of Nero . . .
of the Christians as the Incendiaries o the City 18
Remarks
Antoninus
a general Persecution .
• • •
.....
3.
The
QuEestor
Sons
—
Purple
236
Recalled
315
Schism
of
John
344
Zeal
.
dictates,
among all
martyrs have been recorded
the
Christians were exposed, is
are seldom in
those
who
flames of
experienced
from
the
Roman
magistrates
and
governors
for
the
temple
of
Jerusalem,
of
Antoninus
Pius,
the
Jews
discovered
a
furious
massacres
and
;
^
by the
unhappy
victims
were
sawed
asunder,
according
David had
ample.
to
an
idola-
trous
master;
and
by
was
by
announcing
they
should
the
precincts
of
Jerusalem,
provinces,
honours,
and
time, an
Histoire des
Antoninus.
See
Casaubon
dispersed
brethren
of
Edom.^
Since
the
Jews,
adored by
en-
joyed,
Another colony
weight, the name
Jews
were
a
nation;
precepts
laws unanimously
By
disdaining
deserve
their
contempt.
The
laws
the
most
during
many
ages
by
a
that they
protected
the
Jewish
unnatural
and
institutions
of
whatever
their
fathers
expression)
merely
of
a
would
equally
disdain
Athens or
Carthage. Every
his
argu-
of
worship
of the Supreme
were
at
a
loss
to
discover
a
desertion of the
for themselves
and their
chosen disciples
the privilege
fanaticism.
ing
only to
of
to treat the mysterious subject of the Trinity in
a
style
of
ridicule
and
the weak-
divine
perfections."
Chris-
tianity
The
Natura
enthusiasts,
Sai/j.6vioi
riding
the
Gods
of
Paganism,
proposes
of faith
of those
ancient heroes
laws, and vanquished the tyrants or monsters who infested the
earth ; in
order to
government.
The
Pagan
multitude,
reserving
their
gratitude
of
life
and
and
actions and character were insuffi-
cient, in the opinion of those carnal men, to compensate for
the want of fame, of
empire, and
of success
or
they
insulted,
of
Christianity.*^
The
in
thus
knowledge of
the prophecies,
different
means,
Libanius
praises
God, and the
conscious
that
they
conduct,
or
a
who
might
perhaps
have
of their
zeal
almost
every
renounce
their
themselves
a
peculiar
 
would
arise
from
the
new
disciples of
mys-
should
in
the
eyes
often
only concealed what
confess or
It was
Antichrist, approaching
and
pledged
produced of
they are worthy of
or
'*
by
the
most
scandalous
^'
disgusting
to
relate
all
that
the
succeeding
writers
has received, and
for the instruction of future, ages, would ill deserve that
honourable office, if she
emperors
who
of their
of faith, and
of bigots,
but by
15
followers
: I. That
a con-
sectaries
as
an
object
deserving
of
the
attention
of
government.
II.
That,
subjects who
were accused
writers have shewn
the church,
which, till
and their
ceremonies
afforded
the greater part
offered up
and the Prophets
hope of Israel,
are
not
separation
of
their
Nazarcne
brethren
synagogue
and
they
the
Jewish
laws
and
prophecies,
by
ignorance
adopt
the Acts of
of
Alexandria,
the
glory
of
most
of
them
were
Jews
broke
out
Christ
discover
any
traces
of Roman intolerance, unless they are to be found in
the
sudden,
know-
ledge
of
this
singular
tenth year of the reign of the capital of the
em-
pire
of
desolation. The
the precautions
of so dreadful
usually
humanity
voice of ru-
of his own
gravely
suppress the
under the
death,
by
the
sentence
of
the
procurator
Pontius
by
expose
the
anachronism
of
the
Jews,
who
sooner (Basnagc,
Histoire dts
death
of
Christ,
a
very
early
tradition
fixed
it
to
29,
under
the
consulship
of
the
two
Gemini
(Tertullian
adv.
Juda;os,
c.
8).
were seized, discovered
much
fire to the city, as for their hatred of human
kind.^'
They
crosses
attitude of
changed
into
commiseration,
^^
as
towards
mankind.
a precept of the
the rest of
reason to question the reading convidi.]
^^
of
Galilee,
to
the
shores
of
persecution,
that
may
serve
to
and to
throw some
punish-
ment
Tacitus
by
his
reputation,
which
guarded
his
mankind.^®
the more
may
furnish
an
genius had
age,
when
a
grateful
regard
extorted
of those
the life of
and
Tacite, and Fabricius,
limits,
in the regular prosecution
of the
suppress.
in
beautiful
grandson
Eleazar,
after
were
never
made
a
subject
with which
their
or reHgion
of the
in Gruter,
pride and prejudices of
the 19th of December, a.d.
69.
Jews
themselves,
p.
571,
and
synagogue,
brought before the
it
of the
views, and
the
expedient
of
be-
stowing
a
second
of
Joseph,
and
justified,
that
Jude,
as
well
as
Simon
and
James,
twenty-four
drachms,
or
hope
pronounced
against
except
to
and
too
eagerly
admitting
Domitilla among
name of the
no
Clemens
and
the
mistress,
assassi-
palace.
his
rank and
fortunes, even
friend
and
master
with
the
He soon
found himself
at a
his conduct in the
had
recourse
nineteen
he
Rome,^^
filled
a
place
ous
temper.
for
a
fair
and
open
accuser.
to declare the
circum-
stances
most
of
obtain or
where
their humanity.
Whilst the
Nile had not,
31
temperate
the
im-
piety
of
with
the
sacrifice
of
a
few
of
Antoninus
tude should
to
punish
own
malice
of
the
Jews.
of the
a
such inflexible
the object of
diversifying the death and
have
frequently
exhortations.
had
prepared
to
despise
death,
to
exert
against
the
dishonour
the
persons who were raised to the dignities of the empire
might
and that the
chained naked
reason
to
The martyrs, devoted to
governor of Africa,
which
the acts of
when
he
arrived
c.
i),
the
slave
the Martyrdom
proof
of
sanctity
and
martyrdom,
the
letters
are
That
the
figure,
as
not
only
of
Carthage,
magis-
adherents,
perished
of
ten
years,
during
and
Hadrian, on Mount Ararat.
See Baronius ad Martyrologium
soldiers
accused of robbery
Cyprian,
composed
with
(Bibliotheque
Universelle,
clamours of the
multitude, who loudly
Hons.
Prudence
of Carthage;
recorded
with
unusual
of
up
his
and he
a free and
death; and we
likewise possess the
and, what is somewhat re-
markable, they
are both
unsullied by
any miraculous
at
own banishment from Alexandria
Marmol. tom.
Curubis, or Curbis, at
lulia Karpis];
published
for
the
a
new
a
sensible that he
p)oor.
The
indulgence
of
God
Pontius, c.
the gods of Rome,
and as the chief
to
obtain
either
resistance
faithful
pres-
byters
last
and
very
4,
and
sepa-
rated
from
night
it
pubUcly celebrated
secure from
is remarkable
that choice depended
suppose
or
ambition,
it
truth of those
have appeared
terror.
he suffered death with
supplied
every
defect
into
the
immediate
the society
of the
of
mankind.
The
cold and unmeaning
and the
their faith;
as
to
w^ould not, by their kind
but unseasonable
Some
introduced
of
confessors.
 
