ENGLISH PROJECT WORK

2013-2014

Glimpses of the Past

Presented by: Ashutosh MishraVIII “A”

Mother India

FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF 1857

Freedom fighters

Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon

Aye Mere Watan Ke LogonTum Khub Lagaa Lo NaaraaYe Shubh Din Hai Hum Sab KaaLeharaa Lo Tirangaa PyaaraaPar Mat Bhulo Siimaa ParVeeron Ne Hai Praan GanwaaeKuchh Yaad Unhein Bhi Kar LoKuchh Yaad Unhein Bhi Kar LoJo LauT Ke Ghar Na AayeJo LauT Ke Ghar Na Aaye

Aye Mere Watan Ke LogonZaraa Aankh Mein Bhar Lo PaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo Qurbaani

Jab Ghaayal Hua HimaalayKhatare Mein Padi AazaadiJab Tak Thi Saans Ladhe WoPhir Apani Laash Bichhaa DiiSangiin Pe Dhar Kar MaathaaSo Gaye Amar BalidaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo Qurbaani

Jab Desh Mein Thi DiwaaliWo Khel Rahe The HoliJab Hum Baithe The Gharon MeinWo Jhel Rahe The GoliThe Dhanya Jawaan Wo AapaneThi Dhanya Wo Unki JawaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo Qurbaani

Koi Sikh Koi Jaat MaraathaKoi Gorkhaa Koi MadaraasiSarhad Pe Marane WaalaaHar Veer Thaa BhaaratvaasiJo Khoon Giraa Parvat ParWo Khoon Thaa HindustaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo Qurbaani

Thi Khoon Se Lath Pat KaayaaPhir Bhi Bandhuk UthaakeDus Dus Ko Ek Ne MaaraaPhir Gir Gaye Hosh Ganwaa KeJab Ant Samay Aayaa ToKeh Gaye Ke Ab Marte Hain

Khush Rehanaa Desh Ke PyaaronAb Hum To Safar Karte HainKyaa Log The Wo DeewaaneKyaa Log The Wo AbhimaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo Qurbaani

Tum Bhool Naa Jaao UnkoIs Liye Kahi Ye KahaaniJo Shahid Hue Hain UnkiZaraa Yaad Karo QurbaaniJay Hind... Jay Hind Ki SenaaJay Hind... Jay Hind Ki SenaaJay Hind, Jay Hind, Jay Hind

GREAT HEROES OF INDIA

Tipu sutan

(29 dec 1782-4 may 1799)

Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur, Sher-e-Mysore (Tiger of Mysore).

Tipu Sultan (20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799, and a scholar, soldier and poet. Tipu was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore and his wife Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa, a daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, governor of Kadapa. Tipu promoted a more widespread use of Hindustani language in southern India. Tipu introduced a number of administrative innovations, including the introduction of a new coinage, new Mauludilunisolar calendar[2] and new land revenue system, and initiated the growth of Mysore silkindustry.[3] Tipu expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets which he deployed in his resistance against military advances of the British.[4]

Tipu engaged in expansionist attacks against his neighbours. His treatment of his conquered non-Muslim subjects and British prisoners of war is controversial. He remained an implacable enemy of the British East India Company, bringing them into renewed conflict with an attack on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu was forced into a humiliating treaty, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore. He sent embassies to foreign states, including the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan and France, in an attempt to rally opposition to the British. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the combined forces of the British East India Company and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4 May 1799, while defending his fort of Srirangapatna.

MANGAL PANDEY

Mangal Pandey (19 July 1827 – 8 April 1857), was an Indian soldier who played a key part in events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857. Pandey was a sepoy (private) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment of the English East India Company. While contemporary British opinion considered him a traitor and mutineer, Pandey is widely regarded as a freedom fighter in modern India. In 1984, the Indian government issued a postage stamp to commemorate him. His life and actions have also been portrayed in several cinematic productions.

Mangal Pandey was born on 19 July 1827 in the village Nagwa, of Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh in a Bhumihar Brahmin family.[1] He joined the East India Company's army in 1849 at the age of 18.[2] Pandey was a soldier in the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry and is primarily known for his involvement in an attack on several of the regiment's officers. This incident marked an opening stage in what came to be known as the India's First War of Independence or Indian Mutiny of 1857. In line with the modern Indian perspective of his historical role, it is now claimed[by whom?] that Pandey was a devout [Hindu] who practiced his religion diligently.

