GIT Diseases: Dr Monem Alshok 8 / 10 / 2017
Transcript of GIT Diseases: Dr Monem Alshok 8 / 10 / 2017
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GIT Diseases:
Dr Monem Alshok
8 / 10 / 2017
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GIT Lectures First Term2017 - 2018
1. Anatomy , Physiology & Investigations
2. Diseases of the mouth & Oesophagus
3. Diseases of the stomach & duodenum
4. Diseases of small intestine
5. Diseaes of large intestine
6. Diseases of Pancreas
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Introduction:
• Major cause of morbidity & mortality.
• 10% of GP consultations are for indigestion.
• ¼ of GP consultations for diarrhea.
• Infective diarrhea is a major cause of ill heath & death in developing countries.
• GIT is one of the most common sites for cancer.
• Major advances had occurred in the field of GE;
• PUD proved to be an infective condition due to HP & Nobel prize had been given recently to its discoverer, Marshal.
• Molecular events in the CRC development had been discovered & from this effort became successful in its prevention by NSAIDs.
• GIT endoscopy made diagnosis of GIT diseases very easy.
• Therapeutic endoscopy made it possible to replace surgery for many GIT conditions as GI bleeding, bilairy stone removal & stenting, palliative cancer stenting, polyp removal, PEG & endoscopic mucosal resection.
In GIT diseases
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Dx
• History
• Examination
• Investigations
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Causes
• Endocrinal?
• Drugs
• Metabolic
• Allergic & Immunological
• Vascular
• Mechanical
• Hereditary Congenital
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Constipation• Drugs
• Endocrine( DM , Thyroid , Parathyroid ,Glucagonoma )
• Neurogenic ( DM , Multiple sclerosis , Parkinson , Spinal cord , )
• Psychological
• Metabolic (Hypercalcaemia Uraemia Hypokalaemia Porphyria
Amyloidosis Lead poisoning)
• Anal & Colonic
• Physiological ( old age & pregnancy ) Functional
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Investigations
7
In order to reach a diagnosis for digestive
disorders,
1 . Thorough and accurate medical
history will be taken by physician , noting
the symptoms you have experienced and
any other pertinent information.
2 . A physical exam is also done to help
assess the problem more completely.
3 . Investigations
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Physical exams:Examination n
PR
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
• The gastrointestinal system includes the GI tract and its associated glands
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Colon
• Liver & Biliary tree
• Pancreas
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
• The diagnostic tests can be divided into several categories:
• Structural tests
• Functional tests
• Microbiology & Tests for Helicobacter pylori
• Special blood tests( Serology , Chemistry )
• Special stool tests
• Histopathology tests
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Structural Tests
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Structural Tests
• Radiography including CT &
PET
• Ultrasonography
• Nuclear Isotope Scanning
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Endoscopic Ultrasonography
EUS
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Immaging 1 . Plain X Ray:
• Show gas within bowel for diagnosis of Int obst if there are dialated loops
or fluid levels in the erect position.
• Soft tissue of the liver, spleen& kidneys & calcifications in these organs,
pancrease,blood vessels, LNs,calculi.
• Chest XR in erect position show air under diaphragm in perforated
viscus.
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Plain X – ray
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Plain X ray
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Contrast studies:
• Barium & double-cnotrast barium using air with
barium, will show filling defects, strictures, erosions
& ulcers & fistula and even motlity disorders if under
fluroscopy e . G. Achalasia .
• Barium sulphate is harmless inert ssubstance but may
accumulate proximal to obstruction and become more
solid . Colonoscopy may postpone several days after
barium study to obtain clear view. Water soluble
contrast is usually used during CT scan and MRI
examinations.
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Tests of structure: Imaging• Contrast studies: uses & limitations.
Indications Major uses Limitations
Ba swallow:
Dysphagia,rfelux,chest
pain,motility disorder
Stricture,
HH,GERD,Achalasia.
Aspiration risk
Poor mucosal detail
No biopsy
Ba meal:
Dyspepsia,epigastric
pain,vomiting,anemia,pe
rforation.
DU,GU,Gastric
Ca,GOO,
Gastric emptying
disorder.
Low sensitivity for early
cancer.
No biopsy
No HP assessment.
Ba follow through:
Diarrhea,abd pain, Obst by
stricture
Malabsorption.
Chrons.
Time consuming.
Radiation exposure.
Ba enema
Abn bowel habit,Rectal
bleeding,anemia,abd
pain
Ca,
diverticuli,stricture,megac
olon.
Difficult in elderly.
incontinance.,
No biopsy.
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Contrast
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Ba meal
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Ba follow through
NormalCaeliac
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Ba enema
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Tests of structure: Imaging• U/S,CT,MRI:Increasingly used for abd diseases,
noninvasive & offer detailed images of abd contents.
Indications Major uses Limitations
US: Masses,abscess,organs,ascites,bil
iary dilation,gall stones,guided
needle aspiration & biopsy.
