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Chapter Introduction

Section 1:Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia

Section 2:Egyptian Civilization

Section 3:New Centers of Civilization

Section 4:The Rise of New Empires

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro

How does progress affect history?

During the 1960s, Egypt built the Aswan High Dam to control flooding of the Nile River. The lake rising behind the dam threatened to destroy ancient Egyptian monuments. An international team saved several temples including Abu Simbel—Ramses II’s temple. Abu Simbel was carved into 20-ton blocks, moved 200 feet, and reassembled. In this chapter you will learn about Egyptian rulers and temples.

• Why would other countries help Egypt preserve its monuments?

• How can countries adapt to changing needs and still preserve their history?



Chapter Intro



Chapter Intro 1

Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia

Why were the first farming societies located along rivers?



Chapter Intro 2

Egyptian Civilization

What factors contribute to a stable and lasting civilization?



Chapter Intro 3

New Centers of Civilization

How did the monotheism of the Israelites differ from religious beliefs of previous cultures?



Chapter Intro 4

The Rise of New Empires

What did lasting empires have in common?



Chapter Preview-End



Section 1-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Physical Geography Fertile soil between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers allowed an early civilization to flourish in Mesopotamia.



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Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• polytheistic

• city-state

• ziggurat

• theocracy

• cuneiform

• empire

• patriarchal

Academic Vocabulary

• transport • innovations




Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

• Tigris River

• Euphrates River

• Mesopotamia

• Fertile Crescent

• Sumerians

• Uruk

• Akkadians

• Sargon

• Babylon

• Hammurabi




A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Do you agree that geography plays an important role in the development of societies?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A B

0%0%



Section 1

Geography and Religion

The physical environment of Mesopotamia supported the development of civilization and influenced people’s religious beliefs.



Section 1

• The first civilization began in a valley known as Mesopotamia, which was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

• Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) was located in the Fertile Crescent, an area of good farmland located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf.

Geography and Religion (cont.)

Ancient Mesopotamia



Section 1

• The Sumerians created the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C.

• Mesopotamians were polytheistic, and believed in nearly 3,000 gods and goddesses.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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What enabled the Mesopotamians to switch from a nomadic lifestyle to permanent settlements?

A. Polytheism

B. Civilizations

C. Large armies

D. Farming



Section 1

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia

Religion played a powerful role in the economic, political, and social structure of Mesopotamian city-states.



Section 1

• Sumerian cities, such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur, gained political and economic control of Mesopotamia.

• The basic units of Sumerian society were independent city-states.

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)



Section 1

• Much of the wealth of the cities was dedicated to building temples dedicated to the god or goddess of the city. These temples were often built atop a massive stepped tower called a ziggurat.

• Priests and priestesses held a great deal of power, making the state a theocracy, a government by divine authority.




Section 1

• Farming was the basis of the economy of the Sumerian city-states.

• Sumerian metalworkers used copper, gold, and silver to make tools and jewelry.

• Sumerians discovered how to make bronze by adding tin to copper. Bronze is a hard metal used for making tools and weapons.




Section 1

• The invention of the wheel in 3000 B.C. made the transport of goods much easier.

• Sumerian society was divided into three major social groups: nobles, commoners, and slaves.


Mesopotamia Trade Route



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following most accurately describes a theocracy?

A. A government by divine authority

B. A society of farmers

C. A society with different social classes

D. A government where the king is the ruler



Section 1

The Creativity of the Sumerians

The Sumerians invented writing and several new technologies that made life easier.



Section 1

• The Sumerians are credited with many technological innovations that affect our lives today.

• Around 3000 B.C., the Sumerians created a system of writing known as cuneiform(―wedge-shaped‖). People used a stylus or other tool to make wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, which were then baked or dried in the sun.

The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)



Section 1

• Writing was important because it allowed Mesopotamian peoples to keep records and to communicate ideas with others.




Section 1

• Examples of Sumerian technology and innovation:

− Wagon wheel

− Potter’s wheel

− Sundial

− Arch used in construction

− Bronze metalwork

− Advances in mathematics, geometry, and astronomy




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following was not an example of Sumerian technology?

A. Bronze weapons

B. Wagon wheels

C. Ceramic pottery

D. Use of geometry to erect buildings



Section 1

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia

Strong leaders established empires and codified the laws of Mesopotamia.



Section 1

• Around 2340 B.C., the Akkadians, a people north of the Sumerian city-states, took control of the Sumerian city-states and established the first empire in world history.