Statue in College Green, Bristol, England Raja Ram Mohan Roy portrait

RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY

Raja Ram Mohan Roy(22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833), was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is called the "Maker of Modern India" and also as "Father of Modern India".[1] He is also regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance". He, along with Dwarkanath Tagore and otherBengalis, founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement during the Bengal Renaissance. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration, and education, as well as religion. He is known for his efforts to abolish sati, the Hindu funeral practice in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre, and child marriage.[2][3]

Roy believed education to be an implement for social reform. In 1817, in collaboration with David Hare, he set up the Hindu College at Calcutta. In 1822, Roy founded the Anglo-Hindu school, followed four years later by the Vedanta College, where he insisted that his teachings of monotheistic doctrines be incorporated with "modern, western curriculum"; Vedanta College offered courses as a synthesis of Western and Indian learning.[21] In 1830, he helped Alexander Duff in establishing the General Assembly's Institution, by providing him the venue vacated by Brahma Sabha and getting the first batch of students. Roy supported induction of western learning into Indian education. He advocated the study of English, science, western medicine and technology. He spent his money on a college to promote these studies.

AZIMULLA KHAN

Azimullah's own role in the great uprising that followed, the "Indian Mutiny", was political rather than military. Although he was chief advisor to the Nana Sahib, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion, he was a Muslim at a Hindu court, a talker, at a time when military men were needed, and without personal wealth, nobility, or a following of supporters, and so he soon became a marginal figure. His complicity in the two notorious massacres at Cawnpore - the treacherous attack on the retreating British at the Satichaura Ghat, and the slaying of the women and children held captive in the Bibighar, or House of the Women - is uncertain.Azimullah Khan probably died of a fever in late 1859, after the crushing of the rebellion, on the run from the British in the inhospitable border country of the Nepalese Terai.

Azimullah Khan Yusufzai (1830-1859), also known as Dewan Azimullah Khan, was initially appointed Secretary, and later Prime Minister (hence the prefix Dewan) to Nana Sahib. He is also known as the Krantidoot Azimullah Khan (Krantidoot is Hindi for "Ambassador of Revolution").Azimullah Khan was involved in the Indian Mutiny of 1857, primarily ideologically, influencing important nobles such as Nana Sahib.

BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR

Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar

Reign 28 September 1837 – 14 September 1857

Predecessor Akbar Shah IISuccessor Mughal Empire abolished

Descendants: Sons and daughters, few descendants live to this day.

Spouse Ashraf MahalAkhtar MahalZeenat MahalTaj Mahal

Full nameAbu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar

House TimuridFather Akbar Shah IIMother Lalbai

Born 24 October 1775Delhi, Mughal India

Died 7 November 1862 (aged 87)Rangoon, British India(now in Myanmar)

Burial 7 November 1862Rangoon, British India(now in Myanmar)

Religion Islam, Sufism

KUNWAR SINGH

Babu Veer Kunwar Singh

Kunwar Singh led the rebellion in Bihar. He assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted atDanapur on 5th July. Two days later he occupied Arrah, the district headquarter. Major Vincent Eyre relieved the town on 3rd August, defeated Kunwar Singh's force and destroyed Jagdishpur. Kunwar Singh left his ancestral village and reached Lucknow in December 1857. Kunwar Singh was nearly eighty and in failing health when he was called upon to take up arms. He gave a good fight and harried British forces for nearly a year and remained invincible till the end. During the rebellion, his army had to cross river Ganges. Douglas' army began to shoot at their boat. One of the bullets shattered Kunwar Singh's left wrist. Kunwar Singh felt that his hand had become useless and that there was the additional risk of infection due to the bullet-shot. He drew his sword and cut off his left hand near the elbow and offered it to the Ganges.[2] [3] Kunwar Singh assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on July 5. Two days later he occupied Arrah, the district headquarters. Major Vincent Eyre relieved the town on 3 August, defeated Kunwar Singh's force and destroyed Jagdispur. Kunwar Singh left his ancestral village and reached Lucknow in December 1857. In March 1858 he occupied Azamgarh.[4] However, he had to leave the place soon. Pursued by Brigadier Douglas, he retreated towards his home in Ara, Bihar. On 23 April, Kunwar Singh had a victory near Jagdispur over the force led by Captain Le Grand. On 26 April 1858 he died in his village. The mantle of the old chief now fell on his brother Amar Singh who, despite heavy odds, continued the struggle and for a considerable time, running a parallel government in the district of Shahabad. In October 1859, Amar Singh joined the rebel leaders in the Nepal Terai.[3]

TATYA TOPE

Tatya Tope, after his capture in 1859.

