GIS IN GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 2006... · • KenGen uses ArcGIS Ver 9.1 [ESRI] What Is...
Transcript of GIS IN GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 2006... · • KenGen uses ArcGIS Ver 9.1 [ESRI] What Is...
GIS IN GEOTHERMAL GIS IN GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTBYBY
J. MunganiaJ. Mungania
What is GIS?
Geographic Information System {GIS}• Management• Analyses• Display
of ‘geographic information’
These are datasets that model geography (features, activities and events on the Earth’s surface & Subsurface)
using generic GIS data structures
GIS comprises Hardware, software and experts
Applications in geoApplications in geo--sciencessciences
• Geo-databasesSpatial databases that represent information in terms of GIS data model (Features, raster, topologies etc) ~ Management
•Geo-proccessing:Using information transition tools that derive new datasets (information) from existing datasets. Use of analytical functions e.g. Statistical Suitability, analysis
•Geo-visualization:Different map views of underlying geographic information are constructed into Set of intelligent maps showing various feature relationships, window into database for querying and analysis – display/presentation
Why GIS for KenGen?Why GIS for KenGen?Most data/information for geothermal resources Most data/information for geothermal resources is spatial in nature is spatial in nature (exploration, drilling, steam fields, wells etc)(exploration, drilling, steam fields, wells etc)
Vast amount of data/information that require Vast amount of data/information that require collating synthesizing collating synthesizing (KenGen, (KenGen, KplcKplc, MoE, Mines , MoE, Mines dptdpt, , UnivUniv, etc), etc)
DataDataùùÁÁInformationInformationùùÁÁ KnowledgeKnowledgeùùÁÁ Decision/actionDecision/action
UnsharedUnshared ‘‘There is nothing like good dataThere is nothing like good data……..’’
•• KenGen uses ArcGIS KenGen uses ArcGIS VerVer 9.1 [ESRI]9.1 [ESRI]
What Is ArcGIS 9 ?What Is ArcGIS 9 ?• ArcGIS provides a scalable framework for implementing GIS for users on
desktops, in servers, over the Web, and in the field.• ArcGIS 9 is an integrated collection of software products, that consists of a
number framework for deploying GIS:
ArcGIS ArcGIS DesktopDesktop ––GIS applications GIS applications consisting of the consisting of the 33software products: software products: ArcViewArcView, , ArcEditorArcEditorand and ArcInfoArcInfo
Server GIS:Server GIS:ArcSDE ArcSDE -- interface for interface for managing managing geodatabasesgeodatabases in in database management database management system (DBMS)system (DBMS)ArcIMSArcIMS -- internetinternet--based GIS for based GIS for distributing data and distributing data and servicesservicesArcGISArcGIS ServerServer –– totobuildbuild serverserver--sideside GIS GIS applicationsapplications
Components of ArcGIS DesktopComponents of ArcGIS Desktop
ArcGIS is a integrated, scalable system and ArcGIS desktop consists of 3 components:
• ArcView • ArcEditor • ArcInfo
With all three ArcGIS components, you can view databases managed by ArcSDE, but only with ArcEditor and ArcInfo can you write to such databases.
All three software products (ArcView, ArcEditor, ArcInfo) use the same integrated applications only with different levels of functionality:ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox.
ArcEditor has all the functionality of ArcView plus powerful tools for editing coverages and geodatabases.
ArcInfo provides the most functionality and includes all the capabilities of ArcEditor plus additional geoprocessing tools and a full version of ArcInfo Workstation (comprised of ARC, ArcEdit, ArcPlot, INFO, and ARC Macro Language or AML).
ArcCatalogArcCatalogArcCatalog is the tool to browse, organize, distribute, and document the GIS data
Different options to view the data:Contents – Preview – Metadata
The Catalog Tree
Individual geothermal areas/fields data folders
Individual Discipline data folders
All GIS data in a particular server
Data category folders (where applicable)
Feature classes
Data set geological mapGeo-database
ArcMapArcMapArcMap is the application to view, edit and analyze the geographic data and create professional-quality maps, graphs, and reports.
There is a map display area for viewing spatial data and a Table of Contents (TOC) in which dataset names and symbology are listed.
In ArcMap, data is organized into map documents (.mxdextension).