voluntary declaration
the want
insensibihty, or
!"
weary
He
has
founded
instances of this
council
to
those
who
exposed
themselves
were all proconsuls
continued
to
and
to resist.
which
attested
that
to
A slight penance
Justin,
criminal
apostacy,
as
He
the most incoherent
did not suffer
incense or of offering sacrifices. Some
of
these
apostates
the
while others
advanced, with
of
the
the
behaviour,
the
circumstances
supreme as well as subordinate
rulers.
Zeal
might
sometimes
provoke,
and
of
motives
to
lapsu
treatise De Lapsis
preceding
century.
or to
distinct view of
to
the most
and
the
of
Im-
perial
and by
stupendous
of
their
doctrine.
which
might
perplex
the
severity
of
the
laws,
many
extraordinary
transaction
visible to the eyes of an
African
Christian,
The edict of Marcus
been the
prayers
which,
and by the Antonine
they unanimously
sovereign.'"^
By
a
singular
fatahty,the
hardships
which
they
had
endured
under
the
government
and
who
at
length
entertained
a
singular
affection
for
vice
with
the
to
atone
for
profession, by
declaring herself
was
persuaded
that,
always
treated
with
peculiar
distinction
several
persons
by an incident
Severus,
I
the
Thundering
Legion,
see
the
ii.
p.
81-390.
p.
1206
[4].
the
church
means of holy oil, with
 
celebration of
Easter armed
the bishops
tianity, he pubHshcd an
could not
be carried
soon
expired
with
the
being
reduced
to
implore
to
she
listened
with
her
son
injudicious regard for
 
the
domestic
Concerning this
oration of
ment;
and
Firmilianus,
a
Cappadocian
religion,
by
confession
and
penance
the murder
of his
government,
so
oppressive
to
condition,
Decius/^^
publicly supposed
to be
a
contemporary
such a report had prevailed; but the Egyptian bishop, who
at
Origen (which were
see
'^'
superfluous
a
universal
in
inducing
many
Dionysius,
Eusebius, H. E.,
which might
we
The
surpassed in clem-
Christians
obtained
the
free
The ancient laws,
June,
a.d.
251.
 
the
faithful,
pubHc revenue. By his
appeared
attention,
perpetual
hurry
a primitive bishop.
p.
177
was
assassinated.
Most of
the moderns
(except Dodwell,
title of
Ducenarius, than
a
figurative
expression
 
in
motion.
Several
councils
Noetus and
episcopal
character,
by
the
sentence
of
seventy
or
eighty
bishops,
who
himself into the
the face
affords
a
convincing
proof
privileges, and
at
his adversaries were
faith.
His
that
they
had
which,
in
the
judgment
But the
leisure of
the two
attention and
Their example
was imitated
'^^
a.d.
284;
the
real
acces-
sion
Dates.
seem
to
justify
the
baptized.
robes,
of
the
furniture,
of
the
an honourable rank
treated
with
distinction
ancient churches
were found
and capacious
Diocletian,
contended \vith each other for
ecclesiastical pre-eminence,
appeared by
power in the church;
The
reader
who
consults
the
prodigies;
invented
new
modes
of
sacrifice,
de Boze, in the
by the
authority of
the senate."^
The prevailing
the
priests,
acknow-
ledging
the
the great advantage which we might
otherwise
derive
providence
ijnpious
sects,
and
the books of the Pyrrhonians and
Epicureans, which
. .
.
'*'
3.
The
in
their
most
elevated
fortune
established ;
vdthin
their
camp
and
palaces
A
sentence
of
death
as a sufficient
of a pubHc festival,
"*
withstanding the
Eucherius,
p. 427-454.
of truth and authenticity.
than
of
martial
alienate the
mind of
sect
to
the
hold or
the army,
he urged
or
eunuchs,
and
causes
which
at
melancholy winter,
had expected,
with anxiety,
the result
of
city. The
scripture.
The
unworthy
office
of
12,
gives
a
speculative doctrines of
the
such
effectual
measures
to
condition
of
those
perverse
the
religion
of
Nature,
of
or
employments ;
suffered;
and
the faithful
; nor can
Roman
])rinces
entirely
 
in
the
circumstances could
and
the
excessive
commendations
which
a
England.
See
evident
proof
neghgence.
The
suspicion
naturally
entered into
a con-
they
detested
as
the
irreconcilable
enemies
of
the
but especially
resolution,
of
emperors. Two
of these
fire of
Anthi-
a
vague
but
of
the
fire.
a
general
ors of all
this
established
posts
mit
who
had
yielded
a
his
more
immediate
eye,
in
from the
other
severity
the
flames.
The
pious
obstinacy
of
Felix,
an
proconsul. The proconsul
p.
43.
p.
353;
and unworthy Christians.
effected by the
doors, the benches,
were in
1700
\leg.
1702],
edit.
Dupin.
He
governors
in
the
destruction
of
that
In
a
small
town
the
magistrates
and
the
faith; and,
as some
resistance might
be apprehended
approach
the church, with the
or of
notice and
permission which
extraordinary
and the
had already
forgotten their
length trans-
regular
siege.
the restless
some probability)
rebellion
the
the
the first
and obhge
exposed
to
a
violent
had not extin-
these
parts of
which
elapsed
between
not any
But, as
in
Diocletian
or
to
tributed, however,
and from the rigour
Gaul
stained with
But
the
former
of Cassar,
prince in the rank
Zeitschrift
fiir
wiss.
Theologie,
vol.
31,
1888,
 
precept
and
the
example
to
and the progress
influence,
to the
associate Maximian,
the
autumn
was animated by the presence of their sovereigns.
After
the
2.]
If
we
recollect
the
neighbourhood
of
those
places
celebrated
deacon
by
Prudentius,
&c.,
to
Saragossa,
the
private
demesnes.
Adauctus
the
churches
affection, and very
inveterate
the most orthodox princes
imposed on
religion.
to have
the distracted church
A deacon of
descended from
that it
Marcellus, whose
and
find
or
make
a
con-
Gospel
empire.^^' But,
when Galerius
those of Syria,
a
 
the
occupied
our
mind
for
the
empire, it
Romans.
We
were
more,
who
still
being left destitute of
are
that any
bation
of
to
insert
adopt
he
never
condescended
a
circular
ing the
invincible obstinacy
of the
place
the
ruling
passions
it contradicts
 
gods,
belief of oracles.
revered as
the
great
the
cause
of the sacerdotal
Antioch, and
extant. He
of blood,
two Western
his
designs
: the
of
easy
task,
from
the
collect
a
long
series
of
horrid
fill
many
pages
with
beds,
and
inflict
Christians
to
discover
the
to
confesses
and
the
suspicion
and more
of
almost
any
of
his
when the
motives of
on his tribunal,
[Milman admits that the authority of Eusebius is "loose" and
"by
no
means
scrupulous."]
of
these
that
a
tive
cruelly the most
he relates that in
;
a
able
sense.
There
was
Metochita, that all
and intricate
from
a
who suffered
of
one
the same proportion
numerous, and their
had
contained
forty-eight
provinces.
of martyrdoms,
it must
the bishops
church. The
defied the feeble efforts of
reason, was
the empire
lence was
massacres,
and
the
institution
of
the
holy
office.
And,
freedom, the CathoHc
with
In
more than one hundred thousand of the subjects of Charles
the Fifth are said
had
it must
be allowed
that the
three centuries
*'°
from
the
Netherlands
of Constantine. a
tant events; but
time. He
hastened its decline.
the
their intestine
for
scandal.
design
of
situation, he
to
curb,
with
a
powerful
arm,
the
of jealousy
the conduct
of the
Constantine
was
not
a
city
which
might
During
the
late
operations
of
had
sufficient
a
soldier
before
Constantine,
antiq-
sea
and
the
triangle.
The
the Thracian
Bosphorus. The
northern side
of the
Marmara. The basis of the
triangle is
admirable
antiquity.'
A
the unskilfulness,
Grecian
territory
contracted,
by
city
656
[leg.
657]
should
trust
none
but
the
Phineus, infested
by the
of the
gods to
the eye
tinent, upon the foundations
channel,
in
a
*
theque Universelle, torn.
the
north wind which
The residence of Amycus was in Asia, between the old
and the
near
Gyllius
de
Bosph.
1.
ii.
c.
23.
distinguished by the
'
from the old
before
advantages of the
wind
countries
into
the
secure
were used
oblivion.
of his land and
columns into the
Herodotus, 1. iv.
legissent. Tacit. Annal.
Plan.]
hostile navy."
Between the
denomina-
tion
of
of the
Nicomedia was seated,
and they
pass the
Kiosk
to
Sandys
(Travels,
p.
21)
 
a
narrow
channel.
The
found to the
of
the
flood
the opposite
A
but ill
to deserve
the
Hellespont,
who
pursued
and contemplated
rendering ancient writers
as accurate as
Mahudel, but
trophy
to
his
own
fame
Sigsean
to
the
Rhcetean
and
the
dauntless
After
Ajax
had
fallen
a
and to
Byzantium, he
had conceived
empire on this
below
ancient
;
in general
 