"Tantia Topee's Soldiery"

Tatya Tope was Nana Sahib's close associate and general. During the Siege of Cawnporein 1857, Nana Sahib's forces attacked the British entrenchment at Kanpur in June 1857. The low supplies of food, water and medicine added to the misery of the British Forces who accepted Nana Sahib offer of safe passage to Allahabad.

After the battle of Gwalior Tatya undertook a campaign in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh and the Narmada River regions and in Khandesh andRajasthan. He took shelter for some time in Nadiad ni haveli with Bhausaheb Desai of Nadiad.After losing Gwalior to the British, Tatya Tope and Rao Sahib(nephew of Nana Sahib) fled into the Rajputana and was able to induce the army of Tonk to join him. He was unable to enter the town of Bundi and though announcing he would go south in fact went west towards Nimach. A British flying column commanded by Colonel Holmes was in pursuit of him and the British commander in Rajputana, General Roberts, was able to attack the rebel force when they had reached a position between Sanganir and Bhilwara. Tatya again fled from the field towards Udaipur and after visiting a Hindu shrine on 13 August he drew up his forces on the River Banas. They were defeated again by Roberts's forces and Tatya fled; he crossed the Chambal river and reached the town of Jhalrapatana in the state of Jhalwar. He induced the state forces to rebel against the raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas

RANI LAKSHMI BAI

Lakshmibai was born probably on 19 November 1828[1][3][4][5] in the holy town of Varanasiinto a Brahmin family. She was named Manikarnika and was nicknamed Manu.[6] Her father was Moropant Tambe and her mother Bhagirathi Bai. Her parents came fromMaharashtra.[7] Her mother died when she was four. Her father worked for a court Peshwaof Bithoor district who brought Manikarnika up like his own daughter. The Peshwa called her "Chhabili", which means "playful".[citation needed] She was educated at home. She was more independent in her childhood than others of her age; her studies included archery, horsemanship, and self-defence.[citation needed]Manikarnika was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Raja Gangadhar Rao, in 1842,[4] and was afterwards called Lakshmibai (or Laxmibai).[8] She gave birth to a boy named Damodar Rao in 1851, but when he was four months old he died. The Raja adopted a child called Anand Rao, the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin, who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before he died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the raja requesting that the child should be treated with kindness and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the raja in November 1853 because Damodar Rao was adopted, theBritish East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. In March 1854, Lakshmibai was given a pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and the fort.[9]Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to ride on horseback accompanied by a small escort between the palace and the temple though sometimes she was carried by palanquin.[10] Her horses included Sarangi, Pavan and Badal (see her escape from the fort during the siege, below).

Damodar Rao was among his mother's troops and household at the battle of Gwalior; together with others who had survived the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22 horses) he fled from the camp of Rao Sahib of Bithur and as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them for fear of reprisals from the British they were forced to live in the forest and suffer many privations. After two years there were about 12 survivors and these together with another group of 24 they encountered sought the city ofJhalrapatan where there were yet more refugees from Jhansi. Damodar Rao surrendered himself to a British official and his memoir ends in May 1860 when he has been allowed a pension of Rs. 10,000, seven retainers only, and is in the guardianship of Munshi Dharmanarayan.[11]

Charles Canning, theGovernor-General of Indiaduring the rebellion.

Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the Doctrine of Lapse.

"The Relief of Lucknow" by Thomas Jones Barker

British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh, Lucknow, after its recapture (steel engraving, late 1850s)

Justice, a print by Sir John Tenniel in a September 1857

Forced disarmament of cavalry of Berhampore

Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence, British Commissioner of Oudh who died during the siege of Lucknow

Secundra Bagh after the slaughter of 2,000 Rebels by the 93rd Highlanders and 4th Punjab Regiment. Albumen silver print by Felice Beato, 1858

A memorial erected (circa 1860) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibi Ghar Well. After India's Independence the statue was moved to the Memorial Church, Cawnpore. Albumen silver print by Samuel Bourne, 1860

INDIA

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