• The leader of the Akkadian Empire was Sargon.

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)



Section 1

• In 1792 B.C., the city-state of Babylon took control of Sumer and Akkad. The Babylonian ruler was Hammurabi.

• The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of written laws based on a system of strict justice.


The Influence of Hammurabi



Section 1

• The Code of Hammurabi covered:


− Criminal offenses

− Duties of public officials

− Consumer protection laws

− Marriage and family

• Mesopotamian society was patriarchal—men dominated society.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following set up the first empire in world history?

A. Babylon

B. Hammurabi

C. Cuneiform

D. Akkadia



Section 1-End



Section 2-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Order and Security Continuity and stability were characteristics of Egyptian civilization for thousands of years.




Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• dynasty

• pharaoh

• bureaucracy

• vizier

• mummification

• hieroglyphics

• hieratic script

Academic Vocabulary

• major

• identifying

• physical




Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places

• Nile River

• Lower Egypt

• Upper Egypt

• Menes

• Giza

• Hyksos

• Hatshepsut

• Akhenaten

• Tutankhamen

• Ramses II

• Cleopatra VII




A. A

B. B


Is religion an essential component for empires?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%



Section 2

Geography and Religion

The Nile River was fundamental to the development of Egyptian civilization.



Section 2

• The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It begins in central Africa and empties into the Mediterranean Sea to the north.

• The Nile River splits into two majorbranches:


− Lower Egypt is the delta area that flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

− Upper Egypt is the land to the south which is upstream from the Mediterranean Sea.



Section 2

• Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, where the Nile River divides.

• Regular flooding from the Nile River created an area of rich farm soil. Farmers in the Nile Valley grew a surplus of crops, making Egypt very prosperous.


The Geography of Ancient Egypt



Section 2

• The Nile River was the fastest way to travel through the kingdom, making both transportation and communication easier.

• Natural barriers protected Egypt from invasion.


The Geography of Ancient Egypt



Section 2

• The Egyptians were polytheistic.

− Sun Gods:


• source of life

• Re is one of the Sun God’s names.

− River and Land Gods:

• Osiris brought civilization to Egypt and was a symbol of resurrection. By identifying with Osiris, Egyptians hoped to gain life after death.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following enabled farmers to grow crops in the Nile Valley?

A. The use of slaves

B. Annual flooding of the Nile River

C. New farming equipment

D. Egyptian gods



Section 2

Egyptian Kingdoms

Egyptian history is divided into three major periods, called kingdoms.



Section 2

• Around 3100 B.C., King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.

• Scholars divide Egyptian history into three periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)



Section 2

• The Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.–2200 B.C.)

− Egyptian monarchs called pharaohs ruled Egypt with absolute power.

− A government bureaucracy developed during this period.

− The vizier was in charge of the government administration.

− Pyramids were built to honor the dead.




Section 2

• Egyptians practiced mummification to preserve the physical body. It was believed that preserving the physical body would allow the person’s spirit to return.

• Pyramids were tombs for the mummified bodies of pharaohs, as well as symbols of royal power. The largest pyramid was built for King Khufu at Giza.




Section 2

• The Middle Kingdom (2055 B.C.–1650 B.C.)

− A golden age of stability and expansion into Africa and western Asia.

− Pharaohs built public works and provided for the public welfare of the people.

− The Middle Kingdom ended with an invasion of the Hyksos from western Asia around 1650 B.C.




Section 2

• The New Kingdom (1550 B.C.–1070 B.C.)

− Hatshepsut was one of the first women to become pharaoh.

− Akhenaten closed the temples of all other gods except for Aten, god of the sun disk.

− The popular boy-pharaoh Tutankhamenrestored the old gods.




Section 2

− Ramses II restored the old borders of the empire that had been lost during the religious revolution under Akhenaten.

− Cleopatra VII unsuccessfully fought for Egyptian independence in the first century B.C.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which is true of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom?

A. They all featured women rulers.

B. They featured long-term stability and strong leadership.

C. A pyramid was built for each period.

D. The kingdoms all had the same ruling family.



Section 2

Life in Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Society was organized into classes.



Section 2

• Egyptian society was highly structured and ―pyramid‖ shaped.

− Pharaoh

− Upper class: priests, nobles, government officials

− Middle class: merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors

− Lower class: peasants, farmers

Life in Ancient Egypt (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following professions would not have come from the middle class?

A. Scribe

B. Tax collector

C. Farmer

D. Merchant



Section 2

Egyptian Accomplishments

Egyptians developed complex writing and made advances in the arts and sciences.



