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Presentation Plus! The American Republic To 1877

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Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The War for Independence

Section 2 The War Continues

Section 3 Battlegrounds Shift

Section 4 The Final Years

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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TAR1 Gallery of Presidents.ppt#2. Splash Screen


TAR1 Reference Atlas.ppt#2. Splash Screen


TAR1 United States Facts.ppt#2. Splash Screen


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Chapter Objectives

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• Understand why some Americans supported the British.

• Explain how the Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the war.

Section 1: The Early Years







Chapter Objectives


• Understand why other nations helped the Patriots.

• Describe how Washington’s troops survived the winter at Valley Forge.

• Recognize the challenges Americans faced at home as a result of the war.

Section 2: The War Continues







Chapter Objectives


• Explain how the war involved Native Americans.

• Describe how a new kind of fighting developed in the South.

Section 3: The War Moves West and South







Chapter Objectives


• Describe how George Washington changed his military strategy.

• Explain how the Americans won the Revolutionary War despite many disadvantages.

Section 4: The War Is Won







Why It Matters

Although the United States declared its independence in 1776, no country recognized it as an independent nation at that time. It took a war and the efforts of American diplomats to win this recognition.







The Impact Today

In fighting for the principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the American Patriots laid the foundation for the United States of America we know today.







Guide to Reading


The British and the Americans each had advantages and disadvantages as they faced one another in war.

Main Idea

Key Terms

• mercenary

• recruit






British cannon






The Two Armies Face Off

1. Independence= fighting a war!

2. Patriot problems---

A. Britain had:

1.) Largest population

2.) World’s best navy

3.) Well-trained army

B. Americans had no regular army or navy.

C. Not all Americans supported the war:

1.) 1/3 neutral

2.) 1/3 patriots= fighting for independence(pages 162–166)






3.) 1/3 Loyalists (Tories)= Loyal to England

A.) Anglican Church

B.) British jobs

C.) Feared a gov’t. change

D.) Strongest in Carolinas and Georgia

E.) African-Americans promised freedom

3. Patriot advantages:

A. Home turf (Familiar Terrain)---Britain 3,000

miles away.

B. Freedom of their land ( Motivation )

C. George Washington ( Continental Army )(pages 162–166)

The Two Armies Face Off (cont.)






Early Campaigns

1. Britain sent 32,000 troops---summer of 1777--

2. British victory at Long Island---August 1777-- = American hero ( Nathan Hale )

3. Washington retreats to New Jersey

A. Supplies run out

B. Soldiers discouraged

C. Enlistments ran out= army shrank

(pages 166–167)





Early Campaigns

1. African-Americans enlisted.

2. American victories at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey.

(page 167)






British Strategy

1. Split New England away from the Middle Colonies. ( control Albany and

the Hudson River )

A. Gen. Burgoyne= South from Canada and captures Ft. Ticonderoga and then retreats to Saratoga, New York.

B. Gen. St. Leger= East from Lake Ontario.

C. Gen. Howe= North from N.Y.C. and

captures Philadelphia, but doesn’t continue on to Albany, New York. (pages 167–168)





2. Burgoyne is surrounded at Saratoga and must surrender on October 17, 1777 (turning point of the Revolutionary War )

British Strategy (cont.)

(pages 167–168)






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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. to enlist soldiers in the army

__ 2. taking no side in a conflict

__ 3. paid soldier who serves in the army of a foreign country

A. neutral

B. mercenary

C. recruit

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C

A

B





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Reviewing Facts Compare the strengths of the British and American military forces.

The British forces’ strengths were a strong navy, a larger population, and more experience. The Americans were fighting on their own land for freedom and Washington was a skilled military leader.






Reviewing Themes

Groups and Institutions What problems did the Continental Congress face in raising as army to fight during the American Revolution?

People feared that the Continental Congress would control the colonies as the British Parliament had; thus, it had difficulty enlisting soldiers and raising money.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Information Explain why African Americans were willing to enlist in the Continental Army.

Some believed in the fight, needed money, or wanted to earn their freedom.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Examine the map on page 165 of your textbook. Which event came first–the British capture of New York or the British capture of Philadelphia?

The British capture of New York came first.






Descriptive Writing Write a newspaper article that describes the Battle of Saratoga. Include details about British and American strategies and troop movement.






Guide to Reading

As the Revolutionary War continued, the Americans received support from European countries.