ArcToolboxArcToolbox
ArcToolbox is the application to perform advanced GIS analysis tasks and sophisticated geographic data processing jobs
⇒ Import/Export to/from different data formats – data conversion
⇒ data analysis / geoprocessing
⇒ data management
For ArcInfo complete set of tools (>150)For ArcView and ArcEditor more than 20 commonly used tools
Data models in ArcGIS Data models in ArcGIS
File-based: - coverages- shapefilesa georelational data model, vector data for features stored in binary files and unique identifiers link features to attributes stored in feature attribute tables
DBMS feature model:- geodatabase data modelFeatures are stored as rowsin a relational database table. Rows in table contain bothcoordinates and attributeinformation for features
ArcGIS supports two data models: File-based and database management systems (DBMS) feature models
Datasets in ArcGISDatasets in ArcGIS
Coverages• Shapefiles• DBF tables• Raster image• TIN• CAD dataset• Geodatabase
• ArcSDE connection• ArcIMS connection• Geography Network
ArcMapArcMap
ArcMap is the central element of ArcGIS
=> Used for data capture, data manipulation, visualization and data analysis
The ArcMap window consists of: - Table of Contents (TOC) on the left side, showing
which geographic layers are available to display, and - Display window on the right side
Display of data in: - Data View and - Layout View
The ArcMap InterfaceThe ArcMap InterfaceTitle bar
Menu barStandard toolbar
Table of ContentsDockable
Context menu
Draw toolbarStatus bar
Displayarea
Data View / Layout ViewData View / Layout View• Data View
• For display, queries, editing and anlaysis• Layout View
• For creating map layouts
Layers, data frames, mapsLayers, data frames, maps
The geographical data in ArcMap are structured in 4 levels:
• Map contains:Data frames, Layers,Map elements
•Data Frameorganizes layers
• Layers group
• Layersrepresent symbolizedspatial data
Map: ArcMap-file (*.mxd): Contains Titel of project, Author of project, saving with absolute or relative path
A frame on the map that displays layers occupying the same geographic area.
It Groups together, in a separate frame, the layers you want to see together on a map:
=> Always one data frame in map document when creating a map - listed at the top of the table of contents as "Layers" (possible to change the name)
=> possible to add additional data frames to a map to compare twoareas side by side in layout or to show overviews or detailed insets
=> in Layout view all of the data frames of the map can be seen
=> in Data view it is only possible to see the data frame that is active – it is shown in boldface type in the table of contents
Data frame:
On a map the geographic information is displayed as layers;
Each layer represents a particular type of feature such as streams, lakes, or highways.
A layer does not store the actual geographic data; => it references the data contained in shapefiles, geodatabases, images, grids, etc. Referencing data in this way allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-to-date information in your GIS database.
The layers in a data frame display in the same coordinate system and therefore may overlap.
To compare layers side by side or create insets and overviews that highlight an area by using layers that don't overlap, add additional data frames to your map.
Layer:
What is georeferencing?What is georeferencing?Data is referenced to a location on the earth’s surface
Geographic coordinate systemsProjected coordinate systems
Raster data
• Satellite images
• Aerial photographs
• Scanned maps / grafics
• Fotographs
• Converted raster data from other formats (e.g.GRID)
Raster data formatsdirectly supported formats
ERDAS IMAGINE ® Images
ERDAS (.lan & .gis)
BIL/BIP/BSQ
BMP
MrSID kompressed Data
JPEG
GIS
ADRG
PNG
CIB
CADRG
NITF
GRIDS (inkl. GRID Stacks)
TIFF 6.0 (“GeoTIFF”)
Data CaptureData Capture
New geometrical data:• Paper maps
• Georeferencing• Digitizing
Existing geometrical data:• ESRI products (coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases)• CAD products
• Microstation• AutoCAD
Data Capture of new geometrical data
Routine of capturing new geometrical data
• scanning of map or sketch• Geo-referencing of data• Digitising • (building of topology) => only for coverages, geodatabases• Revision and correction of data• Attributing data
Editing in Editing in ArcMapArcMap –– DigitizingDigitizing
General routine for digitizing:
a) Create new datasetsb) Geo-reference the map you want to digitizec) Preparation for editingd) Snappinge) Working with Sketchesf) Edit existing featuresg) Attributing of the now existing objects(h) Building topology
Editor toolbar:Task dropdown listEditor menu Target layer dropdown list AttributesSplit
Rotate
Sketch toolpalette
Sketch tool
Intersect tool
Arc tool
Distance-distance tool Trace tool
Midpoint tool
Important editing toolsImportant editing tools
’Split line’ – splitting a line feature
‘Edit tool’ - for working with existing features
‘Sketch tool’ - for creating new features, working with sketches
AttributesAttributes
An attribute is a characterstic of a map feature
In an attribute table are the informations about the features of a map stored in rows and columns.- each row relates to a single feature- each column contains the values for a single characteristic
SpatialSpatial AnalysisAnalysis
Mapping distance
Mapping density
Interpolating to raster
Performing Surface Analysis
Calculating cell statistics
Calculating neighborhood statistics
Reclassifying data
Raster Calculator
MappingMapping DistanceDistance
Straight Line Distance function (for example)
Measures the straight line distance from each cell in the raster to the closest source
The source identifies the objects of interest, such as wells, roads, faults etc.
The distance is measured from cell center to cell center
SurfaceSurface AnalysisAnalysis
From original surface new patterns can be derived such as: contours, angle of slope, steepest downslope direction (aspect), shaded relief (hillshade), and viewshed.
The Slope functioncalculates the maximum rate of change between each cell and its neighbors, e.g. the steepest downhill descent for the cell
Input elevation raster Output Contour Output Slope
InterpolationInterpolation MethodsMethods in in SpatialSpatial AnalystAnalyst
There are several interpolation methods to create raster surfaces from point data in Spatial Analyst:
Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method
Spline interpolation method
Kriging interpolation method
3D Analyst3D Analyst
3D Analyst is the three-dimensional (3D) visualization and analysis extension to ArcGIS.
