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GIS For Location Based Services
Shashika Biyanwila
Independent Study Presentation
As partial fulfillment of M. Sc. Degree
GIS for Location Based Services
Outline
What is LBS?
What is GIS?
Desktop GIS
Web GIS
Mobile GIS
Summary
GIS for Location Based Services
What is LBS ?
Provide personalized services to mobile users based on their current location
Where am I?
What is the nearest restaurant, cinema ect.
Monitoring
Tracking Assistance
Information
Range of applications
Operator services
GIS for Location Based Services
What is LBS ?
Mobile Devices
http://www.geo.unizh.ch/
GIS for Location Based Services
What is LBS ? …
Definition 1 (Virrantaus et al. 2001)
LBSs are information services accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the location of the mobile device.
Definition 2 (OGC, 2005 )
A wireless-IP service that uses geographic information to serve a mobile user. Any application service that exploits the position of a mobile terminal.
GIS for Location Based Services
What is LBS ? …
http://www.geo.unizh.ch/publications/cartouche/lbs_lecturenotes_steinigeretal2006.pdf
LBS as an intersection of three technologies
LBS need to deal with GIS …
GIS for Location Based Services
What is GIS ?
“A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, methods, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information” [ESRI,1996].
GIS services (OpenGIS Guide [Buehler & McKee, 1998])
Geodata Services
Geoprocessing Services
GIS for Location Based Services
Key Features of GIS
Information from different sources
Computer databases
Digital maps
GPS receiver
Satellite image
Data integration
http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/
GIS for Location Based Services
Key Features of GIS …
Projection
Information retrieval
Data output
Overlay
Topological modeling
http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/
GIS for Location Based Services
Data Representation
Raster Data
Represent images as a collection of pixels
A grid of cells covering an image / area
Higher data volume
Example of raster formats GeoTiff ARC/INFO ASCII Grid ARC/INFO GRID ECW IMG
GIS for Location Based Services
Data Representation…
Vector Data
Use geometrical shapes (Lines, Points, Polygons)
Low data volume
Example of vector formats
Shape files
MapInfo TAB
NTF
TIGER
GIS for Location Based Services
Types of GIS
GIS is moving from Desktop systems to Distributed system
OpenGIS concept Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) [http://www.opengeospatial.org]
Develop specifications to increase the interoperability of geospatial data and geoprocessing software components
GIS
Desktop GIS Web GIS Mobile GIS
GIS for Location Based Services
Desktop GIS
Represents the real world on a computer
Limited to the desktop Computer
Not everyone can access the applications
Desktop GIS Functionalities
View data on a map
Analyze data Create publication quality, professional maps
GIS for Location Based Services
Desktop GIS Software
GIS Software
Proprietary Software
- ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)
- Envision (Autodesk)
- MapInfo Professional
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
- GRASS GIS
- Quantum GIS (QGIS)
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
1. ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)
Includes four software components.
ArcReader
ArcView
ArcEditor
ArcInfo
http://www.esri.com/products.html
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
1. ArcGIS Desktop …
ArcReader
-An easy-to-use desktop mapping application
- Allow users to view, explore and print maps
ArcView
- A full featured GIS software
- Allow users to view, analyze, manage and create geographic data
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
1. ArcGIS Desktop …
ArcEditor
- A powerful GIS desktop system
- Provide all the functionality of ArcView
- Provide data edit capability
- Supports single user editing OR collaborative process
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
1. ArcGIS Desktop…
ArcInfo
- The most complete GIS
- Includes all the functionality of ArcEditor, ArcView, and ArcReader
- Provide advanced spatial analysis, extensive data manipulation, and high-end cartography tools
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
2. Envision (Autodesk)
Integrates GIS spatial data and AutoCad design data
Perform civil engineering tasks such as
- calculating elevations
- cut/fill volumes
-running flood analyses
AutoDesk Raster Design is used to edit, modify, and enhance raster data
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary Software
3. MapInfo Professional
A full featured Desktop geospatial solution
Comes with easy-to-use software and a powerful software tool
Vertical Mapper third party add-on for raster data
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS Software
1. GRASS GIS
GRASS - Geographic Resources Analysis Support System
Supports various platforms
Supports for both raster & vector formats
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS Software
1. GRASS GIS…
Functionalities
- geospatial data management and analysis
- image processing
- graphics/maps production
- spatial modeling
- visualization
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS Software
2. Quantum GIS (QGIS)
Support multiple platforms
- Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, and Windows
Support multiple data formats
-vector, raster, database formats
-GRASS layers
Extendable functionality using plug-ins
http://qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdf
GIS for Location Based Services
Applicability for LBS
Issues…
Limited to a Desktop PC
Cannot access remotely
LBS deals with mobile users
Need remote access to GIS
Transfer information between user and the GIS
Desktop GIS not suitable for LBS
GIS for Location Based Services
Web GIS
“Web GIS is a Geographic Information System distributed across a networked computer environment to integrate, disseminate, and communicate geographic information visually on the World Wide Web over the Internet.” [Gillavry, 2000]
Disseminate geospatial data and processing tools
Possible to Process geo-related information with no location restrictions.
