision Mapping to End Child Deaths. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/child-mortality.

* Data Portal. The Importance of Tobacco Control in Mexico The Importance of Tobacco Control in Mexico. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/tobacco-control/mexico.

* Infographic. High Burden, Low Budget: Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries High Burden, Low Budget: Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. http://www.healthdata.org/infographic/high-burden-low-budget-non-communicable-diseases-low-and-middle-income-countries.

* Data Interactive. Local Burden of Disease – Diarrhea Local Burden of Disease – Diarrhea. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/lbd/diarrhea.

ORGANIZATIONS

* Organization. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. http://www.healthdata.org.

DEFINITIONS

* Glossary. Glossary of Terms McKee S. Glossary of Terms. Rethinking Development and Health: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2016; 6-7. http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/GBD/2016/IHME_GBD2015_Report_Glossary-of-terms_2016.pdf.

https://maternalhealthatlas.org/

https://vizhub.healthdata.org/child-mortality

https://vizhub.healthdata.org/tobacco-control/mexico

http://www.healthdata.org/infographic/high-burden-low-budget-non-communicable-diseases-low-and-middle-income-countries


https://vizhub.healthdata.org/lbd/diarrhea

http://www.healthdata.org/

http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/GBD/2016/IHME_GBD2015_Report_Glossary-of-terms_2016.pdf





Annotated Bibliography

GBD TOPIC STUDIES

Article. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13108 This article from The Lancet Infectious Diseases examines under-5 lower respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in 195 countries and territories, specifically analyzing risk factor patterns, interventions, and sociodemographic development. Under-5 LRIs have substantially decreased in several countries since 1990, but the pace of LRI progress has slowed when compared to other infectious diseases – LRIs are still the leading infectious cause of death among under-5 children. Driving factors that have reduced childhood deaths due to LRIs are reduced household air pollution and increased coverage of vaccination against Haemophilus influenza type b and pneumococcal diseases. Another major finding of the study shows that changes in LRI mortality and incidence are not equal across countries and territories; thus, the authors highlight the need to implement specific strategies depending on each setting. In rural areas, for example, economic development and health care reform to enable government-sponsored health care is important. Global reduction in under-5 LRI mortality since 1990 has been a significant achievement, but preventing and treating LRIs must remain a global health priority to continue the reduction of deaths.

Article. Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Diarrhoea Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Quantifying Risks and Interventions That Have Affected the Burden of Diarrhoea Among Children Younger than 5 Years: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30401-3. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13109 This article from The Lancet Infectious Diseases provides global updates on under-5 diarrhoeal disease mortality changes in 195 countries and territories. The Collaborators conducted analysis based on registration data, surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data, and considered risk factors and interventions for diarrhoea. Globally, 78.4 deaths per 100,000 children were attributed to diarrhoea in 2017, showing a. 69.6% reduction since 1990. Reduced exposure to unsafe sanitation, childhood wasting, and low use of oral rehydration solution were among the risk factors responsible for this major decline. The countries that experienced the largest declines in mortality also had substantial reductions in childhood underweight and stunting attribution. The results highlight that improving nutritional status for children is one of the most important interventions for this global issue. Scaling up interventions according to country or region will be crucial to continue the prevention and protection against diarrhoea.

Article. The Global Need and Availability of Blood Products: A Modelling Study Roberts N et al. The Global Need and Availability of Blood Products: A Modelling Study. The Lancet Haematology 2019; 6(12): 606-615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13110 This article from The Lancet Haematology provides estimates and models to show the blood transfusion need and supply at national and global levels for 195 countries and territories. The study examined disease-specific transfusion needs to estimate the ideal disease specific-transfusion rates among countries. In 2017, the global blood need was 304,711,244 units, while the need was 272,270,243 units – among the 195 countries, 119 did not have the sufficient blood supply to meet needs. The need-supply gap was larger in low-income and middle-income countries. Government financial and structural support, quality and safety of blood supply, and expansion of national transfusion services are essential for closing the gap.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4

https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13108

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30401-3


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5





Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stomach Cancer in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Stomach Cancer Collaborators. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stomach Cancer in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30328-0. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13111 This article from The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology overviews the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to stomach cancer in 195 countries and territories at the global, regional, and national levels. In 2017, the global incidence of stomach cancer was over 1.2 million cases, with the highest incidence rates in the Asia Pacific and east Asia regions. The number of incident cases has increased by over 350,000 since 1990, but the global age-standardized rates of stomach cancer have decreased from 1990 to 2017. To further reduce the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer worldwide, specific countries should inform strategies and policies for their respective relevant risk factors.

Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Pancreatic Cancer Collaborators. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019; 4(12): 934-947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13112 This article from The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology evaluates the burden of pancreatic cancer on global, regional, and national levels. Globally, the incidence rates of and mortality due to pancreatic cancer are increasing. Since 1990, the incidence rate increased from 5.0 to 5.7 cases per 100,000 person-years, DALYs due to pancreatic cancer increased by a factor of 2.1, and deaths increased by a factor of 2.3. High-income regions are more highly affected by pancreatic cancer deaths, with the highest age-standardized death rates in Greenland and Uruguay. This significant increase of pancreatic cancer is due to population ageing, which is expected to continue – it is predicted that pancreatic cancer will become the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States by 2030. The Collaborators highlight the impact of behavioral risk factors such as lifestyle, diet, obesity and smoking on pancreatic cancer. The study urges that countries and territories should implement comprehensive policies to regulate tobacco use, reduce obesity, diabetes, and other modifiable risk factors to continue efforts of reducing pancreatic cancer.

Article. Progress in Adolescent Health and Well-being: Tracking 12 Headline Indicators for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016 Azzopardi PS et al. Progress in Adolescent Health and Well-being: Tracking 12 Headline Indicators for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016. The Lancet 2019; 393(10176): 1101-1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32427-9. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13113 This article from The Lancet provides estimates of 12 indicators for adolescent health and wellbeing from 1990 to 2016 on the country level. The study analyzed health outcomes, health risks, and social determinants of health for adolescents. While some countries have experienced a major decrease in disease burden, other countries have experienced population growth contributing to poor adolescent health. In 2016, 250 million more adolescents were living in multi-burden countries than in 1990. Obesity, anemia, child marriage, and not in education, employment, or training (NEET) for women are remaining global challenges. Several individual indicators have improved, but gender inequity such as NEET prevalence in females is a factor contributing to poor health. Males account for almost 75% of DALYs due to injuries, almost half of which are among males in multi-burden countries or territories. Overall, many of the changes in health outcomes, risks, and determinants are related to demographic changes, as most of the countries now have a higher non-communicable disease burden. It is necessary to address social and structural determinants of health such as health, education, and legal systems to continue investing in adolescent health and development.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30328-0


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32427-9





Article. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and Forecasts to 2030, for 195 Countries and Territories: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 Global Burden of Disease HIV/AIDS Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and Forecasts to 2030, for 195 Countries and Territories: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. The Lancet HIV 2019; 6(12): 831-859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13114 This article from The Lancet HIV assesses the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage from 1980-2017 for 195 countries and territories. The study estimated prevalence and incidence using the Estimation and Projection Package, a model developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, modelling, and Projections. The study corrected data for poorly defined causes and misclassifications of HIV and produced estimates to forecast HIV/AIDS indicators for 2030. Global HIV mortality has gradually decreased since peaks in 1999 and 2006 due to the increased prevalence of ART coverage. Absolute mortality has decreased, but remaining challenges related to HIV include slowly decreasing incidence and inadequate funding for interventions. HIV is predicted to remain a global public health threat, and the study highlights the need for continued expansion of ART and investment in HIV prevention across populations.

