GINGER - 14.139.158.11814.139.158.118/docs/Frepub/pamphlet/pamphlet9e ginger.pdf · GINGER ....
Transcript of GINGER - 14.139.158.11814.139.158.118/docs/Frepub/pamphlet/pamphlet9e ginger.pdf · GINGER ....
P A C KA G E OF P RACTICES FOR
GINGER
i
~yen~t D o o m bull ICAR m ~ lfI3f1r bull
~~_IQ10
Pamphlet No 9E
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
Kasaragod-670 124 Kerala
GINGER
Ginger Zil1giber officinah- is an important spice crop
of our country It is said to be a native of South East
Asia Ginger of commerce is the underground stem or
rhizome of the plant
In addition to its use as a spice ginger is also used
in various medicinal and culina ry preparations It is also
used as a flavoUl iog agent and for the extraction of essential
oil gingerol
Tndi~ is the largest producer of dry ginger in tl)e world
accounting for more than half of the total world producti on
Othr important ginger producing countries are Taiwan
Jamaica Sierra Leone Australia Mauricius Nigeria etc
India produces about 41000 tonnes of dry ginger anJluJly
from an estimated area of 25500 ha About 0-15 1-6 or the
produce is egtpo(ted mainly to Saudi Arabia and othe r
Middle East countries
Though ginger is cultivated in almost all the states of
the country Kerala accounts for more than 60 of I he
total production Himachal Pradesh West Bengal Oris~a
Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are
the other ginger growing states
Climate and soil
Ginger grows best in a warm and bumid climate It
is cultivated from al most sea level to an altitude of about
1500 111 The crop requires wells distributed rainfall Tn
low or moderate rainfall areas it needs good irrigaLo il
For the successful cultivation of the crop a modera te
2
rainfall at the sowing time till the rhizomes sprout fairly
heavy and well distribu ted showers during the growing
period and dry weather abou t a month before harvesting
are necess2ry It thrives well in a wide range of ~oils with
good drainage like sandy or clayey loam red loam or
lateritic loam soils A friable loam rich in humus is
ideal Planting mat~rial
Rhizomes are used for planting The seed rhizomes
are treated with 025 ~~ Agallol solution for 30 minutes
drained and stored in a cool dry piace or in earthcrn pits
plastered with mud A ldyer of paddy husk may be
provided before storing the rhizome
Varieties (cu]tivasrs)
i) For dlY ginger- Maran Wynltld Mananthody
Valluvanad Ernad or K urupshy
pampady
ii) For green gillger- Rios De Janeiro (preferable for extraction of oleoresin China Wynad local or Tafenshy
giya
Varieties like Nadia Poona Wynad Kunnumangabm
Burdwan etc gave higher yields at Kasaragod but it is too
early to recommend these for large scale cultivation
Preparation of land and planting
Prcparation of land starts with the receipt of early
summer showers The land is to be ploughed 5 to 8 times
to bring the soil to fine liith Beds of about one meter
width 15 cm height and of cOllvenient length ar piepared
at an interspace of 40 cm in between beds In the case of
irrigated crops ridges lire formed 40 cm apart
3
Early sowing with the receipt of good summer showet
ensures a good yield Seed rhizomes carefully preserved
under shade are cut into pieces each having at least one or
two good buJs and weighing about 15 g The seed pieces
are treated with 025 Agallol solution for 30 minutes o
drained and planted in rows 20-25 cm apart at a distance
of 15-20 em within the row and covered with $Oil The
seed rate per heetare is IgOO kg~
Manurine and Mlchie
At the time of plantin~ well decomposed cattle
manure or compost at lhe rate of 25-30 tonnes per hectitre
is to be appl ied It may either be broadcast over the beds
pi ior to planting or applid in pits or applied over the seed
rhizomes pits befo re covering Fertilisers arc applied to
supply 75 kg N 50 kg 1 20 and 50 kg KO per ha Whole
of p O~ and half of KO may be applied at the time of
sowing half of N applied 40 days afler planting and the
balance Nand K 20 lhree months after planting The beds
arc earthed up after each top dressing with the fertilisers
Mulching of the beds with green leaves is an imporshy
tant and cssemial operation for ginger Apart from being
a source of organic manure mulching prevents washing