GIS for Location Based Services
Web GIS Architecture
Web GIS
Client-Server Architecture Distributed Architecture
GIS for Location Based Services
1. Client – Server Architecture
Geoprocessing Server side & Client side tasks
Typical three tier architecture
1. Presentation tier
- Contains user interface
2. Application logic tier
- Model & process GIS data
3. Storage tier
- Databases that store GIS data
GIS for Location Based Services
Web Browser
Client
Web Server
Internet Map Server (IMS)
GIS software GIS
database
Server
Internet
Middle Ware
Spatial request
HTML,Image,Map..
1. Client – Server Architecture …
A typical client-server architecture
Two types
- Thin client architecture
- Thick client architecture
GIS for Location Based Services
2. Distributed Architecture
Both data and processing components are distributed
The client and server do not refer to a specific machine
“Geodata anywhere, Geoprocessing anywhere” model
Distributed object architectures
- Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
- Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
- Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI)
GIS for Location Based Services
IMS Software
Allow users to access spatial data via a web browser interface
Interact with web server and spatial database
Proprietary software- ArcView IMS (ESRI)
- MapObjects IMS (ESRI)
- ArcIMS (ESRI)
- MapGuide (Autodesk)
FOSS software
- Minnesota Map Server
- Open-GIS Multiviewer
- GIS Viewer
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary software
1. ArcView IMS (ESRI)
Extension of ESRI's Desktop-GIS application- ArcView
One of the first available Map Server systems
Requires an open session of ArcView running on the Web server with IMS ArcView middleware
Client cannot change the composition of the received map
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary software
2. MapObjects IMS (ESRI)
Integrate three applications :MapObjects IMS, MapObjects Professional, and ArcExplorer
Can consider as a programming platform
For GIS applications - Visual Basic, Visual C + +, Delphi
For client applications - HTML (JavaScript), ActiveX
Supports Windows or UNIX-based Web servers
Uses modern three-tier architecture
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary software
3. ArcIMS (ESRI)
Most widely used Proprietary IMS software
A three tier architecture
http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/ims-technology-esri.htm
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary software
3. ArcIMS …
The components of the ArcIMS server :
- Spatial Server
- Applications Server
- Connectors to the Applications Server [Servelets, ColdFusion, ActiveX ]
- Administrator
Tool for designing map services need not to program client
Client receives instructions suitable for processing
GIS for Location Based Services
Proprietary software
4. MapGuide (Autodesk)
Similar capacities to those of ArcIMS
Provide tools for basic geographical operations
Own data format –SDF
Extensions required to convert other formats to SDF format
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS software
1. Minnesota Map Server
World’s leading open source Web-Mapping tool
Originally developed for the University of Minnesota (UMN)
Supported platforms : Linux/Apache, Windows NT/98/95
A CGI program that sits inactive on a Web Server
Uses information passed in the URL and the Map File to process the request
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS software
1. Minnesota Map Server…
The MapServer architecture Client - Web browser Server
- HTTP Server (Apache, IIS)
- MapServer CGI (mapserve.exe)
- Map Files
- Geographic Data [ESRI Shape files, GeoTIFF]
Illustrated according to diagram from http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users/msappdiagram/
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS software
1. Minnesota Map Server…
How MapServer works?
Web Server
Mapserver
(CGI)
Mapfiles
http:// <location of the mapserver program> <location of the mapfile> <other parameters>
http://192.8.10.52/cgi-bin/mapserve.exe? map=/ms4w/apps/app1/htdocs/test.map
Request Request
test.map
ResultWeb
Browser
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS software
1. Minnesota Map Server…
Advantages of using MapServer
- Comes as a standard package which bundles MapServer and many required supporting tools
- No dedicated hardware is required
- Client is only a web browser
- Not bounded to any specific language
- Compliant to the OGC Specification
- Support for database access (PostGIS, MySql)
GIS for Location Based Services
FOSS software
2. GIS VIEWER
Developed by the University of California, Berkeley at "UC Berkeley Digital Library Project”
Supported platforms : Unix, Linux, Windows NT
Display geographical information by means of a window (viewfinder)
GIS for Location Based Services
Applicability for LBS
Key features of web GIS:
- Distribute geospatial data over the Internet or an Intranet
- Limited to hardwired networks
Features of Mobile devices:
- Use wireless Internet (low bandwidth, low connection speed)
- Limited processing power
- Diversity nature
Web GIS not suitable for LBS
GIS for Location Based Services
Mobile GIS
“Mobile GIS is an integrated software/hardware framework for the access of geospatial data and services through mobile devices via wireline or wireless networks.” [http://map.sdsu.edu/publications/Tsou2-CaGIS-final-short.pdf]
Mobile GIS can be taken as a sub new research area in Web GIS
Address issues such as….