We are at
of
seven hills,^^
cHmate
was
healthy
important
passages
could
insurmountable
barrier.
When
the
gates
of
the
spacious
enclosure,
every
accurate.
That
and
south,
of
the
Euxine,
and
of
the
Whatever
rude
commodities
and
Scythia,
of
But, as some
has, in every
Euxinus,
&c.
imperial
greatness.^*
The
city or colony
of hope
boundary of
the destined
repHed Constantine,
mentioned
in
discover
two
the vain
and credulous
even of the
part of
are assigned for the
round
the Seraglio to the
and hence, like the country of Galatia,
derived
its
name.]
obsolete a
whose jurisdiction
deserves to
provinces of Greece
Cedrenus copied
by a
high
ground,
stood
the
or, as it was
one
hundred
24.
court of the
by
Pocock.
Descrip-
tion
: the bodies
defeat
Turkish con-
porticoes, covered
the
they
if they were able
may be
Eusebius, Socrates,
Delphi were removed to
3.
sustained from
there
was
an
easy
ascent,
by
a
flight
the
front
4.]
of
a
great
size or
were close
and the
equestrian order,
followed their emperor to
cultivation
be
ad-
mitted
Many opulent
senators of
by Constantine to
had built in the several r^uarters of the city,
assigned
them
support
of
Pontus
tenure of maintaining
excuse the errors
but it
served
in their own language, should prefer fiction to truth and loose
tradition
to
^'
and of
but
his
liberality,
however it might excite the applause of the people, has in-
ciffred
the
which had
was
artfully
contrived
by
plenty,
the
Romans
should
lose
any consideration
the
benefit
the appellation
of eight myriads
acy
which
prin-
Constantinople.
Miglit
the reverse, have been
p.
220)
is
long, but perplexed; nor indeed is it easy to ascertain in
what
the
Jus
lost.]
new capital.
Julian
Tillemont, Hist, des
celebrate
the
dedication
of
his
city."^
of a
the statue of Constantine,
a
triumphal
reverence adored the memory
a column of
or New Rome on the
city of
has
p.
285,
Hesychius,
F.H.G.
4,
p.
154,
4,
326,
tit. i),
are
the medals
the
establishment
tration.
The
distinct
view
of
the
complicated
system
of
poHcy,
introduced
by
the disappointment of
himself
in
his
public
mandates.
Cantemir's
History
Othman
[Ottoman]
Empire,
the
Notitia
code: but
of
the
empire
(A.D.
395),
Barbarians (a.d.
of
a
battle.
with
substantial
of
the
East
was in-
sensibly corrupted
despotism of the emperors
seated on
of arbitrary
the
the
this divine hierarchy
the
most
and
flattery,
a
profusion
machus.
Divinity, thus
continues: Siquis
igitur inde-
its
nature
and
high
dignity;
the
others
pre-
ceded
their
pompous
march
Code,
torn.
vi.
p.
316.
prefects of
palace,
who
first magistrates
power
were
still
elected
from
example,
stantine.
But,
as
The
rank
of
egregius
by
with
the
they were created
On
the
morning
of
or diptychs; see
p.
220.
officers of the
with
the
once
formidable
The
procession
or
principal
square
mission
of
a
for that
celebrated action of the elder Brutus, the author of liberty
and of the consulship, when he admitted
among his
during
From
the
reign
always
January.
See
the
Chronologic
et
Olybrii,
178,
is not easy to
state,
in
611.
As
moment
legal
filled
the
last
period
of
Roman
might
be
most splendid object of
conscious
that
between the
pride
Marius
(c.
64).
Two
hundred
years
before,
were
as
honourable
families, but even of those
which had been created
branch of
the Patrician
a
charcoal
4,
Vespasian, reflected
honour on
Casaubon
opinion.
lie
revived,
distinction. They yielded
officers of
prince.
who had
Constantine were reverenced as the adopted Fathers of
the
emperor
and
prefects were essentially
consuls
and
Patricians.
were
invested
palace,
the
laws
entrusted to
their superin-
tending care
the
empire.
and
responsible
the
signed
as
they
had
ceased
to
lead
Constantine,
stretched his
which
frontiers
Macedonia, and Greece once acknowledged the authority
of
his title; it
of
Rhaetia
over
prehended
under
'"'
4
minuteness of
all the respec-
tive duties of
the sovereign and
propertywhich
is
required
manufactures,
whatever
could
moderated by
watched
provincial
governors,^"^
removed
the
negHgent,
brought before
to admit any
confidence.
providing the supplies for
head of the office for the collection of inland revenue.
The
a
remission
Pandect.
tunities
perquisites.
Though
the
arm of arbitrary
invidious
a
days, that
may be
sufficient to
Godefroy, who have
the
state
of
the
Roman
empire.
'"*
scarcely equal to his merit. In
the
earliest
Philippi:
he
then accepted and deserved the favour of the most moderate
of the
court of Augustus.
palm of eloquence with Cicero
himself. Messalla
genius.
and amused
his lei-
sure by
"*
 