away of soil and conserves soil moisture The first
mulching i5 done at the tme of planting with 125 tonnes
of grer n leaves per h1 and a second Illulching done after
40 days with 5 tonnes of green leaves per ha
Two weedings are grenerally given 10 Ihe crop Th e
first weeding is done just before the seond mulching and
repeated depending on the intensity of weed growth If
necessary weeding is to be repeated for a third lime
4
Rotation and mixed cropping
Ginger is commonly rotated with other creps The
crops most commonly rotated with ginger in Kcrala
are tapioca chillie~ dry paddy and gingelly in rainfed
areas and ragi groundnut maize and vegetables in irrigated
ones In Karnataka ginger is also cultivated mixed with
ragi red gram and castor Gingei s also grown as an
intercrop in coconut areca nut coffee ~Dd Lrange planati o ns
Hanesting and curing
The crop can be harvested in about eight months time
when the leaves turn yellow and start gradually drying up
The clumps ae iifted carefully wilh a spade or digging
fork and the adhering soil removed The average yield per
hectare varies with the varieties ranging from 15 to 30
tonnes
In order 10 market the produ ce as green ginger
ha rvesting is done carlier the rh izo mes ar~ thoroughly
wHsheJ in water two or thr~ limes to rnl10ve the soil and
d irt Then it i sun dried for a da y
For preparing dry ginger the outcr ~kin has to be peeled
off frem the rhizome For better peeling of the outer skin
the rhizomes can be cut to pieces of conven ient length
The produce is kept soaked in water overnight The
rhizomes are then rubbed well between the pal ms of the
hand Arter thoroughly cleaning it is removed from water
The outer skin is best removed with split bamboos having
pointed end s Only the outer skin is to be peeled since the
essenntial oil of ginger remain s near the skin Then the
pealed produce is washed and uniformly sun dried for a
5
week In order to get rid of the last bit of the skin or any
foreign matter the dry rhizomes are rubbed together These
are call ed the rough or unbleached ginger
The yield of dry ginger is 16-25 of the green ginger
depending on the variety
Preservation of Seed ginger
In o rder to good germination seed rhizomes are to be
)lo red properly in pits under shade The rhizom5 harvested
du r ng December~January have to be preserved for about 4
months before planting in April-May For seed material
bii plumpy rhizomes fref~ from diseases are selected
imroediateiy after harvest these rhizomes are fir st treated
with 025 solution of AgalJol for 30 minutes and then
placed under shade till the solution on the surface is dried
Treating with agallal is a prophylactic measure aginst
soft rot disease If the seed rhizomes are infested with
rhizome scale it is advi3able to treat the same with 005 malathiol dimetholte The seed rhizoms arc put loosely in
pits of of convenient size to a height of 10-15 em The pit
is covered witb a wooden piank leaving a gap of abollt
10 em between the seed and plank For aeration a small
hole is also provided on plank The remaining surface is
plastered with mud In some areas the rhizomes are loosely
heapad over a layer of sand or paddy husk and covered
with dry leaves
Plant protection
Pests
Shoot borer (Dichocllrds punctiferalis Gucn) The pest
causes damage to the pseudostems and rhLomes The pest
6
incidence can be detected by the presence of holes on the
pscudostem the frass fhrown out of the holes and dead
hearts The pest can be controlled by spraying 0 05
dimethoatephosphamidon or by soil application of
gran ular insecticides
Leaf Roller (Udaspes folus C) The caterpiltar remains
feeding in leaf folds and pupates inside the same The
adult is an active butterfly with brownish black wings having
white spots The pest can be controled by spraying 0]0
carbaryl or OOS~~ dimethotephosphamidon
Scales Aspidioius hariti c cause damage to ginger rhizomes
under field and storage conditions They sud up sap from
the rhizome as a result of which the rhizomes shrivel and
dry up This pct can be controlled by dipping the seed
rhizo mes in U05 ~ malathiondimethoate at the time of
planting
Diseases
Soft rot (Pyhium sp) This is the most destructive disease