Low sensitive for small ls.
Little functional info.
Operator dependent.
Gass & obesity interfer with it.
CT: Pancreatic dis,liver tumor
deposits, tumor staging,
vascular lesions.
Expensive,high radiation,
may underestimate stage of
cancers as esophagus.
MRI: Tumor
stage,MRCP,pelvic/perine
al, chrons fistula.
Time consuming.
Clusterphobia,role not
fully established,limited
availability.
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US CT MRI
• These non-invasive investigations are commonly
used for diagnosis of many intraabdominal diseases
and can detect even very small lesions.
• US: Can detect abdominal masses and cysts,
tumours, abscesses, organomegaly, ascites,
biliary tract dilatation, gall stones and guides
needle aspiration and biopsy of lesion. It can not
detect small lesions and gases in bowel and
obesity may obscure lesions.
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CT MRI
• CT scan: Assessment of pancreatic diseases,
hepatic tumors, tumor staging. Can detect small
lesions.
• MRI: Hepatic tumour staging, MRCP (magnetic
resonance cholangiopancreatography). It
indicated in perianal and pelvic disease and for
detection of Crohn’s fistula. Contra-indicated in
presence of metallic prosthesis and cardiac
pacemaker. It is expensive.
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Tests of structure: endoscopy• Endoscpy: UGI, LGI, Enteroscopy, ERCP,EUS , Double
balloon endoscopy, capsule video endoscopy.
• Increasingly used for abd diseases, noninvasive & offer
detailed images of abd contents.
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Functional Tests
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Functional Tests
• Tests for motility
• 24 hour pH monitoring
• Tests for acid output
• Tests for malabsorption
• Tests for pancreatic function
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Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Direct method to
examine and biopsy
the mucosal lining of
the gastrointestinal
tract
• Various accessories
are available to take
biopsies and provide
therapy
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Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Types of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Types of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (Upper GI Endoscopy)
• Small Bowel Enteroscopy (Jejunoscopy)
• Colonoscopy (Lower GI Endoscopy)
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)
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Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Heartburn
• Dysphagia or odynophagia
• Hematemesis or melena
• Dyspepsia or upper abdominal pain
• Unexplained weight loss or anemia
• Evaluation of abnormal Barium meal X-ray
• Suspected malabsorption
• Control of bleeding
• Dilation of stricture
• Removal of foreign bodies
• Removal of polyps
• Tumor ablation
Diagnostic Indications Therapeutic Indications
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Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Contraindications to Upper GI Endoscopy
• Uncooperative patient
• Hemodynamically unstable patient: Recnet AMI, Unstable angina or arrhythmia,Severe resp dis.
• Suspected perforation
• Severe RA of the cervical spine
• Severe shock.
• Atlanto axial sublaxation.
• These may be relative in experienced hands.
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Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Examples of therapeutic techniques in endoscopy.
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Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Normal Esophagus Normal Stomach Normal Duodenum
Duodenal UlcerGastric UlcerEsophagitis
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Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Chronic diarrhea
• Rectal bleeding
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Unexplained abdominal pain
• Constipation, change in bowel habits or stool caliber
• Unexplained weight loss
• Evaluation of abnormal Barium enema x-ray
• Personal or family history of colon cancer
• Personal history of IBD
• Control of bleeding
• Removal of polyps
• Tumor ablation
• Dilation of stricture
• Colonic decompression
• Reduction of sigmoid volvulus
Diagnostic Indications Therapeutic Indications
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Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Contraindications to Lower GI Endoscopy
• Uncooperative patient
• Hemodynamically unstable patient
• Suspected perforation
• Suspected colonic obstruction
• Suspected diverticulitis
• Soon after a myocardial infarction
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Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Normal Colon Colon Cancer
Colon Polyp and Polypectomy
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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram
Indications
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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram
Indications
• Obstructive jaundice (benign or malignant)
• Ascending cholangitis
• Gallstone pancreatitis
• Unexplained jaundice or elevated LFT’s
• Bile duct injury or leak after cholecystectomy
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Pancreatic cancer
• Suspected Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram
Gallstone impacted at ampulla, sphincterotomy being done and stones removed
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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram
Pancreatic cancer with dilated bile duct and pancreatic duct (Double Duct sign)
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Endoscopic Ultrasound
• The ultrasound probe is placed
at the tip of the endoscope
• Allows ultrasonography of
organs from a close distance
• Allows close evaluation of the
bowel wall
• Can be used to take fine needle
aspiration samples from
adjoining regions/organs
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Endoscopic Ultrasound
A T3 Rectal Tumor on EUS
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Capsule Endoscopy
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Capsule Endoscopy
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Capsule Endoscopy
• Capsule endoscopy is intended for visualization of the small bowel mucosa
• It may be used as a tool in the detection of abnormalities of the small
bowel in adults and children from 10 years of age and up
Diagnostic Indications
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Capsule Endoscopy
• Capsule endoscopy is contraindicated for use under the following
conditions:
– In patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction,
strictures, or fistulas based on the clinical picture or pre-procedure
testing and profile
– In patients with cardiac pacemakers or other implanted
electromedical devices
– In patients with swallowing disorders
Contraindications
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Functional Tests
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Functional Tests
• Tests for motility
• Tests for pH
• Tests for acid output
• Tests for malabsorption
• Tests for pancreatic function
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Tests for motility
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Tests for motility
• Esophageal Manometry
• 24 Hour pH Monitoring
• Anorectal Manometry
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Indications for Esophageal Manometry
• Oropharyngeal dysphagia with normal structural studies
- Cricopharyngeal achalasia, Pharyngeo-UES dyscoordination
• Esophageal dysphagia with normal structural studies
- Primary esophageal body dysmotility e.g. Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm, Nutcracker esophagus, Hypertensive LES, Collagen vascular disease, Amyloidosis, Hypothyroidism, etc.