Main Idea

Key Terms

• inflation






French medal showing Benjamin Franklin





Gaining Allies

1. France and Spain help the American cause:

A. France sends $, equipment and troops.

( Alliance Feb. 1778 )

B. Spain attacks and keeps the British busy

in the southeast

C. Tough winter at Valley Forge

D. Marquis de Lafayette (French)= trains and

leads Washington’s troops.

E. Thaddeus Kosciuszko (Polish Engineer)

built bridges and defense positions





F. Casmir Pulaski lead by example

in leading the troops.

G. Friederich Von Steuben a Prussian General

taught the troops discipline.

H. Juan Miralles from Spain sent $ and cattle.

I. Lots of $ was needed by the Americans to

fight the war, but their’s was worthless

because there was no gold or silver to back

it up.

Gaining Allies (con’t.)

(pages 172–175)







Life on the Home Front

1. Women took over men’s duties back home.

2. Inflation due to the fact that

American $ was worthless.

3. African-Americans fought in hopes of winning their independence. ( Hopes to abolish slavery )

4. Loyalist suffered!(pages 175–176)







__ 1. a continuous rise in the price of goods and services

__ 2. to leave without permission

A. desert

B. inflation


B

A







Reviewing Facts Explain why the French did not publicly support the Americans until after the Battle of Saratoga.

After the Battle of Saratoga, the French believed the Americans had a chance of defeating Britain.






Reviewing Themes

Groups and Institutions How were the Loyalists treated by the Patriots during the war?

They were shunned by neighbors and were occasionally victims of mob violence; some were arrested and tried as traitors; a few were executed.





Critical Thinking

Making Inferences The Americans claimed to fight for liberty and freedom. How did these ideals make women and enslaved Africans question their positions in society?

These ideals highlighted the fact that they did not have equal rights or the same freedoms and opportunities that white American males had at the time.






Analyzing Visuals

Graphic Organizer Skills Study the cause-and-effect chart on page 174 of your textbook. In what ways did France help the Americans in their fight for independence? What event led France to aid the Americans in the first place?

France lent money to the Continental Congress and sent soldiers and ships. The Battle of Saratoga led France to aid the Americans.






Expository Writing Why was Washington such an effective leader? Write a one-page paper describing both his personal and professional characteristics.






Guide to Reading

Revolutionary War fighting spreads to the West and South.

• blockade

Main Idea

Key Terms

• privateer






The Swamp Fox and his troops






Fighting in the West

1. Native Americans helped the British on the frontier ( West of the Appalachians ). NativeAmericans hoped to get their land back.

2. George Rodgers Clark captures Kaskaskia and Vincennes ( Illinois ) which were British strongholds.

(pages 177–178)






The War at Sea

1. Britain blockaded the American coastline, cutting off supply lines and reinforcement from Europe.

2. Privateers fought on the side of the Americans. ( 2,000 ships )

3. John Paul Jones becomes a naval hero as his ship the “Bonhomme Richard” defeats theBritish ship the “Serapis” in the North Sea. ( He becomes the father of the American Navy.)

(pages 178–179)






Fighting in the South

1. British plans change as they attempt to take the Southern Colonies controlled by the Loyalists.

2. Savannah, Georgia ( 1778 ) Charlestown S. C.

( 1780 ) and Camden S. C. ( 1780-worst defeat ) fall to the British.

3. Patriots fight back by using guerilla warfare tactics---Frances Marion = “Swamp Fox”.

4. Americans defeat the British at Kings Mt. N. Car. ( 1780 ) and Cowpens S. Car. ( 1781 ).

Stalemate at Guilford Courthouse, N.C.

( 1781 ).

(pages 179–182)






5. In June of 1781 General Cornwallis ( British commander in the South ) sets up camp on a peninsula in and around Yorktown, Virginia.

(pages 179–182)

Fighting in the South (cont.)







__ 1. cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports

__ 2. a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

__ 3. armed private ship

A. blockade

B. privateer

C. guerrilla warfare


A

C

B







Reviewing Facts Explain why most Native Americans sided with the British in the conflict.

The British seemed less of a threat than the Americans did. They knew the Americans wanted to expand onto their lands.






Reviewing Themes

Geography and History How did the British navy use the location of the colonies to its advantage?

The colonies bordered the Atlantic, which allowed the British to blockade harbors.





Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why was guerrilla warfare effective against the British?

Possible answer: The British, more formal in their fighting style, were not familiar with guerrilla hit-and-run tactics. The British also were unfamiliar with the terrain, giving the guerrillas an added advantage.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Study the maps on pages 180 and 181 of your textbook. Who won the battle at Cowpens, South Carolina? At Kings Mountain, South Carolina? Whose forces did George Rogers Clark face at Vincennes?