with their own consent. Cod. Justinian.
1. i.
the care
Their
vigilance
tion of Constantinople,
prefects."^
and Africa claimed
their tribunal to that
Cantelorius
has
written
many curious details
contained in the four-
teenth book of the
directly
under
the
in the
the
whole
proconsuls,
thirty-seven
by
consulars,
five
acci-
dental
circumstances,
proconsuls)
alike
included
and
the
districts.
The
ponderous
would furnish ample
ounces.*^"
sion
and
impartial
tribunal
Justinian.
skill
and
rewarded
by
an
adequate
rudiments
of
this
to the
all
Cod.
Justinian.
c.
18,
p.
501)
employed
in
the
study
wisdom :
Roman
jurisprudence,
the
ordinary
had
of them
a
harvest
most un-
the venal
Theodorus,
who,
and
of
the proconsul of Africa (this is Mommsen's
explanation of legato pro prcel. prov.
Numidiae). He
Praetorian prefecture
and the
prefecture of
injantry;
and,
though
army.*^^
Their
number
was
soon
the East and
and
the
Egypt, and four
of Constantius,
the magistri
militum were
7nag.
eq.
survived
a
sense
was
indis-
these pro-
among them
of counts or com-
had been
gold belt
was the
horses. They
were strictly
the
magis-
a
legal
sanction
to
the
ecclesiastical
order,
he
instituted
powers.
interests and incompatible
sequences.
expected
that
country. While
stations.
corresponded
prepared the ruin
a
period
tended for
frontier
; and
the boundary
considered their
internal
garrisons
had
were
improperly
styled,
their
stations
in
inces.
The
most
flourishing
forgot the virtues
Gode-
leg.
18,
tit. .\ii.
empire.
the total
partly
consisted only
the
sense
of
its own weakness, could easily be checked; and the suc-
cessors of
by issuing
their orders
water
thrown
on
a
not altogether. See
inspire
terror,
Imperial standard.
fused
sur-
passed
the
timid and
pelled
by
supper,
in
which
the
emoluments
and
indulgenees,
on
the
veterans,
themselves
to
the
But, as the annual
service,
levies
of
payment of
to which it was reduced,
ascertains the exorbitant
best
corps
six
Roman
feet.
armatam. Vegetius
5.
Veteranorum, in the
Code. The
age at
twenty-five to
horses
gave
required eighty
to
Latinity.
Sec
of
pubhc
approbation,
c.
7)
to the
143
The
whose
fidelity
he entrusted his safety, or his counsels, or his treasures.
I
was
styled
the
propositus
or
prefect
duty
useful and humble domestic;
obtain.
who waited in the presence, was
thought worthy to rank before the
respectable
proconsuls
of
was
first
emperors,
their
camp
him
that his own fame, and that of the empire, must depend on the opinion
which
numerous army of
right
The
this
mim'ster
of
state.
the master
the plenty and
magnificence of the
1. ii. c.
the
solicited
Augustus
he
consented
the school
but
been
annually
appointed
by
the
consuls,
succeeding
finally
qutcstors was more
still discover
their
provincial
administration
elections
municipal
office
at
conscriberet,
orationesque
offices. Observe
that to
prefect. The took
his place in
as
of
the
civil
jurisprudence.
his
seat
office
been
adopted
voluntary
bounty
of
the
monarch.
To
conceive
the
almost
infinite
public
treasuries
of
the
deposited
cessive
allowed for
considerable portion
and forfeitures.
The Imperial
The
comes
sacrarum
summce rei (C.I.L.
eight of the latter.
149
cessors embraced the
zeal. They
thousand subjects or
^®^
stretch
comparable swiftness. These
tected by the laws from the profanation of
a
of
those
and encouraged
and the res
ii.
p.
21)
in both
goddess
of
generation;
a
very
has
collected
the
Tyana, near the
of the
was
arms of
the
Roman
deserving
service
the
prov-
offices,
were
Clarissimi.
of the
provoked
of
his
guilt."'
honour, the last
of
merce
plebeian
criminals
subjects
urged
them
en-
gaged
him
to
grant,
a
'''
of
the
most
celebrated
civilians
on
the
est
fragilis,
et
periculosa,
See
Cod.
Theod.
conditio.
inces
of
customs and duties on
to the spirit of
13.
still employed
January.
p.
.xi.
of
in
15;
connection
of
measure of
of
super
indiction,
was
imposed
valuable attribute
general imposition into
assessed
individuals
of
the
contributions
700
A.D.
is
15.)
It
say,
of
indiction
an
indiction.
did
been
shown
by
on
power
was
See Cod.
Theod. 1.
xiii. tit.
value from the average
severely watched,
manner still
more direct,
and still
of the
of the
•*'
P.
R.
were
of
Constantine, and
hundred and
ince.
the administra-
Either from design or from accident, the mode of assess-
ment seemed to unite the substance of a land-tax
with
the
abuse
of
their
authority,
either
: but
those
orations
with regard to the weight, the price the
quality, and the
excludes the idea
public impositions.
a tributary head
relates
to
one
trihutum
(so
called
in
imperial
provinces;
but of the capital.
In the Eastern part
according
money
monetary
as
sum of money
is composed
of gold was
we
may
fix
[Before Diocletian
^"2.
soldo, French
West, but
the
^'"'
many of the
country and
devouring the
substance of
the
capitation
of
The
flattery,
eighteen millions
millions of
on the
ity, and now deposited
contains
257,097
inhabitants.
moderate
state
of
whole
mass
on
considerable,
a
fourth
part
was
levied
of
160,
multiplied
by
of
505,120
persons
for
the
extent
might
be
justified
copal
seats
before
extending
the beautifu
banks of
"^
proprietors of land
the
pro-
Western
world
the
usurer,
who
retailer of
officers of
every
fourth
the trader supplies
the want of
which,
allots
These
general
authority
of
the
consent. It
public, w^ho ascribed
the
virtues
the pomp
gold,
which,
the n mber, and
This
treasure
the
nounce
his
accession,
a
son,
the
creation
of
a
real
or
about
sixty-
degraded
discipline,
and
suspended, on
c.
9.
the
rational
emendation
:
his
reign,
as
Sons
Younger and Constans
the seat of empire
civil and
reHgious constitution
of the
church has
Constantine to
those
defects
were displayed
in every
manly exercise,
the vigour
of his
constitution by
the severe
liberaHty
The
;
was
indefatigable;
almost
continually
ing, in giving
were compelled to acknowledge
that he possessed magnanimity
being checked
either by
the prejudices
a
con-
summate
general;
enable
him
to
restore
peace
he
in
the
plains
of
Hadrianople,
almost
Pagans,
who
tempore optimis principibus,
(edit. Havercamp.
originally
written
tained
during
the
last
reconcilable vices of
and plentiful supply;
of their
and corruption.^
of his sub-
towards the decline of
life, he chose to
eyes
of
mankind.
the
skilful
most
curiously
and folly
of Elagabalus,
p.
335.
Zosimus,
p.
114,
115
[ii.
38].
The
Pro.ximorum
himself
confesses
the
and
comforts
of
his
had
which
had
several
ment,'
had
left
'
His
suspicious
admitted, the vainest
The
and
Nepotianus, two
dignity. His
pre-eminence of
vanquished Licinius; and it
preserved,
for
whom
the
language
of
of princes of the blood,
seemed
years of the
10,
678.]
historians
as
an
amiable
and
the virtues,
seventeen,
Crispus
was
invested
gave him
and son
He
'
patron.
See
Tillcmont,
Mem.
unbounded hopes of
confidence and
gratitude, he
to
encompassed
by
a
An edict of
court could
the
himself will
nor is
who
had
towards a
were not
and respected
the majesty of
removed
his
reception. Every eye and
Scaliger
most
Sidonius
Apol-
agreed
on the happy
the
virtues
and
piety
events.'" Such
memory of Con-
acknowledged
that
founder,
They
credulity had been
instruction of posterity,
he erected a
A
ii.
c.
19,
20.
hundred
and
fifty
part
ii.
c.
x.
after-
those
The latter
asserts, in
that
The
deaths
of
to devolve
have
been
already
mentioned
and
of
Constans.
of their pro-
The
use
^*
cavalry
or
of
reserved
for
him-
self
the
Galerius,
he
Numismat.
Dissertat.
xii.
vol.
ii.
p.
357
Paschal
Chronicle
(p.
286
[p.
532,
ed.
Bonn]),
by
evidence. Pontic
subordinate to the
included
in
this
of the
younger
Constantine
;
active part
which the
of
the
rapine, directed the
drawn by
strength
of
horses, enabled them
a
rapid
pursuit,
51,
52),
Roman
empire
as
a
his
and the
tumult, was
which
always
distinguishes
that
excellent
writer.
their
rude
the Sarmatians were
necessity of
points of their
inflicted is
would
have
a
use of
there
is
some
reason
the
fertile
plains
of
the
advantageous position,
they watched
were
provoked
by
their name
with
a
the
irregular
Epistles, which Ovid composed
observations, which
79,
published
Bar-
barians.
and
the haughty
took the
the
camp and obhged
Spain
not the Van-
for
army of the
western coast of the
Goths by
the memory
hides.
Obedient
a
considerable
**
having
used,
without
scruple,
that
relates
to
accounts of ancient history are
frequently
difficulty in conceiving
history of Chersone,
as a
Peace was at length
the ports of
that the Sarmatians were
economy,
de-
cus-
nation.*^
voked the
indignation of
fate, and he
the name
their servants.
Some of
the fugitive
subjects in
of
Pannonia,
Thrace,
related in so
who
will
take
a
Valesian.
by
accepting
the
p.
709;
3.
of
;
to
hope
awe before the inanimate corpse of t eir deceased sovereign
were
two
he had
We
are
too
imperfectly
acquainted
death, and
[The
rival
princes,
who
the
his
collateral
popular
of his
;
could
ment
of
had taken possession
is
very
doubtful.]
as
and
the
irresistible
violence
his
unexperienced
youth
since
common law of Europe. See on the
subject
accept
from
the
Roman power. Although
his long
a
very
strange
fatahty,
of Hor-
mouz remained
princes
69.
of
p.
1086-1091
[p.
666-668].
The
reign
of
the
Alexandrian Chronicle. [But
is the author
of this story
genius, of
deceased
Constantine
was
preparing
to
march
against
conquest. The
Mesopotamia.^*
Armenia
was
policy
their wives,
Armenian
monarchy
heir
was
driven
into
exile,
or
expelled
tribes
of
torn.
iv.
p.
420.
[An
important
persecution of the Christians
Arsaces,
the
river
Eleutherus,
;
the
Persian
war.
89,
latter.
to the
the
war
were
bloody
fields,
in
in person,"^
The event
approach
of
Sapor,
who
passed
the
Tigris
day
with
a
deep
tory life of the Saracens, w^ho stretched from the
confines
Jerom
a
these
robbers.
See
of
by
the
hints
of
Julian
is
would
be
344
(Or.
i.
p.
32,
^KTov
of the river, the adjacent heights, and the whole extent
of
a
legions,
who,
plain,
protect
their
retreat.
ing night and
on
their
enjoy
the
rich
harvest
of
Sapor had watched the
heights,
had
been
silence, and under
was
his soldiers,
•*
a
far
deeper
stain
been
made
a
captive
in
the
Persian
camp.
could
not
hope
above
sixty,
eighty,
and
an
with
loss
situate about
a deep
Lucihanus
and
ascertains the
likewise
examined
by
Tillemont
iii.
p.
by
the
presence
of
them away into
former
sieges
elated
undermine
the
walls
were
rendered
monarch, who beheved
season of the melting
of
stones
of
in
almost unintelligible,
spans it. Sachu,
of
attack. But
the vigilant
citizens improved
the loss of more than twenty thousand men. Sapor still
pressed the reduction of Nisibis,
with an obstinate firmness
to
a
with
to
observe,
a
his
two
broken of
Ammianus. [In
contenting
to
complained
that
spoils
rior guilt and merit of Constantius, he exacted from Constans
the
cession
of
brother
a
tedious
and
fruit-
less
negotiation
exasperated
to him that his honour, as well as his interest,
was
concerned
in
of a
JuHan
Alps,
and
the
the
the charms
;
of
barbarian
extraction,
was
bands
war are
cp. App. lo]
vague
declamation.
by Victor,
terms.
ii.
p.
134
[42].
Victor
in
Epitome.
There
is
reason
to
the
Constans from
protracted till
with
the
titles
of
the terror,
acclamation.
The
guards
hastened
shut
palace and city
rapid
progress
of
fame
allowed
him,
however,
an
this
easy
but
important
extremity of Greece,
and
strongest assurances to
flourished
name. Helena (it is still called became the seat of
a
bishop,
who
to
p. 223,
2.
views, sought
of
rebel-
lion
Constantino
her
; and seemed to
recalled the
the care
On his
arrival at
explained
by
Spanheim,
concludes
that
he
was
loyal
throughout
he assumed
the dramatic
East.
Should
to
expatiate
peared to
deserve the
had
reflected
who listened
sured me
doubt,
It
graceful
alHance
ment,
Vetranio
Sardica,^" at the
Vetranio.
The
chiefs,
calculated
to
modern
Sirmium, where
affairs:
the
prece-
dency
of
tius;
and,
to be
pointed only
he tragically
gestures,
the
fierce
clashing
of
their
Constantius
used
his
victory
he
gave
the
obscurity of
of the
sented a
stantine.
Yet,
decline,
rather
compel his
adversary to
Travels,
in
 