Article. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Alatab S et al. The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13087 This article from The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology examines the changes in global disease burden from 1990 through 2017 for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—a condition that affects patients’ quality of life. The burden of IBD rose globally since 1990, with 6.8 million cases of IBD as of 2017; the increased burden may place economic and social stress on health systems. These cases are not equally distributed geographically, with the North American region having the highest age-standardized death rate and the Caribbean having the lowest. At the national level, the U.S. had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate, followed by the U.K. Because the disease burden varies widely across geographies, the researchers believe that their findings will be useful as policymakers develop targeted strategies to tackle inflammatory bowel disease.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017 GBD Cancer Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Oncology 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13082 This article in JAMA Oncology identifies the scope of cancer burden throughout the world, and finds that in 2017, there were 24.5 million incidences of cancer across the globe and 9.6 million cancer deaths. Additionally, the authors report on disparities in the odds of developing cancer among socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles, with those in the highest SDI quintile approximately 3.5 more likely to develop cancer than those in the lowest SDI quintile. The most common cancers for men were skin; tracheal, bronchus, and lung; and prostate cancer—accounting for 54% of all cancer cases, while for women, they were melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, also accounting for 54% of all incident cases. Notably, the absolute years of life lost (YLLs) due to stomach cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, and cervical cancer have decreased, while the YLLs due to pancreatic cancer and liver cancer has increased, although all these still remain among the top 10 cancers that contribute to YLLs across the globe. These results reflect a wide array of outcomes in both national and global populations, due to various exposures, risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care. The authors note that the data presented in this study should be used by stakeholders and policymakers to improve cancer care worldwide.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4


https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996





The Global Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Article. Stanaway J et al. The Global Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2019; 19(12): 1312-1324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13074 This article from The Lancet Infectious Disease explores the global disease burden of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, a disease with a higher case fatality rate due to an increasing number of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Malnourished children, the elderly, and those infected with HIV are particularly vulnerable to the disease. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, the authors estimated that 535,000 cases of non-typhoidal salmonella occurred in 2017. Many of these cases occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and in children younger than five years of age. Non-typhoidal salmonella caused an estimated 77,500 deaths and 4.26 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2017. Examining the disease pathways for non-typhoidal invasive salmonella will aid in more effective prevention efforts, and, in turn, the reduction of deaths and DALYs associated with this disease.

Article. World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease Risk Charts: Revised Models to Estimate Risk in 21 Global Regions The WHO CVD Risk Chart Working Group. World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease Risk Charts: Revised Models to Estimate Risk in 21 Global Regions. The Lancet Global Health 2019; 7(10): 1332-1345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13063 This article from The Lancet Global Health shares cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction models derived from and validated for low-income and middle-income countries. Risk prediction models can help identify individuals at highest CVD risk who should benefit the most from preventive interventions, but prior to this study, existing models had limitations that made them less reliable in low- and middle-income countries. To address this issue, the authors created 10-year risk prediction models for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease using individual data from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. The risk factors included age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, history of diabetes, and total cholesterol. Deriving the model involved 376,177 individuals from 85 cohorts with 19,333 cardiovascular events recorded during the 10-year follow-up. The authors found significant variation across global regions for a given risk profile. These new derived, calibrated, and validated risk prediction models can be used to estimate cardiovascular disease in 21 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study regions and inform global CVD prevention efforts.

Article. The Global Burden of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in 2017: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Global Burden of Disease Childhood Cancer Collaborators. The Global Burden of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer in 2017: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Oncology 2019; 20(9): 1211-1225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13040 This article in The Lancet Oncology analyzes global childhood cancer burden data from 2017 as part of the ongoing Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). The authors note that while global incidence, mortality, and survival estimates of childhood cancer are available, there are no previous analyses of the global childhood cancer burden represented in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), which allow for cross-disease and cross-geography comparisons that contextualize disease burden. The authors highlight the need for model-based estimates and accurate data for resource planning and health policy, as many countries have scarce or non-existent cancer surveillance data collection methods. Using the GBD methodology and data drawn from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry incidence, they developed improved estimates of mortality through modelled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs).

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3


https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0





Article. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study. JAMA Pediatrics 2019; 173(6): 190337. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12997 This article in JAMA examines child and adolescent mortality and morbidity in 195 countries and territories, using results of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) to report the levels, trends, and leading causes of child and adolescent mortality and nonfatal health loss from 1990 to 2017. The authors found that child and adolescent deaths decreased by nearly 52 percent over that period, but morbidity increased as a proportion of total disease burden because the major causes of nonfatal health loss and disability during childhood and adolescence have not changed dramatically. Further, progress was unevenly distributed, and low- and low-middle-SDI countries saw their share of child and adolescent deaths increase. The leading causes of disability in low-SDI countries included neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, and congenital birth defects; in contrast, in high-SDI countries, disability was driven by neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, headache, dermatitis, and anxiety. The authors argue that the trends reported have the potential to overburden health systems, affect the human capital potential of societies, and influence the trajectory of socioeconomic development.

Article. Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, Present, and Future of Global Health Financing: A Review of Development Assistance, Government, Out-of-Pocket, and Other Private Spending on Health for 195 Countries, 1995–2050 Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, Present, and Future of Global Health Financing: A Review of Development Assistance, Government, Out-of-Pocket, and Other Private Spending on Health for 195 Countries, 1995–2050. The Lancet 2019; 393(10187): 2233-2260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30841-4. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12968 This article published by The Lancet summarizes the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending. Health spending per capita has overall increased since 1995, reaching $8 trillion in 2016, accounting for 8.6% of the global economy. There exists a large disparity in per capita spending across the globe; markedly, on average in 2016, high-income countries spent $5252 per capita, upper-middle-income countries spent $491 per capita, lower-middle-income countries spent $81 per capita, and low-income countries spent $40. Increases in health spending per capita are predicted to persist into the future, even though the composition of health spending by financing source—government, out-of-pocket, prepaid private, and development assistance for health—is expected to evolve. Increasing health financing in quantity will not be sufficient; countries will need to focus on improvements in equity and efficiency in order to achieve universal health coverage—part of Sustainable Development Goal 3—and overall improve health outcomes globally.

Article. Tracking Spending on Malaria by Source in 106 Countries, 2000–16: An Economic Modelling Study Haakenstad A et al. Tracking Spending on Malaria by Source in 106 Countries, 2000–16: An Economic Modelling Study. The Lancet 2019; 19(7): 703-716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30165-3. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12969 This article, published by The Lancet Infectious Diseases, examines health spending on malaria that is financed by governments, households, and prepaid private sources in malaria-endemic countries. The researchers found that from 2000 to 2016, global financing for malaria prevention and treatment shifted from being predominantly sourced from government and out-of-pocket spending to mainly being financed by development assistance. In 2016, $4.3 billion was spent on malaria globally, showing an 8.5 percent increase annually since 2000, spurred mainly by development assistance for malaria. However, the global spending on malaria still falls short of the target set by WHO. Comprehending the composition of malaria spending by source can illuminate ways in which governments and the international community can use financial resources to eradicate this disease.

https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337


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Potential for Additional Government Spending on HIV/AIDS in 137 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Modelling Study Article. Haakenstad A et al. Potential for Additional Government Spending on HIV/AIDS in 137 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Modelling Study. The Lancet HIV 2019; 6(6)382-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30038-4. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12970 This article published by The Lancet HIV highlights the urgent need to allocate funds to end AIDS by 2030, a goal set by UNAIDS. The article reveals that between 2012 and 2016, development assistance for HIV/AIDS dropped by 20%, resulting in a dire situation in low-income countries, where 85% of HIV/AIDS spending is financed using development assistance funds. The article emphasizes the need to therefore catalyze domestic spending to overcome financing gaps left by other countries that were providing development assistant funds.