The Americans won the battles at Cowpens and Kings Mountain, South Carolina. George Rogers Clark faced Hamilton’s forces.






Art Create a symbol or emblem that captures the spirit of the Patriot soldiers.






Guide to Reading

The American colonies overcame many disadvantages to win independence.

• ratify

Main Idea

Key Terms

• Ambush

• siege






General Rochambeau, French commander





Victory at Yorktown

1. A surprise plan by General Washington entraps the British at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis is surrounded by the American/French army and the French fleet in Chesapeake Bay.

2. The Patriots laid siege to Yorktown from Oct. 11th to Oct. 19th 1781. Cornwallis surrenders and the Americans win the last major battle of the American Revolution.

(pages 183–185)







Victory at Yorktown (cont.)

(pages 183–185)

3. Victorious leaders at Yorktown included American generals Washington and Wayne. French generals Rochambeau and the Marquis de Lafayette and the French admiral Francois de Grasse.






Independence Achieved

1. Fighting continued at a big cost of lives to both sides after Yorktown.

2. Delegates from America and Britain met in Paris to discuss and draw up a peace treaty in hopes of ending the war.

3. The Treaty of Paris, signed on Sept. 3rd, 1783 stated the following:

A. Britain recognized America as a free and independent country.

B. Boundaries were drawn up:

(pages 185–187)






Independence Achieved (cont.)

(pages 185–187)

(1) Canada to the north.

(2) The Atlantice Ocean on the east.

(3) Spanish Florida to the south.

(4) The Mississippi River to the west.

4. Congressional conspiracy is avoided

5. Washington returns home ( Mt. Vernon )

6. Americans won the war because of perseverence and determination!!!!!!!!!!

They wore down the British.







__ 1. a surprise attack

__ 2. to give official approval to

A. ratify

B. ambush


B

A







Reviewing Facts Describe how the French navy helped George Washington at Yorktown.

It prevented Cornwallis and his soldiers from escaping by sea.






Reviewing Themes

Groups and Institutions What influence did the American Revolution have around the world?

It inspired the ideals of freedom and democracy in France, influencing the French Revolution.





Critical Thinking

Predicting Consequences What might have happened if the French fleet had not arrived at Yorktown?

Washington’s troops may not have been victorious because Cornwallis most likely would have been able to escape by sea.






Analyzing Visuals

Picturing History Look at the painting on page 185 of your textbook. How does the artist focus attention on the figures in the center of the painting?

The troops lined up on the sides focus attention on the center, as does the bright white horse in the center.






Geography Create a map of the United States that shows the boundaries of the country at the time of the Treaty of Paris. Use colored pencils to show the lands that the British gave to the Americans.







__ 1. armed private ship

__ 2. paid soldier who serves in the army of a foreign country

__ 3. a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

__ 4. to enlist soldiers in the army

__ 5. a surprise attack

A. mercenary

B. recruit

C. blockade

D. privateer

E. guerrilla warfare

F. ambush


D

A

E

B

F






Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 6. cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports

C A. mercenary

B. recruit

C. blockade

D. privateer

E. guerrilla warfare

F. ambush






Reviewing Key Facts

How did Thomas Paine help the Patriots during the Revolutionary War?

Thomas Paine published The Crisis, a pamphlet that boosted American spirits and determination for freedom.






Reviewing Key Facts

What European nations fought with the Americans against the British?

France and Spain sent money, supplies, and troops to aid the Americans.






Reviewing Key Facts

Why did many Native Americans give their support to the British?

They knew that many Americans wanted to take their land.






Reviewing Key Facts

What fighting method did the Americans use to keep the British from taking the Southern Colonies?

The Americans used guerrilla warfare against the British.






Reviewing Key Facts

Which battle convinced the British that fighting the Americans was too costly?

The Battle of Yorktown convinced the British that fighting the Americans was too costly.






Critical Thinking

Compare and Contrast What advantage did the Patriots have over the British mercenaries?

The Patriots had a personal interest in the outcome of the war; the mercenaries were fighting for money.





Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the British found it easier to capture American cities than to take over the American countryside?

Patriots had an advantage in rural areas because they were more familiar with the terrain. Guerrilla warfare used this advantage.






Geography and History ActivityThe Treaty of Paris in 1783 established the boundaries of the new United States. The newly independent nation shared land claims on the North American continent with several nations. Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.





Geography and History Activity

The Mississippi River formed the new western boundary.


