GIS Development: Step5 - DB Planning and Design Step6 - Database Construction Step7 -...
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Transcript of GIS Development: Step5 - DB Planning and Design Step6 - Database Construction Step7 -...
GIS Development: Step5 - DB Planning and Design Step6 - Database Construction Step7 - Pilot/Benchmark
(Source: GIS AsiaPacific, June/July & August/September 1998; and
New York State Archives GIS Development Guides)
Faculty of Computer ScienceUniversity of Indonesia
Dr. Aniati Murni
Copyright ©AniatiMurni
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GIS Development CycleGIS Development Cycle
NeedsAssessment
ConceptualDesign
DatabasePlanningand DesignAvailable
Data Survey
Pilot / Benchmark
HW and SW Survey
DatabaseConstruction
Acquisition ofGIS HW andSW
GIS SystemIntegration
Application
Development
GIS Use and
Database
Maintenance
The GIS development cycle is based on the philosophy that one first decides what the GIS should do and then as a second activity decides on how the GIS will accomplish each task.
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Activities include the followings: Select a source (document, map, digital file, etc.)
for each entitiy and attribute included in E-R diagram;
Set-up the actual database design (logical and physical design);
Define the procedures for converting data from source media to database;
Define procedures for managing and maintaining the database.
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
The quality of information Information is stored in a database; Bad construction and data error will give Garbage instead of
Geographic Information System; What kind of map projection will be used; What scale is the data; What is the coverage; How much attribution should be included; What is the attribute data format; What is the data reliability; How fast is it to be retrieved.
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Information required for database design: A complete list of data, properly defined and checked
for validity and consistency (from the master data list, E-R data model, and metadata entries);
A list of potential data source (maps, aerial photos, tabular files, digital files) cataloged and evaluated for accuracy and completeness (from available data survey);
The list of functional capabilities required from the GIS (from needs assessment). Such as visualization, spatial analysis, statistical analysis and modeling.
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Entities, Attributes, and Spatial Object
DeepOcean
Shelf
UpperSlope
RiseLowerSlope
Plateau orTerrace
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Plan for data sharing Benefits of data sharing include: (i) the development
of much larger database for far less cost; (ii) the development of more efficient interaction between public agencies; and (iii) all agencies shared the same up-to-date database / information.
Database maintenance requires two efforts: ongoing user training (how to maintain the database) and user support (who will be responsible for updating which data).
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Designing the Database Most of databases in GIS software packages
are based on the relational database model; Two choices of using data table: as much
data in one table or small/compact data in one table;
How you will represent the data: point, line, polygon, network, etc.
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Step 5: DB Planning and DesignStep 5: DB Planning and Design
Spatial Database In the past, all Database System does not
include spatial data; today Oracle already has Spatial Data Cartridge.
In GIS spatial data (point, line, polygon) can be used simultaneously. The data is stored using an index system.
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Database construction can be divided into two major activities:
creation of digital files from maps, air photos, tables, and other source documents; organization of the digital files into a GIS database.
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Database construction/conversion is the process of building the digital database from the source data - maps and tabular files.
The main emphasis is management of the activity and quality assurance / quality control of the converted data.
Close and effective management is critical factor in successful data conversion, where the conversion process is often “contracted out” and involves large
quantities of source maps and documents.
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Data Conversion Manual digitizing using a digitizing tablet and cursor tool (puck); Scanning (converts lines and text into series of pixels); Raster to Vector Conversion (convert series of pixels into series of
(x,y) coordinates points), this facility is usually provided by a GIS software;
Hybrid solution (overlaying vector format data with an image provides a powerful graphic display tool;
Entry of attribute data is done by joining a table of new attributes to an existing table already in the GIS;
Acquisition of external digital data (integrating existing database with GIS should be carefully considered before buying a GIS system).
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
GIS HW and SW for Data Conversion (digitizing and editing): Digitizing station: precision digitizing tablet, high resolution display
terminal for digitizing, querying, displaying and editing data; Editing workstation: is used for QA/QC functions of conversion, has the
same capability as digitizing station except for digitizing; Graphic data review / tabular data input workstation: is used for
displaying and reviewing graphic data and for entering tabular attribute data associated with this graphic feature;
Digitizing station: precision digitizing X terminal: allows for graphic display and input of data utilizing the X Window System communication protocol.
The data conversion can be done in-house or out-contracted.
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Three basic entities of the geographical object data (Point-Line-Area)
Source:
Purwadhi
(1997)
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
GIS Data Model
Graphics Data Index
• Map graphics represent all of the features (entities) on a map as points, lines, areas, or pixels; • Tabular databases contain the attribute information which describe the entities (building, parcel, etc.);• A common key (graphics data index) must be established between the map graphics and the tabular database records to create a link.
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Raster Data (pixels)
Raster GIS Data
Graphics Grid / Raster Value Attribute Table
2 2 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 3 3 3 3
2 5 5 5 5 3
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
Cell ValueReal World Entity
2 Lake
3 Wooded
5 Built-up
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Step 6: GIS Database ConstructionStep 6: GIS Database Construction
Vector GIS Data
Vector GIS Data
Vector GIS Polygon Layer Polygon Attribute Table
Polygon Identity AttributeNumbet
1 Lake
2 Wooded
3 Built-up
1 2
3
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Step 7: Pilot / BenchmarkStep 7: Pilot / Benchmark
Pilot Study and Benchmark Tests To demonstrate the functionality of the GIS
software. To show what the commercial GIS from the vendor
can do. To demonstrate to potential users and
management what the GIS will do for them. To show that the performance data of the GIS
system can be determined.DeepOceanRise
LowerSlope
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Step 7: Pilot / BenchmarkStep 7: Pilot / Benchmark
Objectives of A Pilot Study A pilot study is a focused test to prove the utility
of GIS within a local unit; It is not a full GIS implementation; It is not a GIS demonstration; It is a test of how GIS can be deployed within an
organization to improve operations.DeepOceanRise
LowerSlope
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Step 7: Pilot /BenchmarkStep 7: Pilot /Benchmark Benchmarking a System:
A benchmark is the process of testing various combination of hardware and software, and evaluating their functionality and performance. This test is usually important for short listed vendors. The same data set should be used to test all hardware software configuration.
Get a committee of 8-10 members to set up the benchmark test. The tasks performed by the vendor should be measureable
(time, ease of use, can the function be done, etc.), rating various aspects of the system, and rating also the vendor (teamwork, communication, technical skills).
Send out the outlines of task the vendor should do in the benchmark test including the setting up time, task performing time, how many people allowed to be in the testing process.
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Step 7: Pilot / BenchmarkStep 7: Pilot / Benchmark
Planning a pilot study includes: creating a sample of the database; testing the quality of source documents; testing applications; testing data management and maintenance
procedures; estimating data volumes; estimating costs for data conversion; estimating costs for staffing training.
Shelf
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Step 7: Pilot / BenchmarkStep 7: Pilot / Benchmark
Procedures for carrying out a pilot study: select applications from needs assessment; determine study area; review conceptual database design; determine conversion strategy; develop physical database design; procure conversion services and develop conversion work
plan; commence source preparation; develop acceptance criteria and qc plan; develop data management and maintenance procedures; test application; evaluate and quantify results; prepare cost estimates.
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