cut
in
pieces
a
summer,
himself
eye
of
the
world
of Mag-
his
Deity,"
was
the
only
emperor to
of
the
difficulties
and
his
motions,
by
forcing
a
taken
post
in
or
from
the
Constantine,
after
cavalry
suddenly wheeled it
;
cisely, described
of
de Tillemont
fortune; and
The
legions gave
way, the
the second
line rode
of the
Barbarians were urged
themselves into the
which,
according
to
men, lost
rapid flight from
Julian
Alps."^
Magnentius had
fixed his
ince. The
surprisal of
him
to
relinquish
a deep
of the
Romans. That rash youth, the son of the princess Eu-
tropia, and the
perfidious
Barbarian.
Arming
a
tors, he overpowered the feeble guard of the domestic tran-
quillity
of
senate, and,
occultandam audacise
specie formidinem."
Mursa his
Oration
ii.
p.
97
[124],
he
people, and the
of the emperor.
their countrymen,
the legions,
faithful
conducted
al-
templaque,
cruore,
cadaveribusque
in
Constantius,
though
and
assassin, whom
he pre-
his
vic-
torious
pos-
the
which
could
Gaul.®*
who had been raised
From Treves, was obliged retire to
Sens,
rebels.
avarice.
His
usurpation.
:
of justice and fraternal
Marcellinus, had
small place in the Cottian Alps,
a
See
d'Anville,
Notice
to Zonaras, the
pleasure of murdering with
of his ovm guilt ; and the
governor was urged
timid are
C.I.L.
 
by
the
victory
feeble prince
was destitute
of personal
have
by
the
prudence
of
councils
of
Constantius.
employed a great
7.
See
and Constantine for
consiliis
nee
in
quid
sciat.
p.
540
[c.
5,60])
animals that, although the
Some
 
sarcasm of an
latter about
dependent
Hfe
Constantius, who was
helpless orphans
*
atrox
multum
Constantius
as they could
dread
ters;
and
the
numerous
household,
not
their
melancholy
hours
to
the
"
thirty-second
thirty-third
year.]
princess
take
anything
without delay to
Gallus fixed
change, the
new Ceesar
was not
lus,
and
even
Juhan
from
a
prison
Zosimus, and the
and, as it
soon excited
the jealousy
conspicuous
scenes
she
had
proceedings.
The
private
places
conscious how
Eutropius,
the
either to flatter or
c. i.
characters, but
his death, because
of
wanton
cruelty,
but
as
a
dangerous
insult
7)
a
Julian
(p.
272
[351])
minister
of
considerable
rank,
and
two
obscure
their designs
were discovered
and revealed
league.
Constan-
tine,
who
could
ill
brook
the
the
household (like
from
Julian's
demand
the
quaestor,
and,
and
at
bodies into
the stream
But
the
mind
of
that
we
first of these
of
the
of a single
letter will render
Gardthausen
accepts.]
and imperfect
hints from
various sources,
distrust. But he
the semblance of a
rough soldier, disguised the
wife
Constantina,
till
the
her
on
his
journey
drianople, he traversed the
of the circus.
ministers of
prevent
the
Gallus in
offer
their
city, while
ten post-carriages,
at
Milan.
In
this
rapid
journey,
the
profound
a
tender
of
tempted him on the slightest
grounds
to
deny
exasperated
the
indignation
the
curiosity, and
^'
noble
family,
and
the
the manners,
obeyed
from the tumult of arms
and
spent
six
months
a
studied to cultivate the
and
to
inflame
Juhan
invio-
seldom fails
ing powers.
students might perhaps
empress,
resolute
^^
of
emperor
was
indispen-
of dominion.^^
he listened with
the two brothers,
[2].
He
then
expresses,
for
and
his
sole
confidence
that
Mi-
protected
by
an
invisible
the ingenuous
of
his
family.
lent
schemes,
a sister
his terrors
when he
league
of naming a
ceremony of
his investiture
As
a
token
of
applause,
clashed
;^®
"
iii.
p.
139
[i,
2].
Aure-
prosperitatis
indicium
plenum
the
same
employed
in
the
these faithful
own
apprehensions
[Amm.
XV.
8,
17].
were
adapted
to
his
preceptors,
rather
than
to
displeasing
his
sovereign
to
have
been
unmindful
and
the
generosity
of
matters
of
and
courage
of
his
appear probable that
who
part,
I
am
[The
services in
celebrated the
monarch who
of
Julian.
followers who attended Ursicinus
gold
and
precious
gems ;
head to
race should
The son of
beauty.
The
satisfaction
which
seen in the
a remote
fidence
that
and the
hardness of
observed
to
the
emperor
vanity. The
the
eldest
of
the
these
hieroglyphics.
Tacit.
invention
of
Hehopolis, was floated down
pose, and this obelisk
feet
in
landed about three miles
efforts
Rome.^^
begun
bySeti,
in
Birch's
c.
14,
1.
iv.
c.
12,
and
the
learned,
though
confused,
volume
Quadi,
a
in person, and
em-
peror
passed
pieces
all
that
encountered
his
march,
penetrated
into
the
heart
of
captive
encouraged
their
ex-
amples;
the
most
distant
tribes,
who
of
Danube,
he
distinguished
with
xvi.
Sarma-
tians
from
and
with
rians
by
be-
tween
those
only
conflux
of
the
Theiss
of
legions,
they
disdained
to
ask
repeated crimes and to spare the
remnant of
their
exile
a
a
banks of
the Danube,
settlement within
to
represent
the
a
colony
of
soldiers,
of
Buda.
the
emperor;
by a
treacherous surprise
a
the lofty
unworthy
to
reign
prefect Muso-
nian, whose
abilities were
Mesopotamia,
transmitted
to
lofty
titles
affected
by
oriental
vanity),
v^isdom
most polite and amiable
duty,
to
style and
the substance
coun-
with the following answer:
absurd,
to
propose
they
war."
A
few
days
after
sadors were sent
of Ctesiphon.
Constantius,
who
was
of
the
peace,
of the
of
the
third
to abate
the rigour
of his
demands. But
by
the
persuasive
charms
a
distant
Persians,
as
they
eminence the plain
and generals
were distributed
son de Regno
ill.
p.
90.
of
of
by a
the head
the Euphrates, where the infant river is reduced to a
shallow
he
passed
under
the
walls
of
of
into
immedi-
ate
submission.
error;
and
such an
country;
and
of
which
the
least
had
recently
conferred
on
depended
to
the
Albanians,
the
east
grief
and
a
formi-
dable
I.
iii.
c.
41;
Ahmed
Arabsiades,
p.
301;
wall of Amida.
by
Ammianus
(xix.
1-9),
escaped with
;
Persian
camp.
In
one
of
the
fiercest
that
ditch and
We are
ignorant of
of
Thirty thousand
during
which decided
p.
41.
V.
seasons.
where he
nation.
of Mesopotamia, Singara
a
sandy
Five
Roman
to
the
extreme
of
Singara,
the
of Bezabde,
animated
the
some
against
the
arms
abilities of the most
Ursicinus
gence
to
the mountains,
troops.
Amida
was
at
length
the Roman
camp by
the hand
self, after
punished
"
Julian,
to
whose
additional
light
Ernestus (Lipsia;,
Eyssenhardt, followed
burg, &c.,
besides a
and
vil-
lages,
were
ashes.
The
and,
Meuse, they
a
[rather
8,
i].
occurs in
the histories
the conflux of the Vahal and the Rhine. See Valesius,
Notit. GalJiar.
obtained
of the Rhine before the time of Clovis, is refuted
with much
learning and
evidence,
and
thirty
years
before
the
accession
cities,
who
of the practical
speculative
his
he never
suffered a
and
literature,
was
or
a
judge,
it
is
most
operations
of
ence,
Julian
was
assisted
by
the house of Constantine,
prise of
 