of the ginger The symptoms include slight paleness of leaves
particularly at the ape~ the yellowing gradually spreads
downwards resulting in witheringalld drying of leaves The
collar region of the pseudostem becomes water soaked and
soft resulting in eventual death of the plant Lack of
drainage and continued dampness of the filed predispose
the phnts to infection The diseaie spreads through seed
rhizomes and soil Control measures include provision of
adequate drainage in the field Selection of healthy s(ed
rhizomes from disease-free trees t reating the rhizomes with
025 Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and
7
Cheshnutdr~nching the beds with 001 Agallol or
com pound 03 or captafol 0 I Leaf spot (PhyllcJlicta zingberi) The disease appears as
small oval to elongated spots on the leaves The mature
spot S are white and paperly at the cent re with a dark brown
margin surrounded by yellow halo 1 he d isease incidence is
severe when ginger is g own under exposed conditions It can b~ controlled by sjCraying with I Bordeaux mixture
or 02 Thiram
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
GINGER
Ginger Zil1giber officinah- is an important spice crop
of our country It is said to be a native of South East
Asia Ginger of commerce is the underground stem or
rhizome of the plant
In addition to its use as a spice ginger is also used
in various medicinal and culina ry preparations It is also
used as a flavoUl iog agent and for the extraction of essential
oil gingerol
Tndi~ is the largest producer of dry ginger in tl)e world
accounting for more than half of the total world producti on
Othr important ginger producing countries are Taiwan
Jamaica Sierra Leone Australia Mauricius Nigeria etc
India produces about 41000 tonnes of dry ginger anJluJly
from an estimated area of 25500 ha About 0-15 1-6 or the
produce is egtpo(ted mainly to Saudi Arabia and othe r
Middle East countries
Though ginger is cultivated in almost all the states of
the country Kerala accounts for more than 60 of I he
total production Himachal Pradesh West Bengal Oris~a
Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are
the other ginger growing states
Climate and soil
Ginger grows best in a warm and bumid climate It
is cultivated from al most sea level to an altitude of about
1500 111 The crop requires wells distributed rainfall Tn
low or moderate rainfall areas it needs good irrigaLo il
For the successful cultivation of the crop a modera te
2
rainfall at the sowing time till the rhizomes sprout fairly
heavy and well distribu ted showers during the growing
period and dry weather abou t a month before harvesting
are necess2ry It thrives well in a wide range of ~oils with
good drainage like sandy or clayey loam red loam or
lateritic loam soils A friable loam rich in humus is
ideal Planting mat~rial
Rhizomes are used for planting The seed rhizomes
are treated with 025 ~~ Agallol solution for 30 minutes
drained and stored in a cool dry piace or in earthcrn pits
plastered with mud A ldyer of paddy husk may be
provided before storing the rhizome
Varieties (cu]tivasrs)
i) For dlY ginger- Maran Wynltld Mananthody
Valluvanad Ernad or K urupshy
pampady
ii) For green gillger- Rios De Janeiro (preferable for extraction of oleoresin China Wynad local or Tafenshy
giya
Varieties like Nadia Poona Wynad Kunnumangabm
Burdwan etc gave higher yields at Kasaragod but it is too
early to recommend these for large scale cultivation
Preparation of land and planting
Prcparation of land starts with the receipt of early
summer showers The land is to be ploughed 5 to 8 times
to bring the soil to fine liith Beds of about one meter
width 15 cm height and of cOllvenient length ar piepared
at an interspace of 40 cm in between beds In the case of
irrigated crops ridges lire formed 40 cm apart
3
Early sowing with the receipt of good summer showet
ensures a good yield Seed rhizomes carefully preserved
under shade are cut into pieces each having at least one or
two good buJs and weighing about 15 g The seed pieces
are treated with 025 Agallol solution for 30 minutes o
drained and planted in rows 20-25 cm apart at a distance
of 15-20 em within the row and covered with $Oil The
seed rate per heetare is IgOO kg~
Manurine and Mlchie
