GINKGO

Presented by :- V . Ravi Kishore 2nd pharm.D

Scientific classification

Kingdom : PlantaeDivision : GinkgophytaClass : Ginkgopsida Order : GinkgoalesFamily : GinkgoaceaeGenus : GinkgoSpecies : G.biloba

Biological Source:• It is consist of leaves obtained from dioeceous tree Ginkgo

biloba(Maidenhair tree)belongs to the family :- Ginkgoaceae.

Geographical Source:• It is a native to China and Japan and cultivated

ornamentally in many temperate regions.• The leaves are bilobed, each lobe beig triangular in outline

with a fine radiating, like venation• The leaf is glabrous, petiolate and has entire margin

Fossils of ginkgo leaf

Habitat:-• It is native to China and Japan. • It is also cultivated ornamentally in many temperate regions.

Ginkgo seeds Ginkgo biloba

HISTORY of CULTIVATION:• Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China; some

planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old.

• The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer.

• Because of its status inBuddhism and Confucianism, the ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgo’s seeding into natural forests.

• ginkgo’s are male cultivar ( cultivated species) is grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the mal-odorous seeds.

• The popular cultivar "Autumn Gold" is a clone of a male plant.

• Female cultivars include "Liberty Splendor", "Santa Cruz", and "Golden Girl", so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall.

• Ginkgo's adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces.• It is also an ORNAMENTAL PLANT.

• They rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects. For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgo’s are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets.

Phytochemicals:-• The major chemical constituents of ginkgo are diterpene lactones and

flavonoids .• Five diterpene lactones (ginkgolides A,B,C,J,M) have been found ;

these lactones have a tertiary butyl group and six 5- membered rings(these compounds are platelet activating factor antagonists.

• About 40 flavonoids have been isolated from the leaves including glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnein derivatives.

• The tree also synthesis number of biflavonoids based on amentoflavone.

• Other compounds isolated from the leaves include long chain hydrocarbons and derivatives, long chain phenols with anti tumor, anti microbial and toxic properties.

• With the flavonoids there is higher concentration of falcvonol glycosides in spring leaves and of bifalvones in autumn leaves.

• Glycosides have been detected in cell cultures.

Ginkgolides-A,B,C,J,M

Kaempferol Quercetin

USES:• It is used as antiasthma-tic, bronchodilator and for

the treatment of chilblains (redness of skin due damaged capillaries on hands, ears and feet ).

• It is used in treatment for dementia and Alzheimer's disease

• Also used in Vertigo, Headache, Anxiety and Apathy.

• It’s leaf extract used as Dietary supplement.• It can enhance Cognitive function.

SIDE EFFECTS:• Blood circulation disorders and those taking anticoagulants

such as aspirin or warfarin, although recent studies have found ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects.

• Additional side effects include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness.

• Ginkgo should be used with caution when combined with other herbs known to increase bleeding (e.g. garlic, ginseng, ginger).

• The effects of ginkgo on pregnant women may include increased bleeding time, and it should be avoided during lactation because of inadequate safety evidence.