GILDED AGE POLITICS
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Transcript of GILDED AGE POLITICS
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Amanda DonnerSt. James H.S.
GILDED AGE POLITICS
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Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year
depression]. Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues:
* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.
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1876 Presidential Tickets
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“Regional Balance?”
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1876 Presidential Election
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The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?
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Hayes Prevails
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Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
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A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
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1. A Two-Party Stalemate
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Two-Party “Balance”
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2. Intense
Voter Loyalty to the
Two MajorPolitical Parties
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Politics a major fascination of late nineteenth century
White males make up bulk of electoratewomen may vote in national elections only in
Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado
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3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs
DemocraticBloc
RepublicanBloc
White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)
Catholics Recent
immigrants(esp. Jews)
Urban working poor (pro-labor)
Most farmers
Northern whites(pro-business)
African Americans
Northern Protestants
Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)
Most of the middleclass
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4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.
From 1870-1900 Govt. did verylittle domestically.
Main duties of the federal govt.: Deliver the mail. Maintain a national military. Collect taxes & tariffs. Conduct a foreign policy.
Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.
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5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office
Party bosses ruled. Presidents should
avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.
The President justdoled out federal jobs.
1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.
1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “
Senator Roscoe Conkling
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1880 Presidential Election: Republicans
Half Breeds Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
compromise
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Stalwart or HalfbreedStalwart—Supported the spoils system &
Radical RepublicanismHalfbreed—Supported Civil Service reform
Republican Question
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1880 Presidential Election: Democrats
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Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Shop
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1880 Presidential Election
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Garfield (R) Halfbreed wins election, on July 2, 1881 he was assassinated by Charles Guiteau who said “I am a Stalwart”Garfield’s VP Chester A. Arthur (Stalwart) was now president
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1881: Garfield Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!
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Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken
Coop?
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Civil Service Reform
The assassination of the Pres pushed people to reform
Beginning of the end for the Spoils System
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Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta”
of civil service reform.
1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.
1900 100,000 out of
200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.
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Republican “Mugwumps” Reformers who wouldn’t re-
nominateChester A. Arthur.
Reform to them create a disinterested, impartial govt. run by an educated elite like themselves.
Social Darwinists. Laissez faire government to them:
Favoritism & the spoils system seen as govt. intervention in society.
Their target was political corruption, not social or economic reform!
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TheMugwump
sMen may come and men may go, but the work of reform shall go on forever. Will support
Cleveland in the1884 election.
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1884 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)
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A Dirty Campaign
Ma, Ma…where’s my pa?He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!
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Little Lost Mugwump
Blaine in 1884
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During election many Rep. bolted the party. Blaine’s indiscretions came out (he took graft & sold his votes)
Cleveland ran an election on reform platform—battle graft & corruption
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Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!
Led a delegation of
ministers to Blaine inNYC.
Reference to the Democratic Party.
Blaine was slow torepudiate the remark.
Narrow victory forCleveland [he wins NYby only 1149 votes!].
Dr. Samuel Burchard
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1884 Presidential
Election
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Cleveland’s First Term The “Veto Governor” from New York.
Cleveland uses veto to curtail federal activities—vetoed bills for fraudulent pensions for veterans
First Democratic elected since 1856. A public office is a public trust! Establishes the Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC)—regulate R/R’s 1st time His laissez-faire presidency:
Opposed bills to assist the poor aswell as the rich.
Vetoed over 200 special pension billsfor Civil War veterans!
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Bravo, Señor Clevelando!
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The Tariff Issue After the Civil War, Congress raised
tariffs to protect new US industries. Big business wanted to continue
this;consumers did not.
1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus!
Mugwumps opposed it WHY??? President Cleveland’s view on
tariffs???? Tariffs became a major issue in the
1888presidential election.
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Filing the Rough Edges
Tariff of 1888
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1888 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison (DEM) * (REP)
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Cleveland wins popular vote, but loses election
Harrison ran on platform of giving $ to veteran pensions
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Coming Out for Harrison
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The Smallest Specimen Yet
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1888 Presidential Election
1888—Republicans control both White House and Capitol Hill
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Disposing the Surplus
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Changing Public Opinion
Americans wanted the federal govt. to dealwith growing soc. & eco. problems & to curbthe power of the trusts: Interstate Commerce Act – 1887Sherman Silver Purchase Act –
1890 requires treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly (backs paper money with silver)—not enough for farmers
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McKinley Tariff – 1890 Based on the theory that prosperity
flowed directly from protectionism. Increased already high rates another 4%! raises duties on manufactured goods (hurt farmers) Raised taxes on agricultural imports (helped)
1890—Sherman Anti-Trust Act regulates big business—break up monopoliesDoes not define trust completely
Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).
Changing Public Opinion