GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview Testing Approaching€¦ · GigE & 10GigE Ethernet...

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GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview & Testing Approaching Ray Lanier [email protected] Concord Communications Associates, Inc. 214 South Main Street Concord, NH 03301 Tel: 603-228-8627 Fax: 603-224-3719 www.ccairep.com

Transcript of GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview Testing Approaching€¦ · GigE & 10GigE Ethernet...

Page 1: GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview Testing Approaching€¦ · GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview & Testing Approaching Ray Lanier ray.lanier@ccairep.com Concord Communications

GigE & 10GigE Ethernet Technology Overview&

Testing Approaching

Ray Lanier

[email protected]

Concord Communications Associates, Inc.

214 South Main Street

Concord, NH 03301

Tel: 603-228-8627 Fax: 603-224-3719

www.ccairep.com

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AgendaEthernet Fundamentals

OSI Model

Ethernet and SONET comparison

Physical Layer (Layer 1)

Ethernet Frames (Layer 2)

Virtual LAN (VLAN) Concept

Auto-Negotiation Process

Flow Control – Pause Frames

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The OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model defines layers in a network. Understanding the function of each layer is key in understanding data

communication within Local, Metropolitan or Wide networks.

ApplicationPresentation

SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysicalLayer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Layer 4

Layer 5

Layer 6

Layer 7 Concerned with the end-users particular application

Provides for the representation of dataPerforms administrative tasks and security

Ensures end to end error free deliveryHandles addressing and routing between elementsHandles transfer of data over the channelHandles physical signaling, including connectors, timing, voltage T1, SONET

ATM, Frame Relay,Ethernet

IP, IPX

TCP, UDP

HTTP,FTPetc

The OSI Layer Model

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Ethernet is generally placed in Layer 2 – Data Link Layer of the OSI model

Ethernet can be transported as follows:

• Ethernet over DWDM – this is a Layer 1 service

• Ethernet over SONET – could be a Layer 1 or Layer 2 service, depends on the network element deployed

• Ethernet Routed Network – this is a Layer 3 service

How does Ethernet fit into OSI Model?

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SONETLayer 1

10/100/GigE and10GigE LAN

Layer 1 and 2

ApplicationPresentation

SessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysical

OSI Layer Model

IPATM

SONET Ethernet

IPEthernet

ApplicationPresentation

SessionTransportNetwork

PhysicalDatalink

SONET / Ethernet Comparison

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Synchronous Timing Asynchronous TimingSONET Ethernet

OC-12RING

SONET / Ethernet Comparison

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SONET / Ethernet Comparison

SONETEthernet

Bit Rate

Time

Designed for voice traffic• Fixed frame size• Constant bit rate

Designed for data traffic• Variable frame size• Bursty Traffic

SONET Ethernet

SONET

10/100/GigE and 10GigE LAN

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Layer 1 – Physical Layer

Fiber Principles and Copper Characteristics

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Ethernet Physical Layer Media – 10/100 and GigE

Most Common Physical Media for 10/100 and GigE• 10/100 Ethernet:

• 10BaseT/100BaseTX• Gigabit Ethernet:

• 1000BASE-SX (850 nm, Multi-Mode Fiber) • 1000BASE-LX (1310 nm, Single-Mode/Multi-Mode Fiber)

Other Interfaces• Gigabit Ethernet

• 1000BASE-CX, 1000BASE-T copper• 1000BASE-ZX (80km, 1550nm, single mode)

• 100 Mbps• 100BaseFX (multimode fiber)

Datalink

Network

Transport

Application

Presentation

Session

Physical

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10GigE Physical Layer Media

Presentation

Application

Transport

Session

Datalink

Network

PhysicalSource: IEEE 802.3ae

10GigE LAN

10GigE WAN

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Layer 2 – Ethernet Frames

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Ethernet Link (Layer 2) EstablishmentPhysical Layer has to be active:

• This means the optical signal has to be received• Ethernet Synchronization (for example, 1.25 Gbps) achieved• Physical Link Established (Auto-negotiation must be

achieved)

If Physical Layer healthy, Ethernet frames can be send to verify traffic and throughput

Layer 2 traffic (Ethernet frames) can be transported over the link

Each Ethernet node has a unique address, called a MAC address, assigned to it by the manufacturer

All traffic originating on that node has its MAC address populated into a source address field in the Ethernet frames