The researchers found that $12.1 billion could be mobilized in the future to fight HIV/AIDS, however, over 80% of these funds would come from the governments of only 10 countries. Many other low- and middle-income countries will be unable to fill the financing void, should developmental assistance further decline. These findings underscore the importance of sustainable funding for this public health crisis. Currently, the high level of dependence on development assistance in low-income, high prevalence countries leaves millions of people with HIV/AIDS vulnerable to policy decisions made by a single international organization or country. This fight against HIV/AIDS requires collaborative action, across all income levels, and it is therefore important for the international community to work with governments of low- and middle-income countries to find funding that works collectively, to end AIDS by 2030.

Article. Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019; 393(10184): 1958-1972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12971 This article published by The Lancet analyzes the effect of diet, a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), on the global burden of NCD mortality and morbidity. The authors studied the NCD burden attributable to 15 dietary risk factors (e.g., high intake of sodium) among adults aged 25 years or older across 195 countries. In 2017, dietary risks were responsible for 11 million deaths and 255 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), thereby making it responsible for more deaths than any other risks globally, including tobacco smoking. Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of diet-related deaths and DALYs, followed by cancers and type 2 diabetes. The researchers found that high intake of sodium, low intake of whole grains, and low intake of fruits were the primary dietary risk factors for death and DALYs worldwide. Dietary risks impact people regardless of age, sex, and sociodemographic development of their place of residence. The improvement of diet is an important agenda in public health, as its success could potentially prevent one in every five deaths globally.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neurological Disorders, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neurological Disorders, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(5): 459-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12945 This article from The Lancet Neurology examines neurological disorders as a major disease burden using data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study conducted in 2016. The study estimates the prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjust life-years (DALYs) of 15 diseases and disorders, including tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain cancers, traumatic brain injuries, different dementias, among others. The researchers found that in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs and the second leading cause of deaths worldwide. Stroke, Alzheimer’s and other dementias, migraines, and meningitis were the four largest contributors of neurological DALYs. The findings of this study underscore that governments will need to invest in both the treatment of

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and the science exploring neurological disorders—the burden of which is increasing, but suffers a lack of evidence on modifiable risks.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2019; 18(5): 439-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12942 This article from The Lancet estimates current death, prevalence, incidence, and disability for stroke from data gathered in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the overall burden continues to grow as populations age. According to the study, in 2016 there were 5.5 million deaths and 116.4 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to stroke. Over the study period, 1990 to 2016, the mortality rate decreased by 36.2% and the age-standardized DALY rate declined by 34.2%. Overall, the study found that while the mortality rates have declined since 1996, the decrease in incidence has not declined to the same degree. The findings underscore that the burden of stroke is mostly attributable to modifiable risk factors—factors that can be targeted reduce the burden of stroke in coming decades.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Brain and other CNS Cancer, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Brain and Other CNS Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Brain and other CNS Cancer, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(4): 376-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30468-X. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12944 This article in The Lancet Neurology estimates the global burden of brain and other CNS cancers on a global scale from 1990 through 2016, using data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The diagnosis and treatment of these cancers is resource intensive, and previous studies were limited by geographic region or scope—making it challenging to make global comparisons. The researchers find that the number of incident cases of CNS cancer has increased across all geographical regions, with China, USA, and India being the countries with the highest number of incident cases. Significant variation in the incidence of CNS cancers, however, may indicate different diagnostic and reporting practices and underscore the need for future analysis by CNS cancer subtype.

Article. Measuring Population Ageing: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Chang A et al. Measuring Population Ageing: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(3): 159-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30019-2. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12943 This article from The Lancet Public Health examines the ways in which health metrics are measured in terms of aging. According to the article, traditional metrics do not differentiate between a longer life expectancy and adding healthy years to life expectancy. By having a metric that includes both longevity and health status, it facilitates more nuanced understanding of aging on a global scale. The authors hope that their findings could influence policymaking by identifying what motivates differences in ageing burden and what resources are needed to tackle the burden worldwide.

Article. Global, Regional, National, and Subnational Big Data to Inform Health Equity Research: Perspectives From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Mokdad AH et al. Global, Regional, National, and Subnational Big Data to Inform Health Equity Research: Perspectives From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ethnicity and Disease 2019; 29(1): 159-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.S1.159. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12941 This article from Ethnicity and Disease uses Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study data to understand differences in burden of disease, injuries, and risks by sociodemographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2017. Overall, the study found that there were wide disparities in the burden of disease by SDI, with smaller disease burdens in higher-income countries.

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Based on the disparities surfaced in the study, the authors recommend that special attention should be paid to drug use disorders, high blood pressure, high body mass index, diet, and alcohol use disorders – just to name a few.

Article. The Global Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators. The Global Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2019; 19(4): 369-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12932 This article from The Lancet Infectious Diseases focuses on the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, an important topic with growing antimicrobial resistance. It was estimated that in 2017, there were 14.3 million cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers – significantly down from 25.9 million cases that occurred in 1990. The article also estimated that the case fatality rate was around 0.95% for 2017, with most fatalities occurring in young children and older adults. The authors cited progress in minimizing the burden of typhoid fever. However, improved sanitation and increased vaccine use, as well as better data collection, will likely push the greatest improvements.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Epilepsy, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Epilepsy Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Epilepsy, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(4): 357-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12931 This article from The Lancet Neurology aims to examine the health loss due to epilepsy, broken down by age, sex, year, and location using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Epilepsy remains an important cause of premature death and disability. The authors focused on 195 countries and territories. It was found that in 2016, 45.9 million patients suffered from all-active epilepsy globally, with prevalence increasing with the age of the patient. Overall, the authors found a decrease in disease burden from epilepsy from 1990 to 2016.The authors note that burden of epilepsy could be further decreased with improved access to treatments in low-income countries and the development of new drugs globally.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Suicide Mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Naghavi M. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Suicide Mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The BMJ 2019; 364(94): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l94. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12905 This article in The BMJ examines trends in suicides, both globally and regionally, for 195 countries and territories, as part of the continued 2016 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD). The authors used quantitative statistical methods to calculate rates of suicide and years of life lost (YLLs) due to suicide between 1990 and 2016, also comparing these rates across geographic areas and demographic groups such as age and sex. They find that the number of deaths caused by suicide during this time period increased by 6.7 percent. However, when looking just at a single age group (called “age-standardized death rates”), suicide mortality dropped by 32.7 percent during this same time period. Suicide rates were found to be higher for men than for women in most age groups and geographic areas. The authors did not include or consider data that reflects a non-binary conceptualization of sex or gender in the analysis. They conclude that examining suicide mortality rates and identifying especially vulnerable populations can help improve global suicide prevention efforts.

