MACROMOLECULES

Give 3 Examples of Carbohydrates

List two ways in which carbohydrates are used in your body.

Provides the body with energy

Stored for later useGlycogen (muscle cells, liver)Fat

Carbohydrates used in plants/fungi:Cell walls

○ Cellulose in plants○ Chitin in fungi

Carbohydrates used in animals:Chitin - exoskeleton

Carbohydrate Carbo –

Carbon -hydrate

Water (H2O)

C6H12O6

Carbohydrate Type

Meaning of Term

Examples(List 3)

Monosaccharide “1” Sugar GlucoseFructoseGalactose

Disaccharide “2” Sugars SucroseLactoseMaltose

Polysaccharide “Many” Sugars

StarchGlycogenCellulose

Monosaccharide's

3 Elements present in simple sugars? How many carbons are in simple

sugars? Glucose Fructose Galactose

C6H12O6

Carbohydrates Compare the number of hydrogen

atoms to the number of oxygen atoms in each sugar. What is the ratio?

What compound does the ratio look like?

2:1

H2O

Dissacharides

When 2 monosaccharides _______, a dissacharide forms

Examples of Dissacharides:○ glucose and glucose form:○ glucose and fructose form: ○ glucose and galactose form:

combine

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Dehydration Synthesis

Polysaccharides When 3 or more __________________

molecules are joined a polysaccharide is formed.

monosaccharides

Benedict’s TestWhat is the Indicator in this test?

What color is Benedicts?

Were we testing for monosaccharides or polysaccharides?monosaccharide

In the picture below, is this a positive test for a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide?Monosaccharide

Which test tube is probably a

monosaccharide? (left or right)

Left – more brick red

Iodine TestWhat is the indicator?What color is iodine?

Were we testing for monosaccharides or polysaccharides?Polysaccharides

In the picture below, is this a positive or negative test for polysaccharides?Positive

Carbohydrate TestWhy are monosaccharides important to us?

Was the data we collected qualitative or quantitative?qualitative

What was the independent variable?Amount of Carbohydrates

What was the dependent variable?Color Change

What was the control?Water

What were some constants?

List 3 foods that contain protein

Animal Protein Vegetable Protein

List 3 ways in which proteins are used in the body

Involved in virtually all cell functions

• Structure (keratin, collagen, elastin)• Movement (muscle contractions)• Body defense (antibodies)• Transport (hemoglobin)• Hormones (insulin)• Enzymes (catalysts that speed up reactions)

Proteins• Amino acids are the building blocks

(monomers) of proteins• 1) What are the common elements found

in proteins?– C, H, O, N– Recall: What are the common elements

found in carbohydrates?• CHO

H2N - C - COOH

R

HBasic structure of

an amino acid:

ProteinsAn amino acid has a central carbon which

always has the following 3 groups attached:

H2N - C - COOH

R

H

Amino group Acid group

R (side) group

Proteins

3 amino acids:

How many amino acids are there to build proteins?

20

Constructing a Protein

Dehydration Synthesis

Constructing a ProteinSimplified

H2O

H2O

• How could 2 different proteins be made from the same 3 amino acids?

• Hint:

Proteins• Proteins usually consist of a long chain of

amino acids. The chain is __________ into a unique __________, which enables the protein to ___________ correctly.

• Sometimes proteins lose their shape due to various reasons. What is the process called when proteins lose their shape?

FOLDEDSHAPEFUNCTION

DENATURE

Denature

Proteins• List 2 environments that may alter the shape

of a protein:• A. Temperature

• B. pH

Proteins

• What can happen to a protein that would lose its shape?

• It would lose its function such as:– Structure - collagen– Movement – muscles– Transport – hemoglobin– Defense – antibodies

Proteins

• _____________ are an example of proteins. Enzymes lower the

_____________ ___________, the energy needed to get a reaction started.

Thereby, helps speed up the reaction.

ENZYMES

ACTIVATION ENERGY

One year later

The fire acts as a catalyst to begin the breakdown of the bonds that are holding the log fibers together.Similar to how anenzyme works.

• Enzymes are chemical reaction catalysts• 1.) Catalysts change the rate of a reaction

without being consumed by the reaction.

Enzymes• Let’s draw a basic enzyme and label the parts

involved

EnzymeLow pH (acidic environment)

• What has happened to this enzyme?D ___ ___ A ___ U ___ EE N T R

Enzymes

• List 3 ways in which enzymes help you:– 1. amylase helps break down starch

(carbohydrate)– 2. lipase helps break down fats in your body

(lipids)– 3. lactase helps break down lactose in dairy

products (carbohydrate)– 4. protease helps break down proteins in your

body

Enzymes– Look at the following graph and determine the

temperature at which this enzyme has the greatest rate of activity

Protein TestIndicator:

◦BiuretColor of indicator:

◦BlueColor of a positive

test:◦Purple/violet

Large protein

◦Pink Smaller protein (peptide)

Lipids

• List 3 different foods that have lipids:

Lipids

• What is the function of lipids:– A) Energy storage for the body (long term)– B) Insulation– C) Cell membrane structure

Lipids

• List 3 specific lipids found in the human body.

a. Triglycerides – majority of the lipids found in the body. Provides much of the texture and flavor in foods.

b. Phospholipids – main component of the cell membrane

c. Steroids (cholesterol) – used to form cell membranes and hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

Complete the Chart

Lipid Type Use by Organisms

fat

oil

waxes

Stored EnergyInsulation

Repels water – Bird feathersMaintain health

Ear waxCuticle of leaf

Identify the two main components of a lipidWater

DehydrationSynthesis

• What 3 elements are found in lipids?

C H O– Which statement best describes a lipid: polar or

nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Lipids

Fat Type DrawingFood

examples:

saturated

unsaturated

Peanut ButterMeatButter

Olive oilFishSoybeans

Mini-Lab

• Purpose: Which food source contains the most energy: marshmallow or peanuts?

• Hypothesis: __________________________________

• Data Table:Time Monomer Function Caloric Content

(energy)

Marshmallow

Peanut

• What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?– A. DNA– B. RNA

• What is the function of nucleic acids?– A. Stores genetic information

Nucleic Acids

• What are the monomers (building blocks)?– Nucleotides– Label the basic structure of a nucleotide

Nucleic Acids

• What would be the complimentary strand to the following DNA sequence?

T T A C G A TA A T G C T A

Nucleic Acids

DNA MoleculeDouble Helix