Location What natural landmark formed the new western boundary of the United States?





Geography and History Activity

Spain claimed the most land in North America in 1783. Russia claimed the least land.


Region Which country claimed the most land in North America in 1783? The least land?





Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Test-Taking Tip Remember to eliminate answers that you know are wrong. For example, the Patriots did not win the battle of Bunker Hill; therefore, choice C is not correct.

What American victory convinced the French to form an alliance with the United States?

A Saratoga

B Ticonderoga

C Bunker Hill

D Trenton


Standardized Test Practice





By what nickname was Anthony Wayne known, and why?

He was called “Mad” Anthony Wayne because of his eagerness for battle.






Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go tohttp://tarvol1.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12005/index.php4

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12005/index.php4

About 30,000 Hessians fought during the American Revolution. The Hessians were paid about 25 cents a day for their service. The American cause appealed to some Hessians, causing them to desert the British army. Many Hessians stayed in the United States after the war.

Many Patriots wore their own clothing, such as breeches, vests, hose and tricorner hats, rather than uniforms. They carried muskets and knives into battle.

For a little more than two years after the Battle of Yorktown and for seven months after Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris ending the war, New York remained securely under the control of Sir Guy Carleton and his British forces.

Illness at Valley Forge Of the approximately 12,000 soldiers at Valley Forge, more than 2,000 died of various diseases that winter. Dysentery, pneumonia, typhus, and typhoid were the leading killers.

Medical Practices For every Patriot soldier killed by the British, about nine died from disease or poor medical practices. In some cases, doctors drained about three-fourths of a soldier’s blood. Draining “sick” blood to spur the production of “healthy” blood later proved fatal to the Patriots’ commander. In 1799 the ailing George Washington gave his permission to be bled three times and died shortly afterward.

George Washington

The Black Pioneers

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George Washington George Washington actually lost more battles than he won. However, he met his goal of keeping the army in the field.

The Black Pioneers The British also made an appeal to African Americans, offering freedom and grants of land in Canada for fighting on their side. In response, thousands of African Americans, including a group called the Black Pioneers, took up arms against the Patriots.

Yankee Many scholars believe the word Yankee comes from the Dutch Jan Kees, or “John Cheese,” a term that other Europeans used to ridicule the Dutch. The Dutch then used the term to ridicule the English settlers of Connecticut, and the English later used it to ridicule the Patriots.

Guerrilla Guerrilla is a Spanish word meaning “little war.”

Reading a Military Map

Why Learn This Skill?

In your study of American history, you often have to read maps. A military map shows the areas where battles occurred, routes soldiers took, who won the battles, and who controlled various sites.

This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Learning the Skill

Military maps use colors, symbols, and arrows to show major battles, troop movements, and defensive positions during a particular battle or over a period of time.

• Read the map title. This will indicate the location and time period covered on the map.

• Read the map key. This tells what the symbols on the map represent. For example, battle sites may be symbolized by crossed swords, a burst shell, or a star.


When reading a military map, follow these steps:

Learning the Skill

• Study the map itself. This will reveal the actual events or sequence of events that took place. Notice the geography of the area and try to determine how it could affect military strategy.


This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook.

Practicing the Skill

Analyze the information on the map on the right; then answer the following questions.

This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook.



This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

1. What troops surrounded Boston Harbor? How do you know this?

American; the symbol that depicts American forces appears around the harbor.

2. What action did the American forces take after fighting the Battle of Bunker Hill?

They retreated.



This feature can be found on page 169 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

3. Which commander led the British troops to Breed’s Hill?

Gage led the British troops to Breed’s Hill.

4. In which direction did the British forces move when they left Boston? What parts of the map help you find this information?

They moved counterclockwise, to the northwest. The compass rose and the arrows help find this information.


The American Revolution

After viewing “The American Revolution,” you should:

• Understand that General Howe was exasperated with the war and was pleased to be resigning as commander of the British forces.

• Discern that Howe both abhorred and respected the Americans’ military tactics.

• Note the elusive nature of a workable peace plan.

Objectives

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Discussion Question

Who replaced General William Howe as commander of the British army?


General (Henry) Clinton replaced General William Howe as commander of the British forces.


Discussion Question

Whom did General Howe call the most dangerous man in America?


General Howe called Ben Franklin the most dangerous man in America.



The symbol that represents the colonies is the bucking horse.


Mary Hays went with her husband to the war.


The Americans and

the French were

expected to win

because they have

surrounded the

British troops and

cut them off from

supplies.

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