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Article. Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospitalisations Due to Influenza Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, 2017: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Influenza Collaborators. Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospitalisations Due to Influenza Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, 2017: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018; 7(1): 69–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30496-X. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12898 This article in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine examines incidence, hospitalizations, and mortality of both lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and other related respiratory illnesses caused by influenza, as part of the continued 2017 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD). The authors estimated these metrics using GBD data from all available countries between 1990 and 2017. They estimate that 145,000 deaths took place due to influenza LRTI in 2017, across all ages. The death rate was highest for people over the age of 70, with a global mortality rate of 16. Furthermore, the geographic area with the highest mortality rate across all ages was Eastern Europe, with a rate of 5. In 2017, influenza was estimated to have caused 9,459,000 LRTI hospitalizations and 12% of LRTI episodes worldwide. This large burden of LRTIs in just one year shows that influenza still has a great effect on health and that efforts to improve influenza prevention are required, the authors write.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Multiple Sclerosis 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Multiple Sclerosis 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18(3): 269-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30443-5. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12896 This article in The Lancet Neurology quantifies the global burden of multiple sclerosis—the most common inflammatory neurological disease in young adults—and its relationship with country development level. The authors summarized data on disease prevalence and deaths using the indicator disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), which is calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with a disability (YLDs). They used the socio-demographic index, a composite indicator that considers income, education level, and fertility, to understand the relationship with development level. In 2016, there were more than 2.2 million cases of multiple sclerosis globally, an increase of more than 10 percent since 1990, with the highest prevalence per 100,000 population in North America, western Europe, and Australasia. While death rates decreased substantially over the same period, changes in DALYs and varied by development level. The authors note that, while multiple sclerosis is not common, it is a potentially sever cause of neurological disability throughout adult life and prevalence has increased in several regions since 1990. They suggest that these findings may help guide resource allocation, health-service planning, and research investments.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Motor Neuron Diseases 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Motor Neuron Diseases 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(12): 1083-1097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12804 This article in The Lancet Neurology examines the disease burden of motor neuron diseases in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2016, as part of the continued 2016 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD). Eighty-four risk factors within the GBD were examined for correlations with affliction with or death due to motor neuron diseases—rare diseases with low prevalence and incidence that cause severe disability and have a high fatality rate. The authors found that approximately 330,918 people had motor neuron diseases worldwide in 2016, with a prevalence of 4.5 per 100,000 people. None of the examined risk factors from the GBD were associated with the incidence of motor neuron disease. Furthermore, the disease burden of motor neuron disease has increased vastly from 1990 to 2016, especially in high-income countries and in part due to population aging. The authors explain that these estimates, and others in the future, will be important to help determine the delivery and allocation of related health services.

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Article. The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Alcohol and Drug Use in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Alcohol and Drug Use in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 5(12): 987-1012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12798/ This article from The Lancet examines the disease burden caused by alcohol and other selected drugs across 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, as part of the continued 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Using pre-existing epidemiological studies and disability weights, the authors calculated disability adjusted life years for this period. Alcohol use disorders were found to be the most common substance use disorder (1321 cases per 100,000 people), followed by opioid dependence (353 cases per 100,000 people) and cannabis dependence (290 cases per 100,000 people). The burden of disease caused by alcohol and drugs varied significantly across geographical areas. Furthermore, drug and alcohol use were often found to cause disease burden due to other health outcomes. The alcohol-attributable burden was highest in countries with lower or middle sociodemographic level, whereas the burden due to drugs increased with higher sociodemographic level. The authors point out that effective interventions are necessary for reducing alcohol and drug use.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tuberculosis, 1990–2016: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study GBD Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tuberculosis, 1990–2016: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18(12): 1329-1249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30625-X GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12874 This article from The Lancet Infectious Diseases analyzes trends of the burden of tuberculosis (TB) across the world to assess progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending the tuberculosis epidemic by 2030. It disaggregates 2016 data across 195 countries, from a wide range of surveys to explore proportions of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Although HIV-TB cases are a primary barrier to tuberculosis control, more than three-quarters of cases and deaths due to TB were among HIV-negative individuals. Results show that HIV-TB makes up 13 percent of TB incident cases and 16 percent of deaths due to TB, with most of these cases being in sub-Saharan Africa. Trends in multidrug-resistant TB varied across countries. Based on current trends, few countries will reach their SDG target by 2030. As such, this analysis underscores that most countries will need to scale up their efforts by improving access and quality of TB diagnosis and care, and further integrating programs for TB, HIV, and increasingly, diabetes.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 18(1): 88-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12790 This article published in The Lancet Neurology reports that the number of individuals living with dementia is increasing; in 1990, the number of individuals living with dementia was 20.2 million, increasing to 43.8 million by 2016—a total increase of 117 percent. The authors mainly attribute this doubling in global disease burden to increases in population aging and growth. Notably, the number of deaths due to dementia increased by 148 percent between 1990 and 2016; it was the fifth-largest cause of death globally in 2016, and the second largest cause of death in individuals aged more than 70 years. The authors emphasize that the global burden of neurocognitive disorders is pressing and needs attention, given there is currently no effective disease-modifying cure or treatment for dementia, and clinical trials have a high failure-to-success ratio in bringing a new drug to market. The authors note that a focus on preventive and curative services, as well as policies that support family caregivers and systemize the reporting of neurological disorders, are urgently needed.

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Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 18(1): 56-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12789 This article published in The Lancet Neurology highlights the global, regional, and national trends in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and spinal cord injuries (SCIs), and analyzes the extent to which different causes of injury lead to these conditions. Of note, the study identifies an increase in global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of TBI between 1990 and 2016, but no significant change in the age-standardized incidence or prevalence of SCI. The authors determined that there are significant geographical variations in the incidence of TBI and SCI, which most likely correspond with the geographical patterns of population growth, aging, and falls and road injuries that underlie these health conditions. The authors emphasize the importance of preventive measures for injuries, adequate access to acute medical care resources, focus on development and improvement of injury-prevention strategies, maintenance of acute and long-term care pathways, and improvement in the establishment of registry systems for patients with TBI and SCI worldwide, which could help to facilitate further research and intervention efforts.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Meningitis, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global, Regional, and National Burden of Meningitis, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 17(12): 1061-1082. DOI: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(18)30387-9/fulltext. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12788 This report from The Lancet examines trends of the burden of meningitis across the world to inform future direction of vaccine therapeutics. It disaggregates 2016 data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) study by cause, to explore proportions of mortality and incidence from four main categories of meningitis: pneumococcal, meningococcal, haemophilus influenzae type b, and other causes. Results illustrate that meningitis mortality decreased by 21 percent from 1990 to 2016 globally, with the highest mortality and incidence rates located in the African meningitis belt. In 2016, 1.48 million years of life lived with disability (YLDs) were due to meningitis while 21.87 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were due to meningitis. Reductions in the meningitis burden lag behind other vaccine-preventable diseases. This suggests that the burden of meningitis is far greater on mortality than disability. It is recommended that more attention should be given to vaccine development, affordability, and uptake, as meningitis still poses a large burden.

Article. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(11): 954-976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12722 This article published by The Lancet Neurology accentuates the importance of headache disorders for public health, as they persistently continue to contribute to causes of global disability. Only recognized starting in 2000 as a notable issue in public health, migraine and other headache disorders have gradually come to be known among the most prevalent disorders worldwide. Although headaches are not fatal and does not result in permanent or objective disability, they affect almost three billion individuals: 1.89 billion with tension-type headache and 1.04 billion with migraine. In combination, the two disorders are the cause of more than two percent of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and accounted for 6.5 percent of all years lived with disability (YLDs). Although tension-type headache was the third most prevalent disorder – with migraine as the sixth – out of 328 diseases and injuries for which the Global Burden of Disease 2016 (GBD) studies made estimates, it is still not widely accepted as a considerable issue in public health. This has led to a short supply of epidemiological data from large parts of the world, further creating major limitations in the headache burden estimations. The contributors to this study confirm that headache disorders are a public health issue

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in both sexes and all age groups worldwide, but most so in young and middle-aged women. By understanding the gravity of this issue and the implications it will have on the world’s population, actions can be catalyzed to combat these major contributors to global disability.