At the time of plantin~ well decomposed cattle
manure or compost at lhe rate of 25-30 tonnes per hectitre
is to be appl ied It may either be broadcast over the beds
pi ior to planting or applid in pits or applied over the seed
rhizomes pits befo re covering Fertilisers arc applied to
supply 75 kg N 50 kg 1 20 and 50 kg KO per ha Whole
of p O~ and half of KO may be applied at the time of
sowing half of N applied 40 days afler planting and the
balance Nand K 20 lhree months after planting The beds
arc earthed up after each top dressing with the fertilisers
Mulching of the beds with green leaves is an imporshy
tant and cssemial operation for ginger Apart from being
a source of organic manure mulching prevents washing
away of soil and conserves soil moisture The first
mulching i5 done at the tme of planting with 125 tonnes
of grer n leaves per h1 and a second Illulching done after
40 days with 5 tonnes of green leaves per ha
Two weedings are grenerally given 10 Ihe crop Th e
first weeding is done just before the seond mulching and
repeated depending on the intensity of weed growth If
necessary weeding is to be repeated for a third lime
4
Rotation and mixed cropping
Ginger is commonly rotated with other creps The
crops most commonly rotated with ginger in Kcrala
are tapioca chillie~ dry paddy and gingelly in rainfed
areas and ragi groundnut maize and vegetables in irrigated
ones In Karnataka ginger is also cultivated mixed with
ragi red gram and castor Gingei s also grown as an
intercrop in coconut areca nut coffee ~Dd Lrange planati o ns
Hanesting and curing
The crop can be harvested in about eight months time
when the leaves turn yellow and start gradually drying up
The clumps ae iifted carefully wilh a spade or digging
fork and the adhering soil removed The average yield per
hectare varies with the varieties ranging from 15 to 30
tonnes
In order 10 market the produ ce as green ginger
ha rvesting is done carlier the rh izo mes ar~ thoroughly
wHsheJ in water two or thr~ limes to rnl10ve the soil and
d irt Then it i sun dried for a da y
For preparing dry ginger the outcr ~kin has to be peeled
off frem the rhizome For better peeling of the outer skin
the rhizomes can be cut to pieces of conven ient length
The produce is kept soaked in water overnight The
rhizomes are then rubbed well between the pal ms of the
hand Arter thoroughly cleaning it is removed from water
The outer skin is best removed with split bamboos having
pointed end s Only the outer skin is to be peeled since the
essenntial oil of ginger remain s near the skin Then the
pealed produce is washed and uniformly sun dried for a
5
week In order to get rid of the last bit of the skin or any
foreign matter the dry rhizomes are rubbed together These
are call ed the rough or unbleached ginger
The yield of dry ginger is 16-25 of the green ginger
depending on the variety
Preservation of Seed ginger
In o rder to good germination seed rhizomes are to be
)lo red properly in pits under shade The rhizom5 harvested
du r ng December~January have to be preserved for about 4
months before planting in April-May For seed material
bii plumpy rhizomes fref~ from diseases are selected
imroediateiy after harvest these rhizomes are fir st treated
with 025 solution of AgalJol for 30 minutes and then
placed under shade till the solution on the surface is dried
Treating with agallal is a prophylactic measure aginst
soft rot disease If the seed rhizomes are infested with
rhizome scale it is advi3able to treat the same with 005 malathiol dimetholte The seed rhizoms arc put loosely in
pits of of convenient size to a height of 10-15 em The pit
is covered witb a wooden piank leaving a gap of abollt
10 em between the seed and plank For aeration a small
hole is also provided on plank The remaining surface is
plastered with mud In some areas the rhizomes are loosely
heapad over a layer of sand or paddy husk and covered
with dry leaves
Plant protection
Pests
Shoot borer (Dichocllrds punctiferalis Gucn) The pest
causes damage to the pseudostems and rhLomes The pest
6
incidence can be detected by the presence of holes on the
pscudostem the frass fhrown out of the holes and dead
hearts The pest can be controlled by spraying 0 05
