INTRODUCTION TO GIS AND IT’S APPLICATION

GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a number of technologies, processes, so it is attached to many operations, in engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics and analysis.

WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH GIS

GIS as it applies to Petroleum Exploration

In order to recognize the subsurface geologic body comprehensively, all kind of ways are used synthetically in Petroleum Exploration.• Discovering and assessing oil and gas deposits require information integration culled from geology, drilling and GIS.• By gathering geophysical data to narrow the search area within large fields, exploration crews can refine their targets and apply seismic techniques more efficiently. Combining seismic and gravity methods enables oil explorers to better define and focus projects early on, and minimize the risk of conducting expensive investigation before potential is determined.

Ecological Engineering ApplicationEcological engineering is an emerging study of integrating ecology and engineering concerned with the design, monitoring, and construction of ecosystem. It is also known as the study of the environment as it relates to living or dead organisms.

• A GIS based model was used in testing effects of restoration measures in wetlands by Prof Jar slaw Chormański University of life Science Poland.

Highlights:

► The degree of degradation of wetland vegetation and soils can be related to groundwater conditions. ► Established relation between soils, vegetation and groundwater allows using the latter as a predictor.

► Exclusion of the existing drainage system can cause positive effects on wetland vegetation.

► other considered restoration scenarios do not show the potential of change in wetland state.

► Presented approach contains uncertainty which cannot be easily quantified for soil and vegetation mapping.

ECOLOGICAL MAPS GENERATED FROM ARTICLE

BIOMASS MAP OF USA

BIOMASS MAP OF USA

• It is a typical representation of biomass resource from Methane emission.

• Biomass is said to be the total mass of living matter in a given unit area, in this map America has used the technological-know-how of GIS to collect mapped data of methane emission from biodegradable substances such as plant materials and animals and used them as Fuel.

• Methane: Atmospheric methane is one of the most potent and influential greenhouse gases on earth, and the relative abundance makes an attractive fuel. CH4 + CL CH3 + HCL

In this Process maps of the following are collected via GIS

Crop residues The following crops were included in this analysis: corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, rye, canola, dry edible beans, dry edible peas, peanuts, potatoes, safflower, sunflower, sugarcane, and flaxseed. The quantities of crop residues that can be available in each county are estimated using total grain production, crop to residue ratio, moisture content, and taking into consideration the amount of residue left on the field for soil protection, grazing, and other agricultural activities. Source: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service; five-year average: 2003-2007.

Forest residuesThis category includes logging residues and other removable material left after carrying out silviculture operations and site conversions. Logging residue comprises unused portions of trees, cut or killed by logging and left in the woods. Other removable materials are the unutilized volume of trees cut or killed during logging operations. Source: USDA, Forest Service's Timber Product Output database, 2007.

Primary mill residues Primary mill residues include wood materials (coarse and fine) and bark generated at manufacturing plants (primary wood-using mills) when round wood products are processed into primary wood products, such as slabs, edgings, trimmings, sawdust, veneer clippings and cores, and pulp screenings. Source: USDA, Forest Service's Timber Product Output database, 2007.

Secondary mill residues Secondary mill residues include wood scraps and sawdust from woodworking shops — furniture factories, wood container and pallet mills, and wholesale lumberyards. Data on the number of businesses by county was gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 County Business Patterns.

Urban wood waste Urban wood waste includes wood residues from MSW (wood chips and pallets), utility tree trimming and/or private tree companies, and construction and demolition sites. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Population data; BioCycle Journal: "State of Garbage in America", January 2008; County Business Patterns 2009.

Methan emmission from landfills Methane emissions from landfillsThe methane emissions are estimated for each landfill considering total waste in place, landfill size, and location (arid or non-arid climate), and then aggregated to county level. Note: this dataset doesn't include all landfills in the United States due to gaps in either precise geographic location or waste in place. Source: EPA, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), April 2008.

landfilMethane emmission from manure managementThe following animal types were included in this analysis: dairy cows, beef cows, hogs and pigs, sheep, chickens and layers, broilers, and turkey. The methane emissions were calculated by animal type and manure management system at a county level. Source: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2002 data.

Transport or transportation : Is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Model of transport include air, rail road, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicle and operation. Transport is important since it enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations.

Digitalization of Road transport Infrastructure: As much as transport playing a vital role the economic growth of any country, With the use of GIS, satellite imageries are collected to help out in the building/construction of roads and bridges across various Cities and towns.

Transportation helps shape an area’s economic health and quality of life. Not only does the transportation system provide for the mobility of people and goods, it also influences patterns of growth and economic activity by providing access to land. The demand for transport infrastructure and services in Nigeria is fast rising predominantly as rail services are being introduced in the near future.

ICT/ GPS MOBILE TRANSPORT MAP APPLICATIONS

Mobile Transport GPS: These is a technology that helps you KEEP track ON anything from your mobile device or your computer, be it car, phone etc.

GIS APPLICATION AND LAND-USE PLANNING

• GIS has served as one of the world’s veritable source of income. GIS based mapping application address various spatial need of land Register.

• Provides tamper-proof Records for GIS land information, which hereby reduces social conflicts on land and Litigation.

• Provides detailed planning for new estates infrastructure and environmental development.

• Especially for those into real estate/ urban regional planning.

Enhancement of (IGR) on Land based transaction.

• Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.

• GIS helps in the digitalization of pipe line Infrastructure.

WATER DISTRIBUTION:

As we continue to study deep and make researches to our scope,We’ll timely affect positively the rapid growth and technological Development of our Country and the African Continent at large.