Article. GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson’s Disease, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson’s Disease, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17(11), 939-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30295-3. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12696 This article published in The Lancet Neurology is a systematic analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson’s disease from 1990 to 2016. By identifying trends over time in Parkinson’s disease, governments, organizations, and civil society can enable appropriate public health, medical, and scientific responses. Of great concern, neurological disorders are currently the leading source of disability in the world, and Parkinson’s disease is the fastest growing of these disorders. The global burden of Parkinson’s disease has more than doubled between 1990 and 2016 as a result of increasing numbers of aging people, with potential contributions from longer disease duration and environmental factors. The doubling of the number of individuals with Parkinson’s disease is predicted to occur again in the coming generation, especially due to demographic changes and industrialization. The analysis determined that age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of Parkinson’s disease increased with a country’s Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Some potential methods to address this health challenge include: preventing Parkinson’s disease by increasing physical activity earlier in adulthood; reducing exposure to pesticides; improving worldwide access to care and effective treatments; increasing funding for research to understand the underlying causes; and developing new therapies. This article is accompanied by a supplementary appendix, which includes additional details about the methodology and models.

Article. Mortality Due to Low-Quality Health Systems in the Universal Health Coverage Era: A Systematic Analysis of Amenable Deaths in 137 Countries Kruk ME et al. Mortality Due to Low-Quality Health Systems in the Universal Health Coverage Era: A Systematic Analysis of Amenable Deaths in 137 Countries. The Lancet 2018; 392(10160): 2203-2212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12661 As discussed in this article from The Lancet, 8.6 million people in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) die from causes amenable to health care; of these, 5 million are people who have used the health system but received poor-quality care. Evidence shows that expanding health care coverage does not necessarily result in better outcomes, which challenges the assumption that increasing utilization of health services alone will be enough to reduce mortality in lower-income countries. This article is the first to quantify the potential role of better-quality health services and compare it to greater coverage without improvement in health services. The authors conclude that universal health coverage (UHC) could avert deaths amenable to health care, but only if the expansion of service coverage is accompanied by investment in high-quality health systems.

Article. Developmental Disabilities Among Children Younger Than 5 Years in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators. Developmental Disabilities Among Children Younger Than 5 Years in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(10): 1100-1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30309-7. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12582 This article from The Lancet analyzes global data on trends in developmental disabilities among children under five between 1990 and 2016. When considering epilepsy, intellectual disability, hearing loss, vision loss, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the authors found that 52.9 million children suffered from disabilities in 2016 and roughly 95% of them resided in low- and middle-income countries. When disabilities were assessed individually, vision loss was found to be the most common disability, while intellectual disability contributed the most to global estimates of years lived with disability. Overall, the prevalence of disability decreased between 1990

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and 2016 in all countries assessed, however the number of children living with disabilities increased in sub-Saharan Africa (71.3%) and North Africa and the Middle East (7.6%).

COUNTRY CASES

Report. The Burden of Disease in Singapore, 1990-2017: An Overview of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Results The Burden of Disease in Singapore, 1990-2017: An Overview of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Results. Ministry of Health, Singapore, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2019. http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/burden-disease-singapore-1990-2017. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13025 This report published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the Singapore Ministry of Health is part of the ongoing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, measuring epidemiological levels and trends globally. This report presents the most recent findings for Singapore for 2017 and addresses the burden of diseases and injuries in Singapore since 1990. It specifically focuses on early death and disability, risk factors affecting health, and life expectancies in Singapore compared to peer nations. Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental disorders were the largest contributors to death and disability in Singapore. Sense organ diseases and musculoskeletal disorders showed the largest increases in death and disability between 1990 and 2017, primarily due to Singapore’s aging population. The findings suggest Singaporeans live longer, healthier lives than people in comparable nations, but the country must still work towards improving disability rates to achieve longer lives with less years of ill health for Singaporeans.

Report. India: Health of the Nation's States - The India State-level Disease Burden Initiative India: Health of the Nation's States - The India State-level Disease Burden Initiative. Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2017. http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/india-health-nation%E2%80%99s-states. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12352 This policy report from the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Public Health Foundation of India, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation describes the distribution and trends of diseases and risk factors for every state of India from 1990 to 2016, as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016. The key metric used in the report is disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is the sum of the number of years of life lost due to premature death and a weighted measure of the years lived with a disability due to a disease or injury. The researchers found that across India, life expectancy at birth has increased substantially, the per capita disease burden (measured as DALY) has dropped, and under-5 mortality has reduced significantly; however, continuing inequities persist between states. DALYs caused by communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNDs) have dropped but remain high in some areas of the country; DALYs caused by noncommunicable diseases and injuries have increased in all states. The authors point out that unsafe water and sanitation, while improving, are still problematic and contribute to disease burden through diarrheal diseases and other infections. They also note that household air pollution is improving but outdoor air pollution is worsening, with levels of exposure among the highest in the world with severe impacts on cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. The report’s findings are designed to assist in the development and implementation of more informed policy and interventions to improve population health in every state and union territory of India, and to reduce health inequalities between the states. The report is accompanied by an executive summary and disease burden profiles for each individual state in India.




http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/india-health-nation%E2%80%99s-states


http://www.healthdata.org/gbd

http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/2017_India_State-Level_Disease_Burden_Initiative_-_Executive_Summary%5B1%5D.pdf




Country Case. Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Gouda H et al. Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health 2019; 7(1): 1375-1387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13067 This article from The Lancet Global Health examines the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on populations in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The data is derived from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. While the region continues to be predominantly impacted by infectious diseases, the countries located in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a demographic transition, where NCDs are becoming increasingly prevalent. The researchers found that between 1990 and 2017, all-age total DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa due to non-communicable diseases increased by 67 percent. While most of this increase can be attributed to population growth and aging, the age-standardized DALY rate for NCDs was almost equivalent to the DALY rate of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases.

Country Case. The Burden of Injury in China, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Leilei D et al. The Burden of Injury in China, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(9): 449-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30125-2. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13026 This article from The Lancet examines the burden of fatal and non-fatal injuries in China, based on data about cause-specific mortality and all-cause disability-adjusted life years (DALYs from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GDB) 2017. The researchers focused on the burden of total injury and the key causes of injury at the provincial level for 34 subnational locations in China in 2017, measuring the change of injury burden from 1990 to 2017. In China in 2017, there were 77.1 million new cases of injury that required health care intervention and 733,517 deaths as a result of injury. The authors observed opposite trends in mortality and incidence rates: From 1990 to 2017, the age-standardized mortality decreased by 44.3 percent, while DALY rates decreased by 48.1 percent. However, during this time period, there was an increase in the age-standardized incidence rate of all injuries by 50.6 percent. The authors suggest that rapid sociodemographic development may have increased the risk of injury, but improvements in health care or decreases in injury severity may have reduced mortality.

Country Case. Mortality, Morbidity, and Risk Factors in China and Its Provinces, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Zhou M et al. Mortality, Morbidity, and Risk Factors in China and Its Provinces, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019; 394(10204): 1145-1158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13026 This article published by The Lancet analyzes trends in death and disability from 1990 to 2017, based on data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017). Both studying China’s 34 province-level and national data, the authors found substantial changes in China’s disease burden. Over the period 1990 to 2017, the burden of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions substantially decreased while chronic diseases, particularly in the elderly, grew to form the bulk of the country’s disease burden. In 2017, stroke and ischemic heart disease were the leading causes of death and DALYs at the national level, tied to increased exposure to risk factors related to diet and pollution. Though China outperformed its expected improvements based on socio-demographic index (SDI) at the national level, health equity across provinces remains a challenge. The authors emphasize the need for more detailed analysis at the subnational level to guide policies and programs that tackle these inequities and also call for further investment in strategies that address China’s growing chronic disease burden.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30374-2


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30125-2


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1





Country Case. Italy's Health Performance, 1990–2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 GBD 2017 Italy Collaborators. Italy's Health Performance, 1990–2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(12): 645-657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30189-6. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13115 This article from The Lancet Public Health analyzes the patterns of health loss and health care response in Italy from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. When compared with the data from 15 other western European countries, Italy had among the highest life expectancy and Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index scores. Italy also experienced a decrease in death rates for cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and transport injuries from 1990 to 2017, while the burden for chronic diseases such as dementia and DALYs for specific cancers have increased. Remaining challenges include addressing behavioral risks including smoking, alcohol use, high body-mass index, and low physical activity. The Collaborators suggest policy implications to combat these changes in disease burden.