dimethoatephosphamidon or by soil application of
gran ular insecticides
Leaf Roller (Udaspes folus C) The caterpiltar remains
feeding in leaf folds and pupates inside the same The
adult is an active butterfly with brownish black wings having
white spots The pest can be controled by spraying 0]0
carbaryl or OOS~~ dimethotephosphamidon
Scales Aspidioius hariti c cause damage to ginger rhizomes
under field and storage conditions They sud up sap from
the rhizome as a result of which the rhizomes shrivel and
dry up This pct can be controlled by dipping the seed
rhizo mes in U05 ~ malathiondimethoate at the time of
planting
Diseases
Soft rot (Pyhium sp) This is the most destructive disease
of the ginger The symptoms include slight paleness of leaves
particularly at the ape~ the yellowing gradually spreads
downwards resulting in witheringalld drying of leaves The
collar region of the pseudostem becomes water soaked and
soft resulting in eventual death of the plant Lack of
drainage and continued dampness of the filed predispose
the phnts to infection The diseaie spreads through seed
rhizomes and soil Control measures include provision of
adequate drainage in the field Selection of healthy s(ed
rhizomes from disease-free trees t reating the rhizomes with
025 Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and
7
Cheshnutdr~nching the beds with 001 Agallol or
com pound 03 or captafol 0 I Leaf spot (PhyllcJlicta zingberi) The disease appears as
small oval to elongated spots on the leaves The mature
spot S are white and paperly at the cent re with a dark brown
margin surrounded by yellow halo 1 he d isease incidence is
severe when ginger is g own under exposed conditions It can b~ controlled by sjCraying with I Bordeaux mixture
or 02 Thiram
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
2
rainfall at the sowing time till the rhizomes sprout fairly
heavy and well distribu ted showers during the growing
period and dry weather abou t a month before harvesting
are necess2ry It thrives well in a wide range of ~oils with
good drainage like sandy or clayey loam red loam or
lateritic loam soils A friable loam rich in humus is
ideal Planting mat~rial
Rhizomes are used for planting The seed rhizomes
are treated with 025 ~~ Agallol solution for 30 minutes
drained and stored in a cool dry piace or in earthcrn pits
plastered with mud A ldyer of paddy husk may be
provided before storing the rhizome
Varieties (cu]tivasrs)
i) For dlY ginger- Maran Wynltld Mananthody
Valluvanad Ernad or K urupshy
pampady
ii) For green gillger- Rios De Janeiro (preferable for extraction of oleoresin China Wynad local or Tafenshy
giya
Varieties like Nadia Poona Wynad Kunnumangabm
Burdwan etc gave higher yields at Kasaragod but it is too
early to recommend these for large scale cultivation
Preparation of land and planting
Prcparation of land starts with the receipt of early
summer showers The land is to be ploughed 5 to 8 times
to bring the soil to fine liith Beds of about one meter
width 15 cm height and of cOllvenient length ar piepared
at an interspace of 40 cm in between beds In the case of
irrigated crops ridges lire formed 40 cm apart
3
Early sowing with the receipt of good summer showet
ensures a good yield Seed rhizomes carefully preserved
under shade are cut into pieces each having at least one or
two good buJs and weighing about 15 g The seed pieces
are treated with 025 Agallol solution for 30 minutes o
drained and planted in rows 20-25 cm apart at a distance
of 15-20 em within the row and covered with $Oil The
seed rate per heetare is IgOO kg~
Manurine and Mlchie
At the time of plantin~ well decomposed cattle
manure or compost at lhe rate of 25-30 tonnes per hectitre
is to be appl ied It may either be broadcast over the beds
pi ior to planting or applid in pits or applied over the seed
rhizomes pits befo re covering Fertilisers arc applied to
supply 75 kg N 50 kg 1 20 and 50 kg KO per ha Whole
of p O~ and half of KO may be applied at the time of
sowing half of N applied 40 days afler planting and the
balance Nand K 20 lhree months after planting The beds
arc earthed up after each top dressing with the fertilisers
Mulching of the beds with green leaves is an imporshy