All traffic destined for that node will have its MAC address populated into the destination address field by the originating node

Datalink

Network

Transport

Application

Presentation

Session

Physical

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Same frame regardless of rate - 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps LAN

Variable Frame Size – 64 bytes to 1518 bytes (excluding Preamble and SFD)

Must have an integer number of bytes in every frame

Note – testing practices• Undersized frames less than 64 bytes are considered errors• Jumbo frames larger than 1518 bytes are considered valid frames

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7)

Ethernet Frames

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7)

Preamble - allows physical layer to detect carrier and acquire sync (7 bytes of alternating 1’s and 0’s)

SFD - Start of Frame Delimiter - identifies the beginning of a frame (1 byte -10101011)

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Ethernet Frame – More Detail

Addresses• DA - Destination Address • SA - Source Address• Each source address is unique• First 3 bytes identify manufacturer of equipment, assigned by IEEE

Length/Type Field• 802.3 frame - indicates length of data field (<=1500)• Ethernet Type II (DIX) frame - indicates type of frame data (>=1536)

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7)

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7)

Fields used for FCS calc

Ethernet Frame – FCS Calculation• Data – the payload -> next layer up (IP, IPX, etc.)• FCS - Frame Check Sequence - A 32-bit cyclic redundancy check

performed on the frame for error detection• FCS - a primary measurement to verify that your Ethernet pipe is good!

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Used to channelize traffic (pipe with in a pipe)Can also be used to differentiate and prioritize traffic

Contains 4 fields:• Tag Protocol Identifier - Fixed at hex 81-00

for Ethernet• User Priority - Used to prioritize different

types of traffic• Canonical Frame Identifier - used only in

Token Ring• VLAN ID - Specifies the VLAN group (value is

0 to 4095)

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7) VLAN (4)

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

1 Gigabit trunk

IPTVHigh Priority

Traffic

Internet BrowsingLow Priority Traffic

2 bytes 3 bits 1 bit 12 bits

VLAN IDCFIPriorityTPI

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Auto-Negotiation ProcessMechanism used to negotiate the speed and duplex configuration of the link between two partners

Only applies to 10/100 and GigE - not to 10GigE

If Auto-Neg is ON (enabled):• Each node advertises capabilities to the other• Each node will configure themselves to the highest common denominator of

their partner’s capabilities and their own• Key parameters advertised:

• Half Duplex/Full Duplex • Flow control capabilities

If Auto-Neg is OFF (Disabled):• Link will come up IDLE

IMPORTANT - Both link partners must have settings for Auto-negotiation matched (either enabled or disabled on both ends), otherwise a negotiation mismatch will result and link will not be established

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Flow Control Process

Mechanism used to control network congestion and prevent traffic from being dropped

Applies to 10/100, GigE and 10GigE interfaces

PAUSE Frames• Uses a defined MAC control frame format • Contains a time field that defines PAUSE time• Receipt of a PAUSE frame causes Ethernet device to cease transmission

for PAUSE time

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Service getting more complex:• Point to point or switched• 10/100 and Gigabit interfaces• Not always a full Gigabit - configurable bandwidth in STS increments• Flow control may be enabled

SONET RingOC-48 or OC-192

Customer GigE Switch

EthernetLink A

EthernetLink B

SONET Link

Cisco 15454

Ethernet over SONET (EoS) Service

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Relationship between SONET mapping and maximum throughput

Transport Circuit Size % GE Interface Speed Bandwidth in Mbps

STS1 5 50

STS3c 15 150

STS6c 30 300

STS9c 45 450

STS12c 60 600

STS24c 100 1000

STS48c 100 1000

Ethernet over SONET (EoS) Service

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Turn-up, Acceptance, and Troubleshooting Ethernet/IP

Transport Networks

Ray [email protected]

Concord Communications214 South Main Street

Concord, NH 03301Tel: 603-228-8627 Fax: 603-224-3719

www.ccairep.com

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Agenda

Testing a network• Basic structure of an Ethernet/IP Network• Parameters to test

• Throughput, Frame Loss, Latency, and Jitter• Limits of basic testing

Transport Testing• Testing a bit Transparent Link• Testing an Ethernet over SONET Link• Testing a packet Switched Link