Country Case. Life Expectancy and Disease Burden in the Nordic Countries: Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 Nordic Burden of Disease Collaborators. Life Expectancy and Disease Burden in the Nordic Countries: Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health 2019; 4(12): 658-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30224-5. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13116 This article from The Lancet Public Health assesses indicators including life expectancy, disease burden, and risk factors between the Nordic countries -- Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden – and compares the data with other global, high-income, regional estimates including Greenland. Gender equality, economy, welfare, and health care policies are shared features among the Nordic countries, and all have social security that includes free higher education, protection for people with reduced health and work capacities, and a publicly financed health-care system. Findings from the study indicated that all of the Nordic countries exceeded the global life expectancy in 2017, with the highest for females in Iceland (85.9 years) and the highest for males in Sweden (80.8 years). The Nordic countries also experienced a lower overall disease burden than the global burden. Within these countries, ischaemic heart disease affected males while low back pain affected the female disease burden, and all show similar risk factors including smoking and alcohol use. Disease burden varies slightly between the Nordic countries, which is attributed to cultural and lifestyle differences. Policies and programs used in other neighboring countries can help inform ways to reduce disease burden in the Nordic region such as improving population diet, improving food access systems, and food product pricing and taxation.

Country Case. Maternal Mortality Ratios in 2852 Chinese Counties, 1996–2015, and Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5 in China: A Subnational Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Liang J et al. Maternal Mortality Ratios in 2852 Chinese Counties, 1996–2015, and Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5 in China: A Subnational Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 393(10168): 241–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31712-4. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12900 This article in The Lancet examines maternal mortality ratios (MMR) in nearly 3,000 Chinese counties between 1996 and 2015, as part of the continued 2016 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD). The authors used a state-of-the-art quantitative model to estimate these ratios as well as to determine levels of inequality of maternal mortality. They found that China’s MMR nationwide dropped from 109 in 1996 to 22 in 2015, which equates to an annual decline of 8.5 percent. When zooming in and looking at the county level, the researchers found that MMR varies. The county with the best MMR was Shantou, Guangdong, with 17, while the worst MMR was 3510, found in Zanda County, Tibet. Finally, they estimate that the Gini coefficient—a measure of inequality—across counties declined overall. The authors also point out that China is one of only a few countries to have achieved the fourth and fifth Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30189-6


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30224-5


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31712-4





Country Case. Association of Adverse Effects of Medical Treatment with Mortality in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study Sunshine JE et al. Association of Adverse Effects of Medical Treatment with Mortality in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. JAMA Network Open 2019; 2(1): e187041. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7041. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12806 This article in JAMA explores trends in mortality associated with adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) in the United States, examining evidence between 1990 and 2016 by state, age, and sex using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. The authors found that national age-standardized mortality associated with AEMT has decreased modestly overall, with variations observed by state and an increased burden observed among aging populations. Surgical and perioperative events were the most common subtype of AEMT, accounting for more than 63 percent of all deaths for which an AEMT was identified as the underlying cause.

Country Case. The Impact of Air Pollution on Deaths, Disease Burden, and Life Expectancy Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Air Pollution Collaborators. The Impact of Air Pollution on Deaths, Disease Burden, and Life Expectancy Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018; 3(1): 26-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12806 This article from The Lancet Planetary Health examines the impact of air pollution on morbidity and mortality in India in 2017. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 14 of the 15 cities with the worst air pollution in the world are in India. The authors estimated the deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) that can be attributed to exposure to air pollution. They found that 77 percent of the population of India experienced exposure to air that is more polluted than the recommended limits in India. Furthermore, they estimate that approximately 1.24 million deaths in India in 2017 were due to air pollution, adding that just over half of these deaths were in people under the age of 70. Overall, they conclude that India suffers from a very high toll due to air pollution and that multisectoral solutions are required to combat it.

Country Case. Health Disparities Across the Counties of Kenya and Implications for Policy Makers, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burdens of Disease Study 2016 Achoki T et al. Health Disparities Across the Counties of Kenya and Implications for Policy Makers, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burdens of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Global Health 2018; 7(1): 81-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30472-8. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12805 This article in The Lancet Global Health examines health disparities across Kenyan counties from 1990 to 2016 and the implications for policymakers, as part of the continued 2016 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD). The authors use this data to predict mortality rates, life expectancy, and disease burden by age and sex. The analysis finds that in 2016, the leading risk factors contributing to death and disability in Kenya were unsafe water, sanitation, handwashing, unsafe sex, and malnutrition. The authors also find that from 1990 to 2016, the national mortality rate fell from 850.3 to 579.0 deaths per 100,000, suggesting that overall levels of health are improving. However, even though deaths from communicable diseases have decreased—like HIV/AIDs, diarrheal diseases, and malaria—they still make up the majority share of the disease burden in 2016, and the disease burden of non-communicable diseases has increased Given the diversity in health outcomes across counties, the authors conclude that targeted health policies at the local level may be most appropriate approach for improving health and wellbeing in Kenya.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7041


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30472-8





Country Case. Changes in Health in the Countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority Areas 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Steel N et al. Changes in Health in the Countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority Areas 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10158): 1647-1661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32207-4. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12752 This Lancet article presents updated Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 estimates for the U.K. from 1990 to 2016. Although previous studies have reported GBD 2010 estimates for the U.K., and GBD 2013 estimates for nine English regions, this paper includes results for England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and 150 Upper-Tier Local Authorities in England for the first time. Of particular importance, some key findings report that the leading causes of years of life lost (YLLs) for both sexes combined were ischemic heart disease, trachea, bronchus, lung cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. The most common causes of disability—measured by years lived with disability (YLDs)—were low back and neck pain, skin and subcutaneous diseases, migraine, depressive disorders, and sense organ diseases. Overall, mortality statistics reveal that the trend for annual improvement in life expectancy in England and Wales has slowed since 2011. This study not only aims to explain potential underlying causes of the shift in this trend, but also to serve as a guide to well-informed priority setting for health, social, and prevention policy, service planning, and research at national and local levels.

Country Case. The Burden of Cancers and Their Variations Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Cancer Collaborators. The Burden of Cancers and Their Variations Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 19(10): 1289-1306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30447-9. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12639 This article, published in The Lancet Oncology, examines epidemiological reporting of 28 types of cancer across all states in India from 1990–2016. The authors note that delivery of health care varies across each state; hence it seeks to inform action for cancer control that can be useful for targeted and singular approaches that are commensurate with the needs of each state. In order to complete the study, the article collaborators used all accessible data from multiple sources, including 42 population-based cancer registries and the nationwide Sample Registration System of India. The article presents cancer incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and death rates for all various cancers combined, the trends of all types of cancers, and the contribution of major risk factors to cancer DALYs in India. Overall, the number of new cases and deaths due to cancer doubled in India from 1990 to 2016, as did the proportional contribution of cancers to the total DALYs and deaths in the country. This is likely due to emerging indicators such as population aging, changes in cancer literacy, detection, and health-care access. The authors emphasize that improvement in human resources and infrastructure for prevention, screening, treatment, and palliative care for cancers, as well as adequate financial protection for cancer care can combat this increasing trend.