3D Analyst adds a specialized 3D viewing application, ArcScene, to the desktop
ArcScene provides the interface for:
Viewing multiple layers of 3D data
Visualizing data
Creating surfaces
Analyzing surfaces
Case study 1:Determination of priority areas for drilling exploration wells in the Menengai geothermal prospect
Examples of Input data/parameters
Geology dataGeology data Subsurface parameterSubsurface parameter
Structures (faults): Structures (faults): Channel PermeabilityChannel PermeabilityEruption centres: Eruption centres: Heat source, Vertical permeabilityHeat source, Vertical permeabilityB/H anomalies: B/H anomalies: Reservoir structureReservoir structure
GeochemistryGeochemistry ParameterParameterSoil gas CO2: Soil gas CO2: Vertical permeability Vertical permeability –– leakage zonesleakage zonesSoil gas Radon:Soil gas Radon: Heat source.Heat source.Heat flow:Heat flow: Heat source (strength & size, proximity)Heat source (strength & size, proximity)
Geophysics DataGravity: Heat sourceHeat sourceResistivity: Reservoir extent, permeability, hydrothermal fluids Reservoir extent, permeability, hydrothermal fluids
pathspaths
Others dataEnvironment/civil:Environment/civil: Access, bulk Access, bulk mtmt, slope, , slope, envienvi asp.asp.
Soil temperature
Temperature at 100cm depth > 50° C
Soil gas CO2
Suitability for priority locations of geothermal investigation wells in Menengai area – data process schema
Input data Selected parametersGeochemistry
CO2 > 3.5 %
Soil gas Radon-222
Radon> 2300 ppm
Soil gas Rn/CO2 ratio
Rn/Co2 ratio> 4000
Geology
Eruption centres
Vulcanologicalelement
Preferable inside caldera
Distance < 500m
Distance < 200mon selected faults (thermal
faults
boreholesTemperature distribution
Fumorales Distance < 1000m
Geotechnical
Slope < 15°
Caldera wall Distance > 300m
Suitability according to geoscientific information
(Geprocess)
Soil temperaturehigher 50 degreeSelection
Buffer Distance 500 to eruption centres
Geoscientifc suitability Priority
areas
DataIntergration
Using spatial analyst tools
(e.g. Wghted overlays &stataistical reclas
Priority exploration well location
Geoprocess
CO2 >3.5 %Selection
Radon >2300 ppmSelection
Rn/Co2 ratio>4000Selection
Buffer Distance 1000 to fumaroles
Buffer Distance 200 to selected faults
Derived data„Positive areas“
Non-geoscientificparameters
Surface Data
Gravitiy
Resistivity –TEM
Resistivity –MT
Resistivity at 1000m < 30 Ohm
Resistivity at 1000m < 30 Ohm
Bouguer Gravitiy–1400 to –1700 g.u.
GeophysicsTEM resistivity
Smaller 30 OhmSelection
MT resistivity<30 OhmSelection
Gravity between-1400 to-1700 g.u.Selection
Resistivity –DC
Reservoir
EnvironmentEnvironmetal
Impact AssesmentSelection Env. sensitive
Example of a geoprocessing model for geological parameters
Proposed data/info sharing model of GIS for Proposed data/info sharing model of GIS for geothermal resourcesgeothermal resources
Location, Location, desc.,detailsdesc.,details of consultants, of consultants, professional, Lab, professional, Lab, eqpteqpt, contractors , contractors traningtraning centres and service providers of centres and service providers of geothermal industry.geothermal industry.
ii??iiiiiiDirectory of Directory of res. Dev res. Dev facilities in facilities in the the regreg
Total field Doc. Proven, exploited Total field Doc. Proven, exploited potential, capacities, potential, capacities, Steamfield/pstnSteamfield/pstninfo. info. OnewrshipOnewrship. Dev status. Future . Dev status. Future plans. Full EIA study results and reportsplans. Full EIA study results and reports
ii??ii??iiiiIndividual Individual fields fields data/infodata/info
ExploExplo ––geology, geology, geochemgeochem, , geophygeophy etc etc results, records etc. results, records etc. reservreserv asses, asses, exploexplodrilling, Res characteristics, estimated drilling, Res characteristics, estimated potential. Baseline potential. Baseline envenv datadata
ii??iiiiGRA statusGRA status((explexpl & Res & Res assesmntassesmntdata)data)
Resource dist. Maps, classifications Resource dist. Maps, classifications ((ProbProb, , poss,provenposs,proven), Geol. Ass, rankings ), Geol. Ass, rankings Ref. for other documentationsRef. for other documentationsi i iiiiiiGeothermal Geothermal
Res. Res. inventoryinventory
EnvEnv. . planngplanng..
EducEduc/ Res / Res UnivUniv
Private Private DevDev
Local Local AuthAuth
Nation/Nation/statestate
Data propertiesData propertiesScale/level of userScale/level of userData Data ThemeTheme