Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt

8/11/2019 Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt

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Designing the Greenhouse toMeet Your Expectations: Whats

Your Technology Level?

Dr. Gene Giacomelli, Director

Controlled Environment Agriculture CenterCEAC

The University of Arizona, Tucson


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You and your crop against the world!

Changing weather affecting greenhouse climate

Changing plant response to changing climate


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Accept these facts! Meet these demands!

Monitor the greenhouse environment, know conditions,

respond quickly and appropriately

Control the air conditions around the plantneed climate control for the air environment

Control the root zone conditions of the plantneed climate control for the root environment

Determine your production demand and marketing perioddefine seasonal environments that you must manage

Select Technology Level to meet your needs!


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For every complex problem there is a solutionthat is simple, neat and wrong.

H.L. Mencken


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Why Greenhouses ?Why Greenhouses ? Increased independence from outside climateIncreased independence from outside climate

Grow year round and outGrow year round and out--of seasonof season

Usage of unproductive landUsage of unproductive land

Better usage ofBetter usage of irrigationirrigation water & fertilizerswater & fertilizers

More control over pests & diseasesMore control over pests & diseases

Year round jobsYear round jobs create career professionalscreate career professionals

Significant production & quality increaseSignificant production & quality increase

Greater Profits!Greater Profits!


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__________________________________

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

EnvironmentAir temperature, humidity, sunlight

CultureNutrients, EC, pH, cultivarPlant growing system

ManagementExperience, trainingKnowing when to get help


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__________________________________

Environment

Natural climate [outside]

+Greenhouse design+

Management

creates

Greenhouse climate

[inside]



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__________________________________

Environment

Natural climate [outside]

+Greenhouse design+

Management

creates

Greenhouse climate

[inside]

Controllable?

No?

Yes

Yes?



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__________________________________

Greenhouse Design

StructureCover

Environmental control

systems



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__________________________________

Greenhouse Design

StructureCover

Environmental control

systems

Affects Environment?

YesYes

Yes



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__________________________________

Environmental Control

AerialCooling HeatingCO2 VPD

Root ZoneNutritionOxygen



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__________________________________

Environmental Control

CoolingShading

Natural VentilationEvaporative Cooling



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__________________________________

In summary...

Selection of greenhousedesign and its environmental

control systems

affectsProduction Quality and Yields



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How do Technology Levels helpdetermine success(or the dreaded alternative)

Consider Technology Levels as the amount

of control systems and managementcapabilities that you provide for the

greenhouse


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Climatic factors (yearly radiation, Temp, Humidity)

Level of technology (High, Medium, Low)

Knowledge of target market (orientation, pricefluctuation, location)

Strategic Planning (cultivar, density,

season) Crop management (education, experience)

How do Technology Levels helpdetermine success(or the dreaded alternative)


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Levels of Technology

High Plant-based environmental control to

optimize plant growth, maximizeproductivity and fruit quality.

Computer automated control oftemperature, irrigation and shading basedon integrated light, CO2 enrichment.

Hydroponic systems with closed irrigation. High cost ($100-$200 per m2).

* Classification according to Pardossi et al., 2004


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Multi-span, gutter-connected saw-tooth design with

rigid single-layer polycarbonate covered,truss-frame greenhouseNatural ventilation and fan & pad evaporative

cooling

HIGH TECH Greenhouse


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Fan ventilationEvaporative Cooling

Heating

CO2 EnrichmentSoilless Root Zone

EuroFresh Farms


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Traditional Dutch Venlo styleglass greenhouse with ridge ventilation


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100-200+50 - 75

High wireculture

Fully

computerizedfertigation

Recirculation

Hydroponics

SoilesssubstrateRockwool,coir, other

Drip

irrigationwith fullautomatedcontrol

(EC control

according tolightintensity)

Forcedventilation+evaporativecooling + hotwater pipeheating + CO2

enrichment +shading f (light) + energyblanket

Steel orAluminumframe

Glass,

polyethylene orPolycarbonate

High

InvestmentCosta

$/m2

Expectedyield

kg/m2/yr

Culturemethod

RootCanopyStructure& Glazing

Environment


For TomatoProduction


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Medium Combinations of Low & High Tech