Country Case. Gender Differentials and State Variations in Suicide Deaths in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Suicide Collaborators. Gender Differentials and State Variations in Suicide Deaths in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10153): 1138-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30138-5. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12639 This article published in The Lancet Public Health provides a comprehensive assessment of the trends of suicide deaths across all Indian states over the past three decades. The United Nations (UN) has included a one-third reduction in SDR from 2015–2030 in its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), due to alarming proportion of suicide death rates (SDRs) globally. Of note, India had 17.8 percent of the global population in 2016, but accounted for 35.6 percent of the global suicide deaths among women, and 24.3 percent among men. The article reports that the proportion of global suicide deaths in India has increased since 1990 for both sexes, but notably more so for women than for men. The authors attribute the major reasons for high SDRs in India to social factors such as: socioeconomic circumstances, interpersonal, social and cultural conflicts, alcoholism, financial problems, unemployment, and poor health across both sexes. Although the article discusses national health policies created to reduce suicide deaths and suicide attempts in India, it

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32207-4


https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30447-9


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30138-5





recognizes that the majority of the states with more than 80 percent of India’s population have less than a 10 percent probability of reaching the SDG target, and therefore call upon the Indian government to create a national suicide prevention strategy that systematically addresses the gender-specific, multi-sectoral nature of suicide along with mental health in order to catalyze reductions in suicide while working to achieve the SDG target.

Country Case. The Burden of Disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Russia Collaborators. The Burden of Disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10153): 1138-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12581 This article, published in The Lancet, evaluates trends in mortality and disease burden in Russia from 1980 to 2016, based on data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016). The study compares changes in life expectancy and causes of death in Russia with patterns in seven comparison countries: Finland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Germany, and the USA. Of note, compared to countries at similar sociodemographic levels, mortality and disability rates in Russia are high and life expectancy is low; in particular, Russian men have a greater burden of disease relative to women. The authors pinpoint several risk factors behind these trends, related to economic and social change exacerbated by the dissolution of the Soviet Union, shifts in disease burden, and changes in the capacity of and access to health care. By understanding the data on health, disability, and mortality, targeted health policies and interventions can be created to continue to improve the wellbeing of Russian citizens.

Country Case. The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States The US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States. JAMA 2018; 319(14): 1444-1472. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12370 This article in JAMA examines health in the United States, using results of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) to report trends in the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors at the state level from 1990 to 2016. The study involved the analysis of 333 causes of death and injury, and 84 risk factors, and demonstrated that although health in America has improved overall, the burden of disease varies widely at the state level. The authors note that the drivers of mortality and morbidity have changed in some states, with specific risk factors such as obesity, high fasting plasma glucose level, poor diet, and drug and alcohol use disorders being associated with adverse outcomes. While the probability of death among adults ages 20 to 55 has declined nationally, it has increased more than 10 percent in five states. The authors suggest that these data on the drivers of mortality and morbidity can be used to inform national health priorities for research, clinical care, and policy, and that specific attention to the intersection of risk and disease burden in particular geographic areas warrants greater study and intervention at the state level.

Country Case. The Burden of Disease in Greece, Health Loss, Risk Factors, and Health Financing, 2000–16: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Global Burden of Disease 2016 Greece Collaborators. The Burden of Disease in Greece, Health Loss, Risk Factors, and Health Financing, 2000–16: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Public Health 2018; 3(8): 395-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30130-0. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12570 This article in The Lancet Public Health evaluates negative health consequences in Greece that may be a likely result of a substantial contraction of health-care expenditure due to the 2010 Greek economic crisis. Examining patterns in death and disability pre-austerity (2000-2010) and post-austerity (2010-2016), the authors noted that an increase in mortality coincided with a rapid decrease in government health expenditure. The research shows nearly a ten percent increase in mortality due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases and a worsening of mental health conditions. The article discusses an aggregation of economic, social, and demographic factors that could have contributed to this outcome. This study aims to provide health policy makers with comprehensive information to ensure the health care system meets the needs of Greece’s population.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31485-5


https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30130-0





Country Case. Burden of Disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: A Systematic Subnational Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 GBD 2016 Brazil Collaborators. Burden of Disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: A Systematic Subnational Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10149): 760-775. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12569 This article from The Lancet examines changes in Brazil’s health patterns from 1990–2016, specifically focusing on changes in life expectancy and years lived with disability. It examines these trends at both the national and individual-state level. The authors find that overall life expectancy has increased by nearly seven years nationwide during this 26-year period. At the state level, improvements in health varied, but there is still substantial inequality in the distribution of health in Brazil. Overall, states in the north and northeast are found to be healthier than those in the south and southeast. The authors point out that this disparity should be taken into account by policymakers going forward, with specific attention given to non-communicable diseases and risks and interpersonal violence.

Country Case. On the Road to Universal Health Care in Indonesia, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Mboi N et al. On the Road to Universal Health Care in Indonesia, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392(10147): 581-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12514 This article in The Lancet explores patterns of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia between 1990 and 2016, as part of the ongoing Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), in an effort to better inform resource allocation and address inequality. The study examines GBD data for cause-specific deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and risk factors for 333 causes in Indonesia and in seven comparator countries. The authors found that over the period studied, life expectancy increased by eight years and health across many indicators improved; however, noncommunicable diseases are increasingly contributing to death and disability in Indonesia. They note that in order to increase health gains, more work is needed to identify successful interventions and improve health equity.

Country Case. Causes of Death Among Children Aged 5–14 years in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Kyu HH et al. Causes of Death Among Children Aged 5–14 years in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 2(5): 321-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30095-6. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12350 This article in The Lancet examines the main causes of death among children aged 5-14 in 51 countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, between 1990 and 2016, as part of the ongoing Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016). The authors found that child mortality has decreased markedly during that period, and that injuries (road injuries, drowning, and other injuries) were the primary cause of death for children. They identified notable differences in cause-specific mortality rates between the European subregions, and suggested that targeted intervention and prevention efforts could help prevent more child deaths in the future.

Country Case. Nations Within a Nation: Variations in Epidemiological Transition Across the States of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. Nations Within a Nation: Variations in Epidemiological Transition Across the States of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet 2017; 390(10111): 2437–2460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12351 This article in The Lancet examines the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India from 1990 to 2016, as part of the ongoing Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016). The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative estimated burden (deaths; disability-adjusted life-years, or DALYs; prevalence; incidence; and life expectancy) caused by 333 disease conditions and injuries and 84 risk factors for each state. The researchers also

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31221-2


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30095-6


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0





divided the states into four epidemiological transition level (ETL) groups on the basis of the DALY ratios from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNDs) to those from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries combined in 2016, then evaluated variations in the burden of diseases and risk factors between groups and between states to inform specific health-system responses. The authors observed that per capita disease burden has dropped by about a third in India, but the magnitude and causes of disease burden and the risk factors vary greatly between the states. They found that DALY rates dropped for most CMNNDs, but increased significantly for NCDs and injuries. The leading causes of DALYs in 2016 were ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrheal diseases, lower respiratory infections, and cerebrovascular disease; the leading risk factors were child and maternal malnutrition, air pollution, dietary risks, high systolic blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose.

Country Case. The Changing Patterns of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators. The Changing Patterns of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1339-1351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12660 This article from The Lancet discusses the distribution of cardiovascular diseases in India from 1990 to 2016 and explores how major risk factors have changed over time. It estimates that cardiovascular diseases caused 28.1 percent of the total deaths in India in 2016, an increase from 15.2 percent in 1990. It additionally reports large increases in the burden of ischemic heart disease and stroke from 1990–2016. Dietary risks, high blood pressure, air pollution, high body-mass index, and tobacco use were found to be some of the key risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in 2016. The prevalence of many of these risk factors also increased in the population from 1990–2016. The authors recommend swift policy and health system action to respond to these increasing threats.