tant and cssemial operation for ginger Apart from being
a source of organic manure mulching prevents washing
away of soil and conserves soil moisture The first
mulching i5 done at the tme of planting with 125 tonnes
of grer n leaves per h1 and a second Illulching done after
40 days with 5 tonnes of green leaves per ha
Two weedings are grenerally given 10 Ihe crop Th e
first weeding is done just before the seond mulching and
repeated depending on the intensity of weed growth If
necessary weeding is to be repeated for a third lime
4
Rotation and mixed cropping
Ginger is commonly rotated with other creps The
crops most commonly rotated with ginger in Kcrala
are tapioca chillie~ dry paddy and gingelly in rainfed
areas and ragi groundnut maize and vegetables in irrigated
ones In Karnataka ginger is also cultivated mixed with
ragi red gram and castor Gingei s also grown as an
intercrop in coconut areca nut coffee ~Dd Lrange planati o ns
Hanesting and curing
The crop can be harvested in about eight months time
when the leaves turn yellow and start gradually drying up
The clumps ae iifted carefully wilh a spade or digging
fork and the adhering soil removed The average yield per
hectare varies with the varieties ranging from 15 to 30
tonnes
In order 10 market the produ ce as green ginger
ha rvesting is done carlier the rh izo mes ar~ thoroughly
wHsheJ in water two or thr~ limes to rnl10ve the soil and
d irt Then it i sun dried for a da y
For preparing dry ginger the outcr ~kin has to be peeled
off frem the rhizome For better peeling of the outer skin
the rhizomes can be cut to pieces of conven ient length
The produce is kept soaked in water overnight The
rhizomes are then rubbed well between the pal ms of the
hand Arter thoroughly cleaning it is removed from water
The outer skin is best removed with split bamboos having
pointed end s Only the outer skin is to be peeled since the
essenntial oil of ginger remain s near the skin Then the
pealed produce is washed and uniformly sun dried for a
5
week In order to get rid of the last bit of the skin or any
foreign matter the dry rhizomes are rubbed together These
are call ed the rough or unbleached ginger
The yield of dry ginger is 16-25 of the green ginger
depending on the variety
Preservation of Seed ginger
In o rder to good germination seed rhizomes are to be
)lo red properly in pits under shade The rhizom5 harvested
du r ng December~January have to be preserved for about 4
months before planting in April-May For seed material
bii plumpy rhizomes fref~ from diseases are selected
imroediateiy after harvest these rhizomes are fir st treated
with 025 solution of AgalJol for 30 minutes and then
placed under shade till the solution on the surface is dried
Treating with agallal is a prophylactic measure aginst
soft rot disease If the seed rhizomes are infested with
rhizome scale it is advi3able to treat the same with 005 malathiol dimetholte The seed rhizoms arc put loosely in
pits of of convenient size to a height of 10-15 em The pit
is covered witb a wooden piank leaving a gap of abollt
10 em between the seed and plank For aeration a small
hole is also provided on plank The remaining surface is
plastered with mud In some areas the rhizomes are loosely
heapad over a layer of sand or paddy husk and covered
with dry leaves
Plant protection
Pests
Shoot borer (Dichocllrds punctiferalis Gucn) The pest
causes damage to the pseudostems and rhLomes The pest
6
incidence can be detected by the presence of holes on the
pscudostem the frass fhrown out of the holes and dead
hearts The pest can be controlled by spraying 0 05
dimethoatephosphamidon or by soil application of
gran ular insecticides
Leaf Roller (Udaspes folus C) The caterpiltar remains
feeding in leaf folds and pupates inside the same The
adult is an active butterfly with brownish black wings having
white spots The pest can be controled by spraying 0]0
carbaryl or OOS~~ dimethotephosphamidon
Scales Aspidioius hariti c cause damage to ginger rhizomes
under field and storage conditions They sud up sap from
the rhizome as a result of which the rhizomes shrivel and
dry up This pct can be controlled by dipping the seed
rhizo mes in U05 ~ malathiondimethoate at the time of
planting
Diseases