• Noncardiac chest pain
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Esophageal Manometry Tracings
Esophageal Manometry
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
24 Hour pH Monitoring
Indications
• Patients with non cardiac chest pain
• Refractory acid reflux symptoms: evaluate treatment efficacy
• Pre and post-operative evaluation of antireflux surgery
• Patients with atypical presentations of acid reflux (ENT, pulmonary)
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
24 Hour pH Monitoring
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Anorectal Manometry
• Used in the clinical assessment of patients in whom a problem with defecation is suspected
• This technique is helpful in evaluating the anorectal sphincter mechanism
• Contraindicated in the presence of an anal fissure, since the resting anal pressure is abnormally high
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Anorectal Manometry
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Tests of structure: Biopsy• Obtained through endoscpy or percutanously & sent for histopath exam.
• Reasons for biopsy or cytological exams:
• Brash cytology of suspected malignant lesions.
• Histological assessment of mucosal abns.
• Diagnosis of infections( candida, HP,Giardia).
• Measure enzymes as disacharidases.
• Analysis of genetic mutations as oncogenes , tumor suppressor genes.
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2.Tests of infection: Bacterial cultures• For identifying causes of diarrhea sp if acute or bloody.
• Causes of infective diarrhea:
• Viruses: Rota, adeno, entero, requires EM or viral cultures.
• Bacteria: Campylo jej, EC,Salmonella,clostridium difficile( ned toxine isolation).
• Protozoa: Giardia,ameba, cryptosporidium & moicrospora.
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Tests for Malabsorption
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Functional Tests in GI Diseases
Tests for Malabsorption
• Serum screening tests for malabsorption
S. Calcium, Albumin, Iron, Vitamin B12, Folate, Carotene, Prothrombin time
• Quantitative fecal fat determination
• D-xylose absorption test
• Small bowel biopsy
• Schilling test for Vitamin B12 absorption
• Hydrogen Breath Test for lactose intolerance
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Liver Biopsy
• Liver biopsy is a diagnostic procedure used to obtain a small amount
of liver tissue which can be examined under a microscope to help
identify the cause or stage of liver disease
• The most common way a liver biopsy is obtained is by inserting a
needle into the liver percutaneously
• Other ways to biopsy the liver are transjugular, laparoscopic and
surgical
• In case of a localized lesion in the liver a US or CT guided biopsy is
performed
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Biopsy and pathology:
1. study of duodenal and jejunal biopsy material for
diagnosis of celiac disease (mucosal abnormalities).
2. To diagnose lesions like: e. g. inflammatory bowel
disease (e.g. cryptic anbscess in UC and granuloma in
Crohn’s disease) and tumors.
3. Also used for diagnosis of infection like Giardiasis,
H. pylori and fungal infection.
4. Some time enzyme study is done from biopsy
material.
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UC
Crypt Abscess
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Tests for Helicobacter pylori
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Tests for Helicobacter pylori
Non-invasive• C13 or C14 Urea Breath Test
• H. pylori IgG titer (serology)
• Stool antigene for H Pylori.
Invasive• Gastric mucosal biopsy
• Rapid Urease test
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Tests for Helicobacter pylori
C13 or C14 Urea Breath Test
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Tests for Helicobacter pylori
Mucosal Biopsy
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Tests for Helicobacter pylori
Rapid Urease Test
• This test is based on the
urease enzyme present in the
H. pylori
• Urea is split into NH3 and
CO2
• The change in pH causes a
color change in the medium
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
Blood tests
• Liver function tests
(LFT’S)
• Hepatitis serology
• S. Amylase & Lipase
• Alfa-Feto Protein (AFP)
• Carcino-Embryonic
Antigen (CEA)
Stool tests
• Stool microscopy
• Stool ova & parasites
• Stool culture
• Stool C. difficile toxin
• Stool occult blood
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases
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Upper GIT Endoscopy
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LGIT Endoscopy