officer of rank, who soon co ceived a sincere attach-
ment
for
a
wounding
the
delicacy
of
a
ministers
to
whom
of his
conduct, the
shorter
but
who were masters of the
field,
of
their
young
of the soldiers,
with
a
con-
of
a
recalled by
discourse
(p.
240-252),
in
which
Julian
In
a
second
retreated
on
the
by
a
numer-
ous
host
of
to
the
resources
of
place
and
garrison
; and
the
Barbarians,
reflection that
he was
an
insult,
his
recalled,
unless
he
had
given
other
reasons
p.
278.
of
his
hostile
them; and the
of
and
who
the empire
efforts,
guided
by
a
skilful
leader,
at
length
whilst
they
attempted
fate
the
whole
of
conscious
merit
of
Alexander
which
the court
heroes
with biscuit
from
Franks,
**
Dom.
Bouquet
(Historiens
this passage.
the
arms
of
the
emperors;
after
whose
commentaries of
the GaUic
by Euna-
Grecian
which
soldiers. The villages
army.
The
principal
Cassar
advanced
about
by subterraneous
Juhan,
after
repairing
an
who
had
whom
to the
than the
surprised
nocturnal
and
Cimbric
victories.
As
soon
applied
himself
to
a
work
more
p.
279,280.
Kellen], Quadriburgium
scanty
harvests
of
the
Barbarians.
Julian
field
with
of
offensive
p.
145
[c.
5].
If
we
compute
the
600
corn
ships
of
Julian
at
so large an exportation
jects
ment,
and
a
field,
he
devolved
on
province. "Who
Julian
himself
a
mandate
for
my
care?
Was
[497,
discord, bar-
Agri-
curicB, or civil
apprehensive of
with
of Paris, the
d'Anville
la France, torn.
side
of
the
Seine;
but
on
the
and
the brave
the
science and
genius, capable
disciple
of
applaud the
perfection of
name of the
the territorial appel-
The public establishment of
and afford the
retains the
conversion of that
fonner
published
Dufresnoy,
Prefat.
p.
I
a
time
when
Galerius,
about
304,
and
ancestors/
The
perplexity
language,
the
first
only during his
admitted,
by
the
ini-
number
of
the
faithful.®
these passages
119;
cp.
vol.
27-32.
i. p.
drawn
was
is now
feebly supported,
his
education,
a
national
religion;
and
he
insensibly
discovered
his
new
opinions,
as
far
as
safety and
cumstances
by
of
and
of the Aruspices.^
Antiquitates Christianae, torn.
solis,
a
x.
a
com-
mentator,
endeavours
(torn.
vi.
p.
257)
of their
and resent-
which in the
the
his fihal piety
of
the
Sun,
321,
No.
18)
'"
different
his implacable
enemy, the
the
which
was
pro-
nounced
a
Sun; to
that
the
Greek
felt
and Pagan-
exercise of their rehgious
were
soon
encouraged
the justice
of the two
Licinius;
the
union
of
their
received as
rid.
the purchasers
salutary
regulations
which guard the future tranquillity of the faithful are framed
on the
12,
p.
181
Welt, i.,
recent
sect
as
an
Pagan and
loose and
acknowledge
the sects
and all
the
common
"
es-
teem
which
Christians
of
society.
But
is
imperfect
opinion. But every principle
Rome
human
mind,
very
feeble
dis-
Panegyr.
Christians.^" Perhaps,
instead of
the
when
they
They
might
add
that
the
throne
But
were committed
caprice
of
their
subjects.
The
his
do-
minions;
expression of Eusebius,
of celestial
Ught warmed
unexceptionable
49-56,
I.
terms.
[Cp.
be
seconded
a degenerate
the
indifference
of
slaves,
a
rehgious
party
might
assist
the
popular
a
principle
the advantage
fairly be
England
were
gradually
abated
the
horror
of
them
which
the
the church.
the
military
service.
Their
tions
were
justified
by
emperor has
;
this
deserved
a
place
in
the
Theodosian
Code,
result
from
the
that
salutary
which
dis-
played
derived
from
described
ously
monarch and
and inscription, may
the
third,
auro
ineffectually
p.
143.
when
Licinius and the deliverer
eighth century,
con-
quer.^*
II.
In
all
gradual progress,
acknowledged the
truth, and
sign
of
the
commands
of
pub-
Jesuit,
the
Pere
de
declamation
interval of
a thousand
for
the
fancy of
are
p.
46-60).
Each
of
;
the
Colbert
MS.
in
calling
the angel
pious
frauds,
which
PhiHp
considerable
part
rehgion.
assigns
lation of
Longinus) has
discovered a
troops
that
he
produce
his
authority;
and
still
be
fane
deceived
much
from
the
as-
cribed
as-
tonished
panegyrics,
he marks
forms, the
speaking; and
seems to
hope that
p.
8-29.
a
religion
eyes; and,
and
of this
instead of ascertaining
place, which
ingenious
northern,
had
related
Fla-
vian
Christians
of
the
age
which
the
East
spirit of
age
will
incHne
to
believe
single
testimony
the
covered
the
empire.
A
conclusion
so
harsh
ranted
by
or
well as of our prac-
tice
stantinc would
was gratified by
justified
his
was
founded
on
the
truth
of
specious
habit,
deserves
the
:
though
concisely,
expressed
by
Athanasius
(torn.
i.
p.
703).
See
Tillemont,
Mem.
Eccles.
tom.
vii.
p.
524-561.
weight
the
midst
of
the
incessant
labours
of
royal
preacher
expatiates
on
the
various
by the
celestial muse
un-
19,
The initial
Jesus
'"
of
Pollio,
of
Julia,
of
relaxed by
lyte,
whom
it
was
congregation
faithful,
sublime
and
Sacrement,
1.
i.
c.
8-12,
p.
59-91
5.
iv. c.
his early
a numer-
ous band
the
baptism
of
mens,
torn.
i.
p.
3-405
the
promise
ture freely to
of
this
world,
age
his
youth.
As
of
truth,
he
rather
against
by
death
without
an
opportuntity
of
baptism.
3.
labour, with
attended with the
that
the
purple after
he had
garment
of
a
neophyte.
The
example
"
the parallel
evangelic
vic-
removed the
piety of mankind.
hopes of wealth
and honours, the
example of an
malevolent insinuations of the
et Philosophique
slaves
who
should
dominions. The
infancy,
the
spirit,
or
at
cross
which
glittered
at
the
27
the
themselves so probable
Christianity,
and of
have
in-
The Christians of Persia were suspected, in time of war,
of
preferring
gospel illumi-
of
Jews,
who
had
missionaries
of the
duty of the civil mag-
istrate.
persuade
which
they
assumed
in
the
But the
Augustus,
had
always
been
exercised
by
magistrate of
civil government which
own hands the sacer-
Christian
church,
seated
and confounded
with the
saints and
Roman
indeed,
famihar
the
Roman
empire.
church
of
to
retire
below
the
may be
empress. Tillemont, Hist, des
Egypt, and of
;*°
served to cement the
had
been
by
that
unalienable rights
by
the
The extent
and boundaries
variously
the propagation of the
banks
**
us that the
.\ntiquities is
and Pontus,
voting
was
of the
or Chorepiscopi,
West.
during
the
deserving
the
secret
violence,
which
had
formerly
in
the
com-
plunder
of
the
**
vicinis urbibus
cxxiii. I.
the
faculty
of
spiritual
generation ;
Thomassin
(Discipline
de
I'Eglise,
torn.
ii.
1.
a
some
examined. See
in particular
multa ad
brother of St.
hundred and ten
all, five hundred
involved
in
ranks,
 
