Global Aerosol

7/27/2019 Global Aerosol

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg


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Content

Aerosol Emission / Distribution

Global Aerosol Transport

The Effect of Aerosol on Earth- Aerosol From Volcanic eruption

Global scale Research Method

Introduction of large scale model


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William C. Hinds, Aerosol Technology 2nd ed, p.305


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ANNUAL MEAN PM 2.5 CONCENTRATIONS (2002)derived from MODIS satellite instrument data

Jacob et al. EPS[2000]


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GLOBAL ESTIMATE OF DUST EMISSION (2001)

Fairlie et al. [2007]

g m -2 y-1

The majority of soil-derived dust particles is lifted into the atmosphere by windin arid and semi- arid regions (1/3 of Earths land area).

Fine dust particles are produced by grain saltation

Global annual meandust production:

1000-5000 Tg / a -1


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Google satellite image

1. Antarctic Desert (Antarctica)2. Arctic 3. Sahara (Africa)

4. Arabian Desert (Middle East)5. Gobi Desert (Asia)

6. Kalahari Desert (Africa)7. Patagonian Desert 8. Great Victoria Desert (Australia)

9. Syrian Desert (Middle East)10. Great Basin Desert (North America)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica


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www.militec-1.com/emails/img/dust_storm.jpg

Dust Storm
http://www.militec-1.com/emails/img/dust_storm.jpg


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MEAN SEA SALT AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS

Alexander et al. [2005]

Lower marine boundary layer (0-100 m)

Annual global massemission rate:

1300 Tg/a-1

(Andreae, 1995)5900 Tg/a -1 (Tegen, 1997)

Typically, number and mass concentrations of sea-salt aerosol increase withwind speed

Large uncertainty (one order of magnitude)


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GLOBAL SULFUR EMISSION TO THE ATMOSPHERE

Chin et al. [2000]

2001 estimates (Tg S yr -1):Industrial 57 Volcanoes 5

Ocean 15 Biomass burning 1


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GLOBAL SULFUR BUDGET [Chin et al., 1996](flux terms in Tg S yr -1)

Phytoplankton

(CH 3)2S

SO 2

t = 1.3d

(DMS)t = 1.0d

OHNO 3

Volcanoes Combustion

Smelters

SO4 2-

t = 3.9d

22

10 64

OH

cloud42

8184

dep27 dry20 wet

dep

6 dry44 wet

H2SO 4(g)
http://www-as.harvard.edu/chemistry/trop/news.htmlhttp://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/current_volcs/current.html


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H2SO 4-HNO 3-NH3-H2O AEROSOL SOURCES

GLOBAL

Industrial

Volcanoes

Biomassburning

Oceans

Sulfur

78 Tg S yr -1 Livestock

FertilizerHumansIndustryBiofuelsSoils/vegetationOceansBiomass burning

Ammonia

55 Tg S yr -1

Fossil fuelFertilizerBiofuelLightningSoils

Biomass burning

NO x

43 Tg S yr -1 Jacob et al. EPS[2000]


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BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS

Emissions from

-fuel combustion (fossil fuels and biofuels) -open biomass burning

(forest fires, savanna burning and outdoor cooking)

The uncertaintyis about 100% or more.

Ton/yr -1 from a study by Bond et al.

DOMESTICCOAL BURNING

BIOMASSBURNING

TOTAL BIOMASS BURNINGfrom 4000 to 10400 Tg a -1

Total soot productionfrom 60 to 100 Tg a -1


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Content



The Effect of Aerosol on EarthEffect of volcano on Atmosphere




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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png

Westerlies and Trade winds

2

3


1

3. Sahara dust over west africa and atlantic oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png


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R. Husar et al.(1998)

April 1998 event

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif

Transport of East Asian Dust across the pacific
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gif


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An example of materialexchange between

land and ocean viaatm ospheric transportof dust : Iron r i ch d us t f rom the Gobi Desert fertilized a rapid algae b loom in the Nor th Pac i f i c Ocean in sp r ing 2001.Two robo t ic Carbon Explore r f loa ts recorded th e rapid g r o w t h o f p h y t o p l an k t o n i n

the up per layers af ter a pass ing s to rm had depos i t ed dus t f rom the Gobi Deser t.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png

Westerlies and Trade winds

2

3


1

3. Sahara dust over west africa and atlantic oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png


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http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_22.html

Sahara dust over west Africa and Atlantic ocean
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/Saharan_Dust_off_West_Africa.jpg


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Transport of boreal forest fire emissionsfrom Canada to Europe (CO tracer)

Caroline Forster [2005]


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Content


Global Aerosol transportation





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The Effect of Aerosol on Earth

IPCC [2007]

Cooling Effect !!