Country Case. The Increasing Burden of Diabetes and Variations Among the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Diabetes Collaborators. The Increasing Burden of Diabetes and Variations Among the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1352-1362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12628 This article in The Lancet explores trends in diabetes distribution across India through an analysis of data from 1990 to 2016. It finds that the number of people with diabetes increased from 26 million to 65 million over these 16 years, and prevalence increased from 5.5% to 7.7%. Disaggregating 2016 data by state shows the highest prevalence of diabetes in Tamil Nadu and Kerala as well as Delhi. Data illustrates that being overweight is the most prevalent indicator, as 36% of the diabetes DALYs could be attributed to this risk factor. An increase in diabetes across all Indian states suggests that greater policy action is needed to control diabetes across the country.

Country Case. The Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Their Heterogeneity Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CRD Collaborators. The Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Their Heterogeneity Across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet 2018; 6(12): 1363-1374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12662 This article from The Lancet examines the distribution of chronic respiratory diseases in India from 1990–2016 and explores the trends and heterogeneity in these conditions across the states of India. It reports that the share of total DALYs (disability adjusted life years) in India caused by chronic respiratory diseases has gone up from approximately 4.5 percent in 1990 to 6.4 percent in 2016. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder) accounted for 75.6 percent of the total DALYs in 2016 in India caused by chronic respiratory disease, with the number of cases in the population drastically increasing from 1990–2016. The authors point out that India has a uniquely high burden of chronic respiratory diseases and that there is a need for policy interventions to combat this issue.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1





COUNTRY PROFILES

Country Profiles. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. http://www.healthdata.org/results/country-profiles. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11219 This web portal, offered by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), provides online country profiles which summarize the findings from the latest 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study using color-coded graphics. Each printable profile shows country-specific changes between 1990 and 2017 for life expectancy and under-5 mortality rate, and changes between 2005 and 2017 for the top 10 causes of premature death, leading causes of years of life lost to premature death (YLL), years lived with disability (YLDs), and leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Each profile also depicts 2016 data on per capita GDP, population, fertility rate, health care spending and accessibility, and the burden of disease attributable to the leading risk factors driving death and disability.

FACT SHEETS

Fact Sheets. U.S. Fact Sheets. Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study U.S. Fact Sheets. Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. http://www.healthdata.org/node/6444. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13016 These fact sheets, developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), graphically represents the key goals and findings of the ongoing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. It summarizes the core questions addressed by the study in 2016, as well as mortality and morbidity related to specific diseases and risk factors.

DATA INTERACTIVES & INFOGRAPHICS

Data Interactive. Maternal Health Atlas: The Global Push for Healthy Motherhood Maternal Health Atlas: The Global Push for Healthy Motherhood. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://maternalhealthatlas.org. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13117 This data portal, the Maternal Health Atlas, developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), shares information about threats to maternal health, the effects of age and income, the progress being made by country, and key drivers. Global maternal deaths have decreased by 24% over the last decade, but maternal morbidity and non-fatal complications are increasing. The Atlas provides data on trends from 1990-2017, a breakdown of key factors related to maternal health, key drivers including population growth, population ageing, and fertility, and fact sheets for various population profiles.

Data Interactive. Child Mortality 2000-2017: Precision Mapping to End Child Deaths Child Mortality 2000-2017: Precision Mapping to End Child Deaths. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/child-mortality. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13118 This data portal on child mortality from 2000-2017 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) is an interactive web publication that shows inequalities in child survival. Global child death rates for children under age 5 including infants and newborns have decreased substantially since 2000, but the data show that reduction of child mortality is expected to slow. Therefore, meeting the SDG Target for health children still requires global collaboration and strengthening of health systems to reduce child deaths. The web portal links to interactive, raw data with which users can engage and change indicators, age groups, year, location, and various outcomes.



http://www.healthdata.org/node/6444


https://maternalhealthatlas.org/


https://vizhub.healthdata.org/child-mortality





Data Interactive. The Importance of Tobacco Control in Mexico The Importance of Tobacco Control in Mexico. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/tobacco-control/mexico. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13119 This data portal about the Assessment of Tobacco Control in Mexico published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) provides information about tobacco control policies and interventions that have been put in place at the national and subnational level in Mexico. Mexico was the first Latin American country to ratify the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC), proving that control policies can be effective in reducing adverse health outcomes due to tobacco by placing it as a national public health priority. The “MPOWER Measures” Framework has six components outlined by the World Health Organization: Monitor, Protect, Offer, Warn, Enforce, and Raise. In this interactive web portal, users can explore this framework through data related to smoking prevalence changes overall and by state, laws that have been implemented by each state and over time, access to cessation services, and more.

Infographic. High Burden, Low Budget: Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries High Burden, Low Budget: Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. http://www.healthdata.org/infographic/high-burden-low-budget-non-communicable-diseases-low-and-middle-income-countries. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12902 This infographic from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) presents detailed information about the mortality burden of non-communicable diseases and other causes of death as well as health funding allocation globally, for 2016 and 2017, respectively. Drawing upon analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), the infographic also shows the breakdown of the burden of selected maternal and child health-related deaths and selected infectious disease-related deaths, relative to deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. More specifically, the main message of the infographic is that even though 67% of all deaths in 2016 were due to non-communicable diseases, only two percent of health funding in 2017 went towards non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, it points out that 42% of funding in 2017 for non-communicable diseases went through non-governmental organizations or foundations.

Data Interactive. Local Burden of Disease – Diarrhea Local Burden of Disease – Diarrhea. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/lbd/diarrhea. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12869 This data interactive, presented by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), allows the user to visualize the local burden of diarrheal disease in Africa between the years 2000 and 2015. The view can be manipulated to look at specific countries, different geographic resolutions, and absolute or relative measures. This interactive uses data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies.

ORGANIZATIONS

Organization. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. http://www.healthdata.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12291 The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) is an independent population health research center at the University of Washington, providing measurement of the world's health problems and evaluating the strategies used to address them. IHME makes this information freely available so that policymakers have the evidence they need to make informed decisions about how to allocate resources to improve population health. Guiding everything that IHME does are five principles: scientific excellence, policy relevance, impartiality, collaboration, and knowledge sharing.

Publicly available resources include data visualizations and interactives, policy reports, research articles, infographics, presentations, and several databases, including the GBD Results Tool, which allows users to search data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. IHME publishes country profiles that provide an overview of findings from the GBD study, including information about mortality, morbidity, and disability as well as health care access, quality, and

https://vizhub.healthdata.org/tobacco-control/mexico





https://vizhub.healthdata.org/lbd/diarrhea


http://www.healthdata.org/


http://www.healthdata.org/results/data-visualizations

http://www.healthdata.org/results/policy-reports

http://www.healthdata.org/results/research-articles

http://www.healthdata.org/results/infographics

http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool





spending. Profiles are based on more than 80,000 different data sources used by researchers to produce the most scientifically rigorous estimates possible, and may be freely downloaded and distributed. IHME also provides information on all of the topics covered by the organization as well as a news portal.

DEFINITIONS

Glossary. Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms. McKee S. Rethinking Development and Health: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2016; 6-7. http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/GBD/2016/IHME_GBD2015_Report_Glossary-of-terms_2016.pdf. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12355 This glossary of terms is part of Rethinking Development and Health: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, a report published by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) as part of the ongoing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The glossary defines key terms related to the methods used in the GBD study to collect and analyze health metrics and understand trends in population health.

http://www.healthdata.org/results/topics

http://www.healthdata.org/news-events/news-releases




http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/rethinking-development-and-health-findings-global-burden-disease-study

Global Burden of Disease: Topics & Country Cases Resource Pack · Global Burden of Disease (GBD)...

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