tional clergy
might claim
a decent
enriched
by
the
vol-
edict
of
Milan,
Constantine
and
universal
permission
of
Catholic
flowed with
The
wealthy
Christians
be
charitable
without
tribunals as a
leg.
4.
centuries, from the
standard
of
of
Italy,
twelve
thousand
divided
bishop
'"^
annual
the medium
below
the
real
value.
Vatican
and it
is at
ii. c.
ecclesiastical
privileges,
sub-
intentions, of
Ambrose, are
M. de
well
as
a
de
from its parents
of
any
crime
which
could
not
be
of
the
guilty, sup-
justice or the
despotism was suspended
by the mild
interposition of the
eminent sub-
destructive
considerations of
bishops
origin,
ancient Greece might
perhaps contain fifteen
a
to
canonical
epistles
were the most cele-
iv.
p.
21Q-277.
St.
Athanasius
Cyrene,"^
and
of
(Annal.
Eccles.
a.d.
370,
No.
91),
who
declares
that
convince
king of Sparta,
in the
fi4ya.
ipeiTriov.
Ptolemais,
a
new
ferred to
of
the
hope of Paradise.
with
common
decent rites of
joyed the
insensibly
ince.
curiously specified, the
fingers,
Iviii.
p.
1399,
ed.
Migne].
'^'
the
demagogues
of
;
into
the
temples
the pulpits of the
who
predecessors.
were instantly opposed,
of hos-
a
and
of
strict subordination
the
same
concerted
pits
social duties; but they
c.
83,
p.
1761-
1770)
the bishop
ordinary
this
son. "When pulpit,
drum ecclesiastic," &c.,
see Heylin's Life
man-
kind.
laws
orators
perhaps of sedi-
Alexandria,
pared
with
their
rights,
to
declare
destitute
'^^
and seventh canons, has
tortured,
the interest of the
Whenever the
decisive
order for the
use of post-horses,
At
an
rather than the proselyte,
the
met
as
friends
and
Egypt on the
eighteen
bishops
obeyed
the
two months,
his guards
Constantine listened
he
humbly
professed
that
he was the minister, not the judge, of the successors of
the
apostles,
who
had
been
estabHshed
of human affairs
degenerated from
opposed,
with
a
manly
canons of
compilation
the
civil
ministers
any
and
con-
maintained an
Novatians, who sternly rejected the temporal efficacy of
re-
pentance
insensibly rallied ;
civil magistrate,
had too
hastily proscribed
the
Nova-
tians,
who
had
some articles of
their
Maxentius had
edify
an
imperfect
proselyte.
am indebted
were
appointed
by
the
em-
severe inquisi-
episcopal visitors who
him-
self
in
his
primate
church
were
at-
tributed
to
his
suffragan
bishops,
and
might procure
be
numbered
despotic adminis-
tration, which
Asia were
that
the
prerogatives
of
the
the
the sacred
those
which
public penance,
a
church
pavement,
scraped
the
walls,
burnt
Trent
Cyprian, and
of a
eternally
had
the
same
zeal
he
would
only
in
a
few
nameless
villages
confined
to
Africa :
the
more
controversy
suc-
the
veil
the school of
of predestination.
of Egypt,"
When
he
a
mysterious
under
the
more
accessible
not be
Josephus
the
death
of
reign of
and
Brucker
has
proved
(Hist.
a
Hebrew
original,
appHed
the
character
of
visible,
and
attri-
The
of the
a
rational
if
the
name
and
(Epist.
of Philo
is more
the
made,
was
incarnate
in
with the
purity of
Christ yet
had
sentiments or the words
their
Trin-
ity
du
Mani-
dignum est
squalores mulieris
fathers, and
even of
Marcion, not
not
 
abused by the
spirit of curiosity
the
most considerable
entertained for the
History
of
the
Church,
vol.
i.
p.
37).
the
satisfied
with
the
science
of
words.
has
candidly
confessed
expressing his
thoughts. In
we are
strive to
abstract the
which so closely adhere to
all
the
essential
and
Alexandria, the abstruse
even
the
studious
any occasion
the ancient
mythology,^
were
tempted
philosophers
gods
we
understand
that
mysterious
dialogue.
See
Hieronym.
Prolatio,
^^
to
circumscribe
the
if
their
of violating
of
Christ
and
of
the
Universe.
The
suspense
and
fluctuation
the origin
possessing
confessed that the Son
and his
followers seem
to deny.
vi. c.
c.
10,
p.
159.
theologian was
the
episcopal
controversy every
and the
spiritual rebel was sometimes
or avarice.
separated
Clerc, Bibliotheque
Universelle, torn.
Ante-Nicene
 
the Father
heat
of
controversy
been censured in the mouth of the sectaries.^^ After the
edict of
toleration had
learned,
to
the
Logos
opinions of Arius
Mosheim
(p.
425,
680-714).
simplicity
of
Monarchian
heresies;
see
below,
p.
353.]
strong desire to embrace
controversy,
the idea
conception of God,
so far as
of
his first
seven presbyters,
almost incredible)
Asia
appeared
learned of the
of
council
by
soon
forget
the
his-
in the
eyes of
the orthodox
by his
p. 178)
has censured,
in
secret;
but
there
is
319.
p.
774-780.
observed that
by
whom
only
;
had transfused his
of his
angels : yet
*'
et
idololatra
trinominem credens Deum,
Jerom
reserves
for
*^
from
p.
165-215),
the
or
he was
not unbegotten."
Athanasius
5.
**
 