Ethernet Transport Testing DemoJDSU Ethernet Turn-up Product

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CE PE PEPB PB CE

Access Backbone, Core WAN, Metro, Satellite

Access

Basic structure of an Ethernet/IP Network

EdgeTransport

Equipment

Transmissiontechnique

Switchingtechnique

EdgeProcessingEquipment

Packet orientedEthernet

Purpose of test is to check the backbone for errors

LAN/NE LAN/NE

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Testing Responsibility of Transport Groups

Application Layer

End-to-End Transport Layer

CE PE PEPB PB CE

DWDMSONETSatellite

Ethernet/IPEthernet/IP

Responsibility of Transport Groups

Test is run from one LAN to another, placing a tester where the enterprise router used to be and testing the transport

layer

LAN/NE LAN/NE

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Throughput – Do I get my full pipe?

Audio

Affected by • The max bandwidth link set up between two locations (e.g. SONET NE)• Network Overhead • Whether network elements are setup properly

Customer Complaints• For VoIP if the customer can only place min # of call at a time successfully• For Data if the customer states that during peak hours the internet slows

downDetailed Comments• Throughput is the key result of a test

• Frame loss, latency & jitter should be checked at max throughput for transport quality

• Best way to test throughput: • Generate a constant load at max throughput rate.

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Round Trip Time (Latency) – Network DelayAffected by • Priority queuing and traffic shaping problems• Network Congestion• Length and type of Link

Customer Complaints• For VoIP when the customer complains of Over talk and echo• For Data if the customer complains of extreme load times for web pages

Detailed Comments• Key time to test round trip time is when throughput is at max on the link, to

ensure that buffering and live traffic is not going to drastically delay the Round Trip Time

• Because a ping is done using IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) routers handle these at a lower priority than traffic, pinging produces an inaccurate latency measurement

14 3

3

2

1 4TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP

TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMPTIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP

TIMESTAMP2 TIMESTAMP

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Packet Loss Parameter

Core IP Network/Gateway

Three Packets In Two Packets OutHome

Affected by • Buffer overruns in network components• Network Congestion• Bad network elements

Customer Complaints• VoIP packet clicks & fuzziness or even dropped calls in extreme situations• Again for Data complainants of extreme load times (TCP retransmissions)• Complains of no throughput it may be due to excessive packet loss

Detailed Comments• The best way to check packet loss is by having a sequence number in

every packet to see on the receiving side if any packets were lost or erred in transit

• Note this test should be run at max throughput as most packet loss problems can’t be seen unless the network and queues are being stressed

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BERT versus packet oriented testing

1110111101011111010000100000111111101011

1110111101011111010000100000111111101011

Bit errors Throughput

4 (10%) (0%)

Packet based testing is the future of switched links though BERT is the past and can still be useful on bit transparent links

40 bit sequence of 4 packets

10 (25%) (75%)

Ethernet frames/packets are dropped if they contain a single errorAssuming 1518 byte packets, a BER of 8e-5 can lead to a 99.99% throughput or a 0% throughput rate depending on when the errors are distributed!!!

Bottom Line is a Packet Error Rate is key in the IP world, not the BER rate like we are all used to

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Packet JitterPacket Jitter

Packets Equally spaced

Variation in packet spacing (jitter)

Packet Jitter = variation in arrival time between packetsPacket Jitter = variation in arrival time between packetsAffected by • Variation in network traffic levels• Network Congestion• Priority queuing and traffic shaping problems in combined VoIP / data

networksCustomer Complaints• For VoIP packet clicking and popping noises to the end user• For VoIP garbled speech

Detailed Comments• Note Jitter is important for testing in networks that use VoIP or IPTV. It is

NOT generally critical in data only networks

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Transport Techniques

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Two key things to remember about Ethernet

1. Ethernet frames that are errored (FCS errored frames) will be discarded by Ethernet-aware devices.

2. Devices with Ethernet Intelligence (switches, routers) can not be hard-looped like a physical layer (T1, etc) device.

• When performing testing on a Layer 2+ Ethernet network or element, you cannot use hard loop-backs and expect to get the traffic back

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Testing links – Bit Transparent Link

The most important features:Ethernet access rate and BB transport rate must be of the same.Ethernet link is transferred bit transparent.Per Ethernet link a separate transport channel(fiber, opt. channel, SDH VCG).Very small delay time.No packet switching; No Store & Forward; No prioritizationBit errors and errored packets are forwarded.