Passive or Active cooling

With or without heaters Basic environmental control

Soil or soilless substrate

Cost ($30-$100 per m2)



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MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

Natural ventilation orFan ventilation

Heating

Soil grown orSoilless root zone


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Natural ventilation orFan ventilation

Heating

Soil grown orSoilless root zone


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Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technologyfor vegetable production



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Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technologyfor vegetable production


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Exhaust Fan withPlastic Tube Air

Distribution Duct


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30 - 10020 - 50

High wireculture

Longerseason

Usuallycomputerized

fertigation

Soil orsoilesssubstrate

Dripirrigation

some control

Passive/Activecooling (vents

+pad /fan)

with or

without airheating

basic level ofcomputer

control

Steel frame

Double PEfilm or rigid

plastic

Medium

InvestmentCosta

$/m2

Expectedyield

kg/m2

/yr

Culturemethod


Environment




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Levels of Technology Low

Minimal modification of the GHenvironment

GH environment greatly dependent onoutside

Passive ventilation (roof, side wall vents)

No heaters

Soil root zone Low cost ($25-$30/m2)



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Natural ventilation

No heating

Soil grown

LOW TECH Greenhouse


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LOW TECH Greenhouse


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LOW TECH Greenhouse


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LOW TECH Greenhouse


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LOW TECH Greenhouse


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Basic

Air TemperatureMonitoring

Inexpensive

Accurate

Manual


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25-3010-20Med-highwire

Soil ortezontlesand

Dripirrigation

withmanualcontrol

Passivecooling

(roof and

side wallvents)

no heating

Wood orSteelframe

Single

layer PEfilm

Low

InvestmentCost$/m2

Expectedyield

kg/m2/yr

Culturemethod


Environment

LOW TECH Greenhouse



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What is level of technology? Combination of systems/equipment that

modifies canopy and root environment

Selection of technology depend on desiredlevel of independence from outside climateand expected productivity and quality

Link between crop environmental needsand local climate limitations


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High Medium

Low


Increased insulation from outside condition

Increased importance of training

Increased cost per unit areaIncreased Yields per unit area


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Questions to consider before selectingGreenhouse Technology

Crop? (Market?)

Climate?Capital?Grower Experience?

Expected (Desired) Yields?Harvest Window?Technology for environmental control

of upper part of plant

Technology for environmental controlof root zone


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Challenges Selection of most suitable level of

technology for the different climates and

target market

Plastic film or glass covering

Passive or active cooling

heating

Soil or soilless cultivation

Good understanding of the technology Consistent Technical Support

Continuous labor training


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Summary N. America has variety of climates & greenhouse levels

Big challenge is to reasonably match both for your crop

High Tech is not necessarily the best solution

High Tech GH is particularly suitable for locations withhigh production potential, close to highly demandingmarkets

Low Tech GH is a good solution for regions where highsummer temperatures or cold winter temperatures canbe avoided


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1. Glass

2. Plastic films

3. Rigid plastic panels

Three categories of coveringsused for commercial greenhouses


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Rigid plastic structured panels fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP)

polycarbonate (PC), acrylic (PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate) polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Thin films low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polyvinylchloride (PVC),

ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)

Manufactured in single, double and triple layers

Modern Plastic Alternatives


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Plastic Thin Films

minimum useful life of 24 monthsthree and four year films available

Manufacturingco-extruding and multi-layering

Additives ethyl vinyl acetate [EVA]

cracking resistance in cold temperaturestear strength (at folds)

ultra-violet radiation [UV] inhibitors infrared [IR] barrier condensate control wavelength selective transmission [filter]


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The Beauty of Glass

GLAZING


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GLAZING

Polyethylene Film


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Double wall, acrylic-coated polycarbonate

GLAZING


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Single wall, corrugated polycarbonate sheets


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Is there any hope for improvement..Give me some perspective


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Thank you very much

Muchas gracias

Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt

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