Direct reflect (albedo)Indirect

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/3/31/Man_sitting_under_beach_umbrella.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_sitting_under_beach_umbrella.JPG


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Indirect Effect on Climate

Clean Air

Polluted Air

AerosolParticles

CloudDroplets

Brighter,more

persistentclouds

First indirect

effect: albedo

Second

indirect effect:lifetime


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Aerosol Indirect Effects (Clouds)Change in cloud

reflectivity Change inrainfall

www.ipcc.cma.gov.cn/upload/ISCS/ISCS20040825Delmas.ppt


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Particles emitted by ships increase concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)Increased CCN increase concentration of cloud droplets and reduce their avg. sizeIncreased concentration and smaller particles reduce production of drizzleLiquid water content increases because loss of drizzle particles is suppressedClouds are optically thicker and brighter along ship track

N ~ 100 cm -3W ~ 0.75 g m -3

r ~ 10.5 m

N ~ 40 cm -3W ~ 0.30 g m -3r ~ 11.2 m

from D. Rosenfeld

EVIDENCE OF INDIRECT EFFECT: SHIP TRACKS


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AVHRR, 27. Sept. 1987, 22:45 GMTUS-west coast

NASA, 2002 Atlantic, France, Spain

SATELLITE IMAGES OF SHIP TRACKS

Ship track


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Aircraft con densation trails (contrails) over France, pho tograph ed from the Space Shuttle (NASA).

OTHER EVIDENCE OF CLOUD FORCING:CONTRAILS AND AIRCRAFT CIRRUS


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Content







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Pinatubo ash plume reaching a height of 19 km,3 days before the climactic eruption of 15 June 1991

Effect of Volcano on Atmosphere

What happen ? Gas:

Water vapor CO 2

SO 2 H2S, HCl, HF Trace gases (H 2, CO, halocarbons, organic

compounds, volatile metal chlorides

Aerosol

Ash SO 2 H2SO 4 (condensation)

Large, explosive volcanic eruption stratosphere (16~32Km)

Particle of volcanic ashfrom Mount St, Helens

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rinjani_1994.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashsem_small.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg


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Increase the Earths albedo cooling effect Ash SO 2 (condensation) H 2SO 4 (sulfate aerosol) Sulfate aerosol serve as nuclei for clouds

Acid rain : HCl, HF

Green house effect :CO2, CH4.

Ashmost of it is removed withinseveral days to a few weeks.

But, Fine particles can remainhigh for many years

Hong Kong sunset c. 1992after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lamma_evening4.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lamma_evening4.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/220px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png


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Content







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Research method (Global scale)

Air craft measurement

Balloon measurement

Lidar measurement ( Light Detection And Ranging)

Satellite measurement

Modeling


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Global scale Research method

High altitude aerosol , vertical or geographical structure. e.g. stratospheric aerosol

Special sensor photoelctric particle counter(


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optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light tofind range and/or other information of a distant target.

Lidar measurement

atmospheric composition, structure, clouds, and aerosols Elastic backscatter LIDAR - typically used for studies of aerosols

and clouds

Aerosol Lidar Network (GALION)Northern Hemisphere ~105 lidar sites

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIDAR

Slobodan Nickovic

R.C. whitten (1982) The stratospheric Aerosol layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starfield_Optical_Range_-_sodium_laser.jpg


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Satellite measurement Advantage

Almost location and times Unaffected by weather condition.

Passive using sun or moon light Active using lasers

MOLECULAR AEROSOL SURFACE

Molecular scattering &absorbing

Aerosolscattering &absorbing

Surfacereflectance

MODIS measures top-of-atmosphere (TOA)reflectance in several wavelength channels


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Example : Atmospheric Optical Depth.(AOD)

A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol opticaldepth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods

between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- basedAOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).


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(CMAQ) modeling systemCommunity Multi-scale Air Quality

CMAQ is a one atmosphere model to simulate Ozone PM Haze Acid deposition Nutrient and toxic deposition

Spatial / Time scale : local to continental / hourly to annual

contains three types of modeling components:1. Meteorological modeling system2. Emission models man-made and natural emissions that are injected into the atmosphere3. Chemistry-transport modeling system the chemical transformation and fate.

http://www.cmaq-model.org/images/nasa108_2004191_O3.gif
http://www.cmaq-model.org/images/nasa108_2004191_O3.gif


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Content






CMAQ h i l t t d l


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CMAQ chemical-transport model Horizontal / vertical advection Mass conservation adjustments for advection processes Horizontal / vertical diffusion

Emissions injection Deposition Gas-phase chemical reactions Aqueous-phase reactions and cloud mixing Aerosol dynamics, thermodynamics, and chemistry

Plume chemistry effects Photolytic rate computation Process analysis

Aerosol dynamics Modal description (3 Mode) Emission, deposition Nucleation, Coagulation, condensation, SOA formation

AccumulationAitken

Coarse.


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surface ozone surface PM 2.5

Example

Simulation of Surface ozone and PM2.5 of china

Liao et al. 2006


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Summary







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Global Aerosol

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