Section 2

• Hieroglyphics, or ―sacred writings,‖ appeared around 3000 B.C. and were carved into stone.

• Hieratic script was a simplified version of writing used for business transactions and record keeping. It was written on papyrus.

Egyptian Accomplishments (cont.)



Section 2

• Advances in Egyptian Art and Science

− Architecture: pyramids, monuments, and temples

− Mathematics and Geometry

− A 365-day calendar

− Human anatomy: embalming, treating wounds and disease

Egyptian Accomplishments (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

How did the Egyptians keep records of daily activities?

A. Carvings in stone

B. Writings on papyrus

C. Beads kept in a jar

D. Etches on wax tablets



Section 2-End



Section 3-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values The Israelites’ belief in one God resulted in a distinct society.




Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• pastoral nomad • monotheistic

Academic Vocabulary

• created

• domesticated

• technology




Section 3-Key Terms

People and Places

• Indo-Europeans

• Hittites

• Phoenicians

• Israelites

• King Solomon

• Jerusalem




A. A

B. B


Do you think residents of your community are suspicious of strangers?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%



Section 3

The Role of Nomadic People

Nomadic peoples, especially the Indo-Europeans, served an important function for civilized societies by spreading goods and new technology.



Section 3

• In central Asia, pastoral nomads lived on the fringes of civilization. These people depended on hunting, gathering, herding, and sometimes farming for survival.

• These people domesticated animals for food and clothing.

The Role of Nomadic People (cont.)



Section 3

• People in settled communities and nomads traded goods and technology.

• The nomadic peoples sometimes overran civilizations and created their own empires.




Section 3

• The Indo-Europeans were one of the most important nomadic peoples.

− Originated in the steppe region north of the Black Sea

− Spoke Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and the Germanic languages

− Moved to India, western Asia, and Europe




Section 3

• Hittites (1600 B.C.–1200 B.C.) created an empire in western Asia and were the first to use iron.


The Hittite Empire, 1650–1200 B.C.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Who were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron?

A. Greeks

B. Syrians

C. Hittites

D. Pastoral nomads



Section 3

The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians created an international trade empire and invented an alphabet.



Section 3

• After the fall of the Egyptian and Hittite empires, many city-states and kingdoms emerged.

• The Phoenicians lived on the Mediterranean coast in Palestine. They built ships and became great international sea traders. They sailed to Britain, Spain, and the west coast of Africa.

The Phoenicians (cont.)

Phoenicia and its Colonies, 1000 B.C.–700 B.C.



Section 3

• The Phoenicians are best known for their alphabet. It was copied by the Greeks and the Romans.

The Phoenicians (cont.)

Hebrew, Phoenician, and Latin Alphabets



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What was the most significant cultural invention of the Phoenicians?

A. Their alphabet

B. Maps from their exploration

C. Glass

D. Dome-shaped temples



Section 3

The Israelites

The Israelites had lasting influence through their religious beliefs rather than from military power.



Section 3

• The Israelites lived south of the Phoenicians and were a minor factor in politics.

• The Israelites were monotheistic and their religion, Judaism, influenced Christianity and Islam.

• Around 970 B.C., King Solomon established an empire in the land known today as Israel. The capital was Jerusalem.

The Israelites (cont.)



Section 3

• After Solomon’s death in 930 B.C., the Israelite empire was divided:

− The Kingdom of Israel was located in the north. The Assyrians conquered the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel in 721 B.C.

− The Kingdom of Judah was to the south. The Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and the two tribes of the Kingdom of Judah in 586 B.C.




Section 3

• The religion of the Jews was unique among religions of Egypt and western Asia. Despite being conquered by other states, the Jewish people would not accept the gods of their conquerors.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which aspect of Israelite culture had the greatest impact on Western civilization?

A. The use of iron

B. King Solomon’s wisdom

C. Trade routes

D. A monotheistic religion



Section 3-End



Section 4-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Competition Among Countries The Assyrians and the Persians established vast empires in the ancient world.




Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• satrapy

• satrap

• monarchy

Academic Vocabulary

• restraint

• sought

• sustained




Section 4-Key Terms

People and Places

• Assyrians

• Nebuchadnezzar

• Persians

• Cyrus

• Darius

• Royal Road

• Immortals

• Zoroaster




A. A

B. B


Do you agree that it is more important to be able to conquer an enemy than it is to rule an empire?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A B

0%0%



Section 4

The Assyrian Empire

The Assyrians ruled with harsh tactics that brought about the fall of their empire.



