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Transcript of Glass and Cement ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Acknowledgement is given to the following sources, SME...
![Page 1: Glass and Cement ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Acknowledgement is given to the following sources, SME Industrial Minerals.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649cbb5503460f949833b4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Glass and Cement
©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul
Acknowledgement is given to the following sources, SME Industrial Minerals
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Glass• Glass is an inorganic amorphous solid• Main Ingredients
– Glass former• Silicon dioxide Quartz• Boric Oxide Borax
– Glass Modifiers to lower melting point• Soda Ash Trona
– Glass Stabilizers• Formers and modifiers are water soluble• Having Glass Dissolve would defeat its purpose• Lime is most common - Limestone or Dolomite
– Other• Alumina is a glass former, viscosity control, and prevent
devitrification – in ceramics it acts as a flux to lower melting point• Feldspars, Kaolin, and Nephaline Syenite provide• Fluxing agents to and surface tension control (prevents foaming)
– Flourspar• Variety of minerals can provide color
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Quartz
SiO2
S.G. 2.6 - 2.65, Average = 2.62 Hardness 7Color Brown, Colorless, Violet, Gray, Yellow. Fluorescence Triboluminescent Magnetic No
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Quartz Sandstone
Glass making purity
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What is Quartz Worth?
Around $20+ per ton
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Feldspar Composition
Feldspars with lotsOf Alakali metals(Sodium andPotassium areThe AlkaliFeldspars
Range fromAlbiteTo OrthoclaseAndMicrocline
Those more rich in CalciumLike Anorthite formThe Plagioclase seriesBetween Albite and Anorthite
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Albite
NaAlSi3O8
S.G. 2.61 - 2.63, Average = 2.62Hardness 7Color White, Gray, Greenish gray, Bluish green, Gray. Fluorescence NoneMagnetic NoAl2O3 (Alumina) 20.35 %
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AnorthiteCaAl2Si2O8 S.G. 2.72 - 2.75, Average = 2.73 Hardness 6Color Colorless, Gray, White, Red,Reddish gray.
Fluorescence NoneMagnetic NoAl2O3 (Alumina) 35.84 %
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Microcline
KAlSi3O8 S.G. 2.56 Hardness 6Color Bluish green, Green, Gray, Grayish yellow, Yellowish. Fluorescence NoneMagnetic NoAlumina 18.32 %
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Orthoclase
KAlSi3O8 S.G. 2.56 Hardness 6Color Colorless, Greenish, Grayish yellow, White, Pink. Fluorescence NoneMagnetic NoAlumina 18.32 %
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Nepheline Syenite
A rock with about 22% Nepheline(a feldspathoid) and 66% FeldsparWithout quartz.
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Cement
• Objective is to produce dry ingredients that react with water and form an artificial rock– The artificial rock forms a paste that holds loose
aggregate together to form concrete• Dry stuff that sets with water is made of
– Ca3SiO5 Tricalcium Silicate 45%– Ca2SiO4 Dicalcium Silicate 27%– Ca3Al2O6 Tricalcium Aluminate 11%– Ca4Al2Fe2O10 Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite 8%
• No big natural sources of such chemicals exist so we make them by throwing other minerals in a rotary kiln and baking them to cement clinker
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The Raw Materials
• Need an alumina and silicate source– Classic source is a natural glass such as volcanic ash– We like to use power plant fly ash
• It has the alumina, silica, and iron– Can get silica from
• Sand, clay, and shale– Can get alumina from
• Bauxite, shale, clay
• Calcium attacks the glass to form water reactive compounds– Calcium sources
• Limestone, Marble, Oyster Shells
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Moderating the Reaction
• The cement clinker from the kiln is ground to powder– Its very water reactive
• Too much heat to fast will destroy the strength of the artificial rock– We add gypsum as a retarder to slow down
the reaction– Gypsum is added during the grinding step
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Volcanic Ash
Consists mostly of shards of high temperature Christobalite Quartz with someFeldspars.
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Power Plant Fly Ash
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na2O
K2O
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na2O
K2O
20-60 5-35 10-40 1-12 0-5 0-4 0-4 0-3
F Type Fly Ash oxide % 15-45
10-25
4-15
15-40
3-10
0-10
0-6
0-4
C Type Fly AshOxide %
F type fly ash is highIn iron and low inCalcium and AlkalisC type is high in CalciumAnd alkalis
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Crystobalite
SiO2 High temperature form of quartzVery brittle and reactiveIs the primary form of silica thatProduces occupational and exposureRelated disease.