Soft rot (Pyhium sp) This is the most destructive disease
of the ginger The symptoms include slight paleness of leaves
particularly at the ape~ the yellowing gradually spreads
downwards resulting in witheringalld drying of leaves The
collar region of the pseudostem becomes water soaked and
soft resulting in eventual death of the plant Lack of
drainage and continued dampness of the filed predispose
the phnts to infection The diseaie spreads through seed
rhizomes and soil Control measures include provision of
adequate drainage in the field Selection of healthy s(ed
rhizomes from disease-free trees t reating the rhizomes with
025 Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and
7
Cheshnutdr~nching the beds with 001 Agallol or
com pound 03 or captafol 0 I Leaf spot (PhyllcJlicta zingberi) The disease appears as
small oval to elongated spots on the leaves The mature
spot S are white and paperly at the cent re with a dark brown
margin surrounded by yellow halo 1 he d isease incidence is
severe when ginger is g own under exposed conditions It can b~ controlled by sjCraying with I Bordeaux mixture
or 02 Thiram
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
4
Rotation and mixed cropping
Ginger is commonly rotated with other creps The
crops most commonly rotated with ginger in Kcrala
are tapioca chillie~ dry paddy and gingelly in rainfed
areas and ragi groundnut maize and vegetables in irrigated
ones In Karnataka ginger is also cultivated mixed with
ragi red gram and castor Gingei s also grown as an
intercrop in coconut areca nut coffee ~Dd Lrange planati o ns
Hanesting and curing
The crop can be harvested in about eight months time
when the leaves turn yellow and start gradually drying up
The clumps ae iifted carefully wilh a spade or digging
fork and the adhering soil removed The average yield per
hectare varies with the varieties ranging from 15 to 30
tonnes
In order 10 market the produ ce as green ginger
ha rvesting is done carlier the rh izo mes ar~ thoroughly
wHsheJ in water two or thr~ limes to rnl10ve the soil and
d irt Then it i sun dried for a da y
For preparing dry ginger the outcr ~kin has to be peeled
off frem the rhizome For better peeling of the outer skin
the rhizomes can be cut to pieces of conven ient length
The produce is kept soaked in water overnight The
rhizomes are then rubbed well between the pal ms of the
hand Arter thoroughly cleaning it is removed from water
The outer skin is best removed with split bamboos having
pointed end s Only the outer skin is to be peeled since the
essenntial oil of ginger remain s near the skin Then the
pealed produce is washed and uniformly sun dried for a
5
week In order to get rid of the last bit of the skin or any
foreign matter the dry rhizomes are rubbed together These
are call ed the rough or unbleached ginger
The yield of dry ginger is 16-25 of the green ginger
depending on the variety
Preservation of Seed ginger
In o rder to good germination seed rhizomes are to be
)lo red properly in pits under shade The rhizom5 harvested
du r ng December~January have to be preserved for about 4
months before planting in April-May For seed material
bii plumpy rhizomes fref~ from diseases are selected
imroediateiy after harvest these rhizomes are fir st treated
with 025 solution of AgalJol for 30 minutes and then
placed under shade till the solution on the surface is dried
Treating with agallal is a prophylactic measure aginst
soft rot disease If the seed rhizomes are infested with
rhizome scale it is advi3able to treat the same with 005 malathiol dimetholte The seed rhizoms arc put loosely in
pits of of convenient size to a height of 10-15 em The pit
is covered witb a wooden piank leaving a gap of abollt
10 em between the seed and plank For aeration a small
hole is also provided on plank The remaining surface is
plastered with mud In some areas the rhizomes are loosely
heapad over a layer of sand or paddy husk and covered
with dry leaves
Plant protection
Pests
Shoot borer (Dichocllrds punctiferalis Gucn) The pest
causes damage to the pseudostems and rhLomes The pest
6
incidence can be detected by the presence of holes on the
pscudostem the frass fhrown out of the holes and dead
hearts The pest can be controlled by spraying 0 05