minds
or
substances,
that
they
should
Marcus
and
Nazianzen
[Nazianzus],
philosophers. Liberis verbis
Paolo
would
opinions
of
the
CathoKc
world.
The
Arians
soon
perceived
They
read, and
Eusebius
of
Nicomedia,
ingenuously
the
HoMOOUsiON,
or
Consubstantial,
a
their
theological
system.
The
fortunate
tions of the synod;
tian
faith,
by
the
consent
But,
as
those
by
nature;
and
they
*'
by Petavius,
hand, by
the
person
was
p.
453,
corner of the
ii.
I.
chiefs, the
divine, that influence
The zealous
Hilary," who,
few
prelates
who
had
pre-
which he was
short interval,
the angry
text, to
conduct, is the
veniS ignorarent
and
Plutarch.
which
gradually
it
(vol.
iii.
p.
470)
his creatures.
This obvious
of
a
new
had prejudiced
appear singular
enough, though
various
shufflings of the
escaped.
the
Eusebian
interest,
and
majority
of
one
hundred
and
and
characters
lics
themselves.
The
a
xvii.
p.
45.
Hilary
unrelenting
fury.
Greeks,
had
deeply
study of the
and people of
and distinctions
they easily forgot
Latins
accepted
with
preservative
pontiff.
Their
memorable
four hundred
lUyricum.
negotiations, they
who suffered the
expressed by a
Arian.'^ But the
revolutions of those
Constantine and
those princes
cabinet of
an earthly
which
with
and
who
repented.
[The
great
offence
to
Baronius,
palace.
either
by
study
tion
writings were
con-
troversy,
and
declares himself the
subjects; he styles Eusebius,
war.
Crit.
torn.
iii.
p.
30-69)
adding
the
attribute
Homoousios,
that
a
it and
Eusebius hesitated
been guided
council of
he
which
had
w^ere deposed on
and comic
p. 670),
might
exaggerate;
but
and Constantinople
who
press
sentiments
he
he
had
never
been
regularly
initiated
was
too
remote
should have
Athanas.
anti-Nicenes,
headed
by
Eusebius
and
1. ii.
been
it
the
character,
of
Christianatn
rcligionem
civil
war,
he
even of the
theo-
logian;
and,
as
he
Nice,
; and even
massacred
at
Antioch
empty
abyss
best
MS.],
Valesius
reads
"'
whole days,
the
syllables,
which
who
forgot
the
interest
of
so many synods
Catholics;
and
The bishops of the
the
Hadriatic
was protracted
"De non
of Arian-
removal of
to
corrupt
and
We have
seldom an
heresy: he
age and of
the
West.
of
the
life of
ecclesiastical
station
above
forty-six
years,
and
his
Five times was
;
business,
as
the
jealous of fame,
careless of safety;
degenerate sons
than
that
of
Eusebius
compared with the
; but,
whenever
the
upon to justify his
sentiments or his conduct,
;
attributed
by
his
reading,
not
iuris
consultum].
derent
XV.
7.
A
that
a
distinct
and
un-
broken
view
of
a
common
eye.
the
and of the
to
rise
In
his
distress
;
to
the
cause
of
Athanasius.
visitation
of his provinces, from the mouth of the Nile to the
confines
of
mentioned
in
the
froy,
p.
71
indirect and distant assault.
that he had
he had
for excuse
and delay.
These
charges,
implacable
spirit
would
direct
the
proceeding,
dechned the
of
the
threatened to
to appear
in the
secret friend, was
'"^
Athanasius was summoned
stopped the
the
leader
'"*
than
probable
the village where
who had
of
their
enemy,
attempted,
however,
to
decree,
expressed
the
sepulchre
of
Christ.*^"
But
countenanced by
the submission,
Athanasius. He resolved
truth
inspire more
the
courage
and
eloquence
his
conscience/"^
Constantine
winds by the
an
honourable
East,
soon
became
with the
bishop, deprived by a
functions,
(Memoires
I
am
of
Athanasius
decent flattery
swayed and
directed the
At
the
end
of three years, the primate was summoned to the court of
Milan
by
ministers of Constans
ad
Calcem,
torn.
ii.
1-5)
be
Easter
340.
by
This
the Council takes
of
Wetstein
(Prolegomen.
tantum non
non sine comitatu,
"*
the
ablest
interest
of
religion, an advocate of Athanasius might justify or excuse this
question-
:
Tillemont,
of the
the
horrible
to
nature,
with
decent
the
sincerity
his
intentions.
They
Athanasius,
of
allowing
the
Arians
a
a
similar
toleration
for
his
own
of criminals
solicit on equal terms
return may
be
examined,
received
by
the
latter.
obscure
suppressed,
of
tyrant of
decreed
the
the
in the Roman
a
large
majority
The
emperor
declared
that
he
sentence,
till
he
of
Catholic
church.
cause.
With
a
manly
spirit,
which
the
sanctity
of
their
related by
the Greek
writers that
published by
to accept
a
single
bishop,
truth and
still
thought
it
prudent
to
orthodox
bishops,
armed
with the favour of the people and the decrees of
a
general
from
the
'^*
''"
a factious or
had
been
solemnly
condemned
and
deposed
by
the
judgment
bishops
who
had
the
sentence;
and
the
suspected
to
the
public
venerable Osius,
under
his
ence of
to Beroea in
his
and
their
extort
the
reluctant
signature
or rather the
The fall
of Liberius
Athanasius
and
religious
truth.
The
admires, and then
Arabia,
or
Thebais,
the
lonely
places
of
Mount
Phrygia,
which
and
was
the
nice
and
capricious
taste
of
by the slightest
adverse opinions,
preparatory
Athanasius
two or three
people
should
which he could
were obhged
by
which
it
was
stipulated
to besiege, or rather
between
the
to
shut
occupy
the
important
posts
of
defence.
At
days
after
the
sig-
the sacred
churches of the
scourged,
zeal,
lust,
persuaded to
apprehension of
penalties of
rebeUion, engaged
The usurper,
in
more
than
by
emperor
night
when
the
among
the
round
till
of Athanasius.
literally
transcribed
soldiers,
who
the earth.
successively
employed
to
pursue
a
bishop
edicts;
liberal
deserts of
laws of their
de
Jovien,
the
the
most
safety
they
eagerly
of
savage monsters.
with the
life of
as guards, as sec-
taining
a
adventures might h ve
furnished the subject of
the treachery of
her exquisite beauty.
excite the
most dangerous
emotions."^ During
Seleucia"" forces us
'^^
with the damsel,
who in her
Valesius,
a
story
it, of
the gravity
of the Medi-
antichrist
victorious
suppressed
or
at
least
banishment
was
p.
834,
856)
published his
Julian
was invented
or sacred
hymn, which
celebrates the
glory of
but
expressed
by
chorus
exiled bishop
a
new
episcopal
the
the
in the
Holy Ghost:"
and "To
reign
of
Constantius,
by
of the
empire, and
the sons
maintained
his
station
and
the
eunuchs
Roman
people,
before
a
general
communion,
continued
c.
14.
bound
them-
selves,
irregularly
chosen
and
consecrated
consented
that
was
publicly
shout
of
to
accept
the
submission
of
the
exiled
prelate,
and
to
Christian
bishop,
renewed
the
horrid
image
of
the
reign
of
envied the
prosperity, and
who ridiculed,
of
be
secured
only
by
the
chains from the sandy
**^
was fatal
was
Constantinople,
instructed PhiHp,
the Praetorian
a
similar
of
his
Armenia, has
course
of
the
Roman
road
from
appeals, not
great
Constantine
had
been
deposited
was
in
to a religious
of human
The ordinary
reader and a sub-deacon, who were
accused
gates of
Constantinople. By
compelled
to
relinquish
the
possession
of
the
churches;
to
the
zeal
sacraments
of
the
church
were
torn from
;
boards.^"
'"Socrates,
1.
ii.
c.
27,
38.
ants of
difference
between
of
Paphla-
gonia*^*
was
almost
by
an
ignominious
flight,
four
were laid waste
of mutual