GIS Development: Step8 - Acquisition of HW & SW Step9 - GIS System Integration Step10 - Application Development Step11 - GIS Use & DB Maintenance

(Source: GIS AsiaPacific, June/July & August/September 1998; and

New York State Archives GIS Development Guides)

Faculty of Computer ScienceUniversity of Indonesia

Dr. Aniati Murni

Copyright ©AniatiMurni

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GIS Development CycleGIS Development Cycle

NeedsAssessment

ConceptualDesign

DatabasePlanningand DesignAvailable

Data Survey

Pilot / Benchmark

HW and SW Survey

DatabaseConstruction

Acquisition ofGIS HW andSW

GIS SystemIntegration

Application

Development

GIS Use and

Database

Maintenance

The GIS development cycle is based on the philosophy that one first decides what the GIS should do and then as a second activity decides on how the GIS will accomplish each task.

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Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SWStep 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW

This step includes the final selection of the hardware and software (by competitive bid in response to a Request For Proposal - RFP), the delivery and installation of the hardware and software, space renovation, wiring, and environment modeling.

This step is the actual purchase of the GIS hardware and software. It should be looking for the best value for our money, not the lowest cost, and no politicking.

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Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SWStep 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW

The system configuration consists of various devices that will be networked together to support data capture, storage, processing and display in both digital and hard copy forms, including (a sample of hw specifications):

mapping analysis workstations (2); color printer (1); black and white laser printer (1); cartridge tape / CD driver (1); color raster plotter (1).

If it is required, network and communications specifications should also be included.

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Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SWStep 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW

The GIS hardware and software should provide full functionality for entry, editing, maintenance, analysis, display, and hard copy output of both graphics and tabular data on a continuous and interactive basis.

Software component capabilities can be grouped into the following functional categories:

Database structure; User interface; Data entry; Data editing/maintenance; Data query and analysis;

• Data display / output;

• Application development;

• Operating System requirements.

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Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SWStep 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW

Data Query and Analysis:

Graphic Data Query

Area / Perimeter / Distance Calculation

Attribute Data Query

Spatial Aggregation

Polygon Overlay

Database Structure:• Feature Type (PLA &

Text)• Data Storage (double

precision of x and y

coordinates)• Data Type (support

multiple graphics and

non-graphic data type)• Database Organization

(DBMS, Relational)

Application Development:• Menu Design and Custome

Application Development• Programming Features• Support High-Level (4GL)

Programming• Subroutine Library

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Step9 - GIS System IntegrationStep9 - GIS System Integration

The vendors responsible for providing the organization with one integrated system (software and hardware).

The user responsibles for building a master database or library (database integration) and integrating the database with the GIS hardware and software.

System integration:Hardware

Editing Database SystemDelivered System Integration SoftwareData Integration

Network

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

”Application” is a general term covering all things that “go on” in a GIS.

There are 3 types of application: Database applications: These are all the functions needed

to create, edit, build, and maintain the database, which should be under the control of a database administrator (process can be carried out by GIS system staff or the users).

User applications: GIS can provide many simple applications (e.g. map display, data query, etc.).

More complex applications: specific application which needs to be developed using a macro-programming language (e.g. Avenue in ArcView).

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

Simple application such as display, query, map display can be satisfied by the normal functionality that is included in most commercial GIS.

Complex application may require development using the GIS macro programming language. In complex application development may require additional techniques including structural analysis

and programming and rapid prototyping.

Application development is not rewriting the GIS software, but instead custom application to meet specific needs.

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

Data Objects Identified During Needs Assessment

Preparation of Data Model

Match Needed Data to Available Data and

Sources

Source Documents: Maps, Images, Air Photos, etc.

Survey and Evaluation of

Available Data

Prepared Detailed Database Plan

Create Initial Metadata

Map and Tabular Data Conversion

Life Cycle of a GIS Database: Source Documents

Add Record Retention Schedules to Metadata

GIS Database

Database QA/QC Editing

Continuing GIS

Database Maintenance

Archives Database Backups(courtesy of New York State Archives)

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

Database set up (part of system integration); Database management; Database maintenance; Data archiving and retention.

Database Applications:

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

Menu GeneratorFacility

Script /Macro Language Facility

DialogInputTitikTabelOpen‘tampilkan dialog DialogInputTitikTabel tepat di tengah layar’

AVUpperLeft = av.ReturnOrigin

AVCenter = avUpperLeft + (av.ReturnExtent / (2@2)

halfDialogWidthHeight = self.ReturnExtent.ReturnSize / (2@2)

MovePoint = AVCenter - halfDialogWidthHeight

self.MoveTo(MovePoint.GetX,MovePoint.GetY)

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Step 10: GIS Application DevelopmentStep 10: GIS Application Development

DeepOcean

UpperSlope

RiseLowerSlope

Plateau orTerrace

Kawasan Industri Palawija di Lampung Utara

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Step 11: System Use And MaintenanceStep 11: System Use And Maintenance

Most GIS database are very dynamic, changing almost daily.

Users will immediately think of additional applications that they would like to have developed.

Formal procedures for all maintenance and updating activities need to be created and followed by GIS system staff and users to ensure continued successful operations of the GIS.

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Step 11: System Use And MaintenanceStep 11: System Use And Maintenance

Overview of GIS MaintenanceGIS and Database

System Enhancement Database Expansion Routine System Request Maintenance

Additional Functionality Additional Attributes Problem/ErrorHW and SW Upgrades New entities Bug FixesNew Tech. (GPS) Expanded Spatial Extent Database Updating

Benefits CostsGIS can do more (satisfy) Cost of enhancementAdditional sharing (data) GIS & user staff retrainingImproved performance More for GIS staff

System down time