dimethoatephosphamidon or by soil application of
gran ular insecticides
Leaf Roller (Udaspes folus C) The caterpiltar remains
feeding in leaf folds and pupates inside the same The
adult is an active butterfly with brownish black wings having
white spots The pest can be controled by spraying 0]0
carbaryl or OOS~~ dimethotephosphamidon
Scales Aspidioius hariti c cause damage to ginger rhizomes
under field and storage conditions They sud up sap from
the rhizome as a result of which the rhizomes shrivel and
dry up This pct can be controlled by dipping the seed
rhizo mes in U05 ~ malathiondimethoate at the time of
planting
Diseases
Soft rot (Pyhium sp) This is the most destructive disease
of the ginger The symptoms include slight paleness of leaves
particularly at the ape~ the yellowing gradually spreads
downwards resulting in witheringalld drying of leaves The
collar region of the pseudostem becomes water soaked and
soft resulting in eventual death of the plant Lack of
drainage and continued dampness of the filed predispose
the phnts to infection The diseaie spreads through seed
rhizomes and soil Control measures include provision of
adequate drainage in the field Selection of healthy s(ed
rhizomes from disease-free trees t reating the rhizomes with
025 Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and
7
Cheshnutdr~nching the beds with 001 Agallol or
com pound 03 or captafol 0 I Leaf spot (PhyllcJlicta zingberi) The disease appears as
small oval to elongated spots on the leaves The mature
spot S are white and paperly at the cent re with a dark brown
margin surrounded by yellow halo 1 he d isease incidence is
severe when ginger is g own under exposed conditions It can b~ controlled by sjCraying with I Bordeaux mixture
or 02 Thiram
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
6
incidence can be detected by the presence of holes on the
pscudostem the frass fhrown out of the holes and dead
hearts The pest can be controlled by spraying 0 05
dimethoatephosphamidon or by soil application of
gran ular insecticides
Leaf Roller (Udaspes folus C) The caterpiltar remains
feeding in leaf folds and pupates inside the same The
adult is an active butterfly with brownish black wings having
white spots The pest can be controled by spraying 0]0
carbaryl or OOS~~ dimethotephosphamidon
Scales Aspidioius hariti c cause damage to ginger rhizomes
under field and storage conditions They sud up sap from
the rhizome as a result of which the rhizomes shrivel and
dry up This pct can be controlled by dipping the seed
rhizo mes in U05 ~ malathiondimethoate at the time of
planting
Diseases
Soft rot (Pyhium sp) This is the most destructive disease
of the ginger The symptoms include slight paleness of leaves
particularly at the ape~ the yellowing gradually spreads
downwards resulting in witheringalld drying of leaves The
collar region of the pseudostem becomes water soaked and
soft resulting in eventual death of the plant Lack of
drainage and continued dampness of the filed predispose
the phnts to infection The diseaie spreads through seed
rhizomes and soil Control measures include provision of
adequate drainage in the field Selection of healthy s(ed
rhizomes from disease-free trees t reating the rhizomes with
025 Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and
7
Cheshnutdr~nching the beds with 001 Agallol or
com pound 03 or captafol 0 I Leaf spot (PhyllcJlicta zingberi) The disease appears as
small oval to elongated spots on the leaves The mature
spot S are white and paperly at the cent re with a dark brown
margin surrounded by yellow halo 1 he d isease incidence is
severe when ginger is g own under exposed conditions It can b~ controlled by sjCraying with I Bordeaux mixture
or 02 Thiram
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
lt
)
g ltt
(I
C5 0
lt)
rshy~
Os
gtD
I
ltJ)
0
0
0 t)
~
(Il0
shy
~
~O
J)0
lt
lt ~
~ ~
0 c ~
~
0u ~
c
0 ~
4)
~U
-X
0
lt)
- JLl
U ~
S
~ shy
~
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121
Third Revisd Edition - 1979 bull bull Published by The DLRECrOR Central Plantation Crltlps
Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) bull
Kasaragod- 670 124 Kerala
Printed at Srinivas Mudranalaya Kasaragod-670 121