on bit level

Dark fiberOpt. channelSDH VCG

Ethernet link

1 Gbps

Idles

Frame

1 Gbps

Idles

FrameFiber Patch

Opt. MUX

NewSDH/GFP-T

GFP-T: Transparent Generic Framing ProcedureVCG: Virtual Concatenation Group

CE - Access BackbonePE - Adaptation

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Test links –Packet Switched Networks

The most important features:Ethernet access rate und BB transport rate can be different.Ethernet link is transferred packet based.For identification the PE inserts a tag/label.Multiple Ethernet links can be transferred in a single BB trunk.Store & Forward causes delay and delay variation.With packet switching; probably with prioritizationBit errors and errored packets are not forwarded.

on packet levelEthernet link

100 Mbps

Idles

Frame

FCS

Stor

e&Fo

rwar

d

L2/3

Pac

ket

Switc

hing

+ VP

N

Packet loss

CE - Access BackbonePE - Adaptation

pro Eth. Link < = 100 MbpsTotal link 1 GigE or 10 GigE

Frame

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How to test EoS Service:Hard loop generally no longer certaintyDepends on network element FST-2802 generates traffic at customer premiseFST-2802 in CO loops traffic back

Verify:

Connectivity – “Link”

Through Put – “Ethernet

frames”

QoS – “no FCS errors”

SONET RingOC-48 or OC-192

Testing Ethernet over SONET (EoS)

EthernetLink A

EthernetLink B

SONET Link

Cisco 15454

Loopback Mode

FST-2802

FST-2802

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Turn-up of multiple services (VoIP, Video, Data)

Test goal “Multiple Services”:• Prove 100% availability of the transmission bandwidth as a whole and divided

on the individual service classes (VoIP, Video, Data).• Service-related (VoIP, video, data) QoS proof is required.• Control of the bandwidth management (Prioritization, bandwidth rate

limitation)• QoS parameters per service: Throughput, Packet Loss, Round Trip Time,

Packet Jitter

Test method:• Measurement setup is possible only with two testers. Physical loop is not

permitted.• Generate Multiple Streams with service-typical load profiles, in order to

stimulate the test link in accordance with the later services.• RFC-2544 is not meaningful.

• RFC-2544 checks general performance and not service-related performance. • E.g. if one service is limited by low prioritization level, the coordination of the zeroing

process is rather complex.

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Ethernet Transport Testing Demo

JDSU FST-2802 JDSU

TB-8000

GigE 1.25 Gbps

Single Mode FiberConnection

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High-end Modular PlatformSingle or Dual Port (10/100/100 + Optical GigE)Single port 10GigEL1/L2/L3 TestingRFC2544Remote ControlOther Transport Technologies (SONET/SDH, T/E-Carrier etc.)

High-end Modular PlatformSingle or Dual Port (10/100/100 + Optical GigE)Single port 10GigEL1/L2/L3 TestingRFC2544Remote ControlOther Transport Technologies (SONET/SDH, T/E-Carrier etc.)

Point solutionSingle PortCable DiagnosticL2/L3 TestingRFC2544Loopback DeviceLow Cost

Point solutionSingle PortCable DiagnosticL2/L3 TestingRFC2544Loopback DeviceLow Cost

Modular PlatformSingle Port TermDual Port ThruCable DiagnosticL2/L3/L4 TestingRFC2544Multiple Streams VOIP/Video Test ApplicationsRemote ControlOther Access Technologies (E1/T1, DSL Copper)

Modular PlatformSingle Port TermDual Port ThruCable DiagnosticL2/L3/L4 TestingRFC2544Multiple Streams VOIP/Video Test ApplicationsRemote ControlOther Access Technologies (E1/T1, DSL Copper)

TB-8000TB-8000 SmartClassSmartClassHST-3000HST-3000

JDSU Ethernet Turn-up Product - Summary

First Ethernet SolutionSingle or Dual PortEthernet and FCL1/L2/L3 TestingRFC2544Multiple StreamsGraphical ResultsPDF PrintoutRandom Frame Size IP/VLAN DiscoveryRemote Control

First Ethernet SolutionSingle or Dual PortEthernet and FCL1/L2/L3 TestingRFC2544Multiple StreamsGraphical ResultsPDF PrintoutRandom Frame Size IP/VLAN DiscoveryRemote Control

FST-2802FST-2802

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