Section 4

• The Assyrians were a Semitic-speaking people who established an empire in 700 B.C.

• Assyrians used iron weapons and a large, well-organized, and disciplined army to conquer others.

• A major factor in the army’s success was its ability to use different military tactics.

The Assyrian Empire (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following is not a reason for the success of the Assyrian conquest of other nations?

A. Wealth from the captured trade routes

B. The use of iron weapons

C. A large, disciplined army

D. The army could utilize different military tactics



Section 4

The Persian Empire

Strong Persian leaders conquered and ruled a vast empire for more than 200 years.



Section 4

• After the collapse of the Assyrian Empire, the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II made Babylonia the leading power in western Asia.

The Persian Empire (cont.)



Section 4

• Babylonia was conquered by the Persians, an Indo-European people from today’s Iran. The nomadic Persians were unified under one ruling family with dynamic leaders.


The Persian Empire, 500 B.C.



Section 4

• In 539 B.C., Cyrus captured Babylonia. He was known as Cyrus ―the Great‖ because of his wisdom and restraint toward his conquered foes.

• Cyrus respected other civilizations and used Assyrian, Egyptian, and Babylonian designs for building his palaces.




Section 4

• Cambyses sought to extend the empire by successfully invading Egypt.

• Darius added territory in western India and Thrace, today’s Greece. He divided the empire into provinces called satrapies.

• Each satrapy was ruled by a satrap who collected taxes, provided justice, and recruited soldiers.




Section 4

• The Royal Road stretched across the Persian kingdom and allowed for communication and travel. This communication and travel sustained the Persian Empire.

• The power of the Persian Empire came from its military. Its professional soldiers were known as the Immortals because when one was killed, he was immediately replaced.




Section 4

• Persian religion was known as Zoroastrianism. This monotheistic religion was started by the prophet Zoroaster, who wrote his teachings in the Zend Avesta.

• The Persian Empire was weakened by struggles over succession to the monarchy. The Empire finally fell to Alexander the Great and the Greeks in the 330s B.C.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What caused the Persian Empire to decline after the death of Darius?

A. The Royal Road fell into disrepair.

B. Succession of Darius was uncertain, causing internal struggles.

C. The rise of Zoroastrianism divided people.

D. They were defeated in battle by the Greeks.



Section 4-End



VS 1

Ancient Environments

• The Egyptians received fertile soil from the floodwaters of the Nile for farming.

• The Phoenicians set up a trading empire and colonies on the Mediterranean.

• The Mesopotamians created irrigation and flood control systems.



VS 2

Ancient Religions

• The Mesopotamians and the Egyptians, who both were polytheistic, believed their rulers derived their power from the gods.

• The Israelites were monotheistic and believed God communicated through prophets.

• The Persians followed Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion.



VS 3

Ancient Innovations

• The Mesopotamians established a collection of laws, along with inventing the arch, dome, wheel, and a system of writing.

• The Phoenicians invented the alphabet.

• The Persians created the concept of a standing army.



VS-End



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Vocab1

polytheistic

having many gods

Vocab2

city-state

a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Vocab3

ziggurat

a massive, stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city

Vocab4

theocracy

government by divine authority

Vocab5

cuneiform

―wedge-shaped,‖ a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet

Vocab6

empire

a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

Vocab7

patriarchal

dominated by men

Vocab8

transport

the moving of goods or people

Vocab9

innovation

a new idea, method, or device

Vocab10

dynasty

a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

Vocab11

pharaoh

the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant ―great house‖ or ―palace‖

Vocab12

bureaucracy

an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

Vocab13

vizier

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

Vocab14

mummification

a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from decaying

Vocab15

hieroglyphic

a picture or symbol used in a hieroglyphic system of writing

Vocab16

hieratic script

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

Vocab17

major

great; significant in size or importance

Vocab18

identifying

believing that one is the same or very similar to another

Vocab19

physical

relating to the body

Vocab20

pastoral nomad

a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals

Vocab21

monotheistic

having one god

Vocab22

created

made or brought something new into

Vocab23

domesticated

adapted to life with and to the advantage of humans

Vocab24

technology

the science or study of the practical or industrial arts; applied sciences

Vocab25

satrapy

one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire

Vocab26

satrap

―protector of the Kingdom‖; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius

Vocab27

monarchy

government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen

Vocab28

restraint

a controlling force

Vocab29

sought

made an attempt; tried

Vocab30

sustained

supported or held up

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