- moving client side
- wireless internet
- limited hardware resources in moving client side
GIS for Location Based Services
Mobile GIS Architecture
Similar to the traditional client/server architecture in Web GIS
Use “ Thin Client” structure
Client:
- Mobile GIS receiver
- Positioning System
- Mobile GIS software
Server :
- Geospatial data
- GIS content server
http://map.sdsu.edu/publications/Tsou2-CaGIS-final-short.pdf
GIS for Location Based Services
Mobile GIS Applications
Two major application areas:
1. Location Based Services
2. Field based GIS
GIS for Location Based Services
Mobile GIS Technologies for LBS
Integrate the wireless Internet with GIS
Two main technologies:
1. WAP
2. JAVA
LBS deals with cellular phones and vehicle based computers Very diverse in nature
GIS for Location Based Services
Proposed by Wang Fangxiong and Jian Zhiyong Use WAP along with J2EE
1. WAP based Mobile GIS
Four tier architecture
1. Presentation tier - UI
2. WAP service tier - WAP gateway +Web server
3. Application tier – Application server
4. Data service tier – Spatial database
WAP microbrowser /
J2ME application
Wireless network
WAP gateway
Internet
Web Server
Application Server
Mobile Position Center
Spatial Database
WAP HTTP
MLP
Mobile Client
RMI
Server
GIS for Location Based Services
2. JAVA based Mobile GIS
Proposed by Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan and Zhongping Wang
Client side – J2ME
Server side – J2EE
Three tier architecture
1. Client tier
2. Web service tier
3. Data tier
GIS for Location Based Services
Mobile GIS Technologies for Field applications
Need computationally intensive devices with large display screens.
Ex : Pocket & Tablet PCs
Available Software :
- Cross platform
- Independent of hardware devices
ArcGIS Mobile (ESRI)
ArcPad (ESRI)
MapInfo MapXtend
IntelliWhere (Intergraph )
Onsite
GIS for Location Based Services
Applicability for LBS
Mobile GIS developed for LBS !
GIS for Location Based Services
Summary
Introduction to LBS
Introduction to GIS Different types of GIS (Desktop GIS, Web GIS, Mobile GIS)
- Overview
- Available Architectures
- Available software / technologies
- Applicability for LBS
GIS for Location Based Services
References
Stefan Steiniger, Moritz Neun and Alistair Edwardes, Foundations of Location Based Services, CartouCHe1 - Lecture Notes on LBS, V. 1.0
Geographic information system [online]. Available from:
Wikipedia < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system>
Geographic information system (GIS) poster. Available from :
< http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ >
Product overview [online]. Available from: < http://www.esri.com/products.html>
Desktop GIS software for Hydrological Application [online]. Available from :
< http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V3_N3/featurette2.pdf>
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System [online]. Available from:< http://grass.itc.it/>
QGIS brochure [online]. Available from : < http://qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdf>
A.A. Alesheikh, H.Helali, H.A.Behroz, Web GIS: Technologies and Its Applications, Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications, Ottawa 2002
Hussein Helali, Design and Implementation of a Web GIS for the City of Tehran, Master’s Thesis, Department Of Geodesy And Geomatics Engineering, K.N.Toosi University Of Technology, September 2001
GIS for Location Based Services
References Internet Map Services [online]. Available from : <http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/internet-map-services.htm> Map Object Internet Map Server version 2 brochure [online]. Available from < http://www.esri.com> MapServer New Users [online]. Available from http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users Nimalika Fernando, Web GIS based Post -Tsunami Recovery Management tool for Sri
Lanka, Master’s Thesis, Keele University, September 2006 Li Luqun, Li Minglu, A Research on Development of Mobile GIS Architecture,
Environmental Infomatics Archives, ISEIS 2004 Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Integrated Mobile GIS and Wireless Internet Map Servers for
Environmental Monitoring and Management,2004 Ye Lei, Lin Hui, Which One Should be Chosen for the Mobile Geographic Information
Service Now, WAP vs. i-mode vs. J2ME?, Springer Science, 2006 Wang Fangxiong , Jiang Zhiyong, Research on A Distributed Architecture of Mobile
GIS Based on Wap Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan, Zhongping Wang, Research of LBS Based
on Java and An Application Solution ArcGIS Mobile brochure [online]. Available from: http://www.esri.com/arcgismobile ArcPad: Mobile GIS, An ESRI White Paper , September 2004
GIS for Location Based Services
QUESTIONS ???
THANK YOU !!!