GI Physiology V: The Liver and Pancreas
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GI Physiology V:The Liver and
PancreasIDP/DPT GI System, Fall 2011
Jerome W. Breslin, Ph.D.LSUHSC-NO Department of
PhysiologyMEB 7208 (1901 Perdido St.)
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Liver & Pancreas Lecture Outline.
•Introduction
•Exocrine Pancreas
•GIP, Glucose, & Insulin Secretion
•Pancreatic Juice Composition
•Cellular Basis of Secretion
•Secretion and Phases of Digestion
•Liver
•Bile Secretion
•Gall Bladder Function
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Required Reading
•Barrett, Gastrointestinal Physiology
•Chapter 4 - sections on Pancreas
•Chapter 10 - overview and section on enterohepatic circulation
•Chapter 11
•Chapter 12
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Exocrine Pancreas
•Enzymes are produced and secreted in excess.
•However, nutrition problems will arise if production of pancreatic enzymes falls by as little as 10%, or if outflow of pancreatic juice is obstructed.
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The exocrine cells in the pancreas play a central role in the production of digestive enzymes; the endocrine functions of the pancreas will be discussed at length in Chapter 16.
Figure 15-25
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PANCREATIC JUICE FORMATION
Acinar CellsRespond to CCK, VIP, GRP & Acetylcholine
Ductule CellsRespond to Secretin& Acetylcholine
Na+ K+
Cl- HCO3-
Acinar cells secrete proteins into lumen; water & salts follow from blood by a paracellular route.Ductal cells modify secretions of the Acinar cells – add HCO3
-
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[HCO3-] increases during elevated pancreatic secretion.
Berne & LevyFig. 32-19
orBarrett,Fig. 4-4
pH = 7.2 pH = 8.0
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Secretin stimulates HCO3- secretion
in the pancreatic ducts when S cells detect that acid is present
in the duodenum.
Barrett, Fig. 4-5
Also see Fig. 4-7
for secretion mechanismSecretin Receptors are Densely Expressed
on Pancreatic Ductular Cells in Humans.
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Stimuli and Second Messengers that mediate elevated
secretion by Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Barrett, Fig. 4-7
Notes:Both calcium and
cAMP are important, but
increasing calcium is more
significant than cAMP.
It is not yet clear whether
Secretin modulates secretion from acinar cells in humans, although it does so in rats. Secretin
receptors may be present on some
subpopulations of acinar cells.
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INDUCTION OF FLUID SECRETIONINDUCTION OF FLUID SECRETIONIN PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLSIN PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS
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PANCREATIC SECRETIONPANCREATIC SECRETIONIN CEPHALIC & GASTRIC IN CEPHALIC & GASTRIC PHASES OF DIGESTIONPHASES OF DIGESTION
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PANCREATIC SECRETIONPANCREATIC SECRETIONIN THE INTESTINAL PHASEIN THE INTESTINAL PHASE
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Liver: Bile Secretion•Bile is produced in the
liver
•Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
•Bile is secreted into the small intestine.
•Bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine and recycled.
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Bile formation by cells in the liver includes 6 components:
bile salts, lecithin, bicarbonate ions, cholesterol, bile pigments, and trace metals.
The bile is funneled into the gallbladder and then deliveredinto the duodenum upon stimulation from CCK.
Figure 15-29
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the gallbladder, which responds by contracting and delivering morebile to the duodenumthrough the sphincterof Oddi, which relaxes (opens) in response to CCK.
Figure 15-31
CCK is secreted by the intestinal mucosa(“I cells”).
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Bile Acid Structure
Primary bile acids are
synthesized in the liver.Secondary bile acids are
produced in the colon by bacterial enzymes
(ursodeoxycholic acid is used as cholesterol-
lowering drug).
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Up to 95% of the cholesterol-based bile salts are “recycled” by reabsorption along the intestine.
Figure 15-30
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Berne & Levy Fig.
32-28
Formation of cannicular bile in the liver sinusoids:
NTCP = Na-dependent taurocholate transporter, OATP = organic ion transport protein, OCT = organic cation transporter, BSEP = bile salt export protein, MDR = multidrug resistance protein,
MRP = MDR related protein.
Water
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Mechanism of bile concentration by gallbladder epithelium
Fig. 12-3
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Changes in Bile Composition during gallbladder storage
Fig. 12-2,Barrett
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Why? Osmolality is based on the number of particles in solution, whether they be ions, molecules, or micelles. Bile acids form micelles, and essentially the number of particles in solution remains the same because free bile acids incorporate into the micelles as the concentration goes up.
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Neurohormonal control of gallbladder contraction and
biliary secretion.
Fig. 12-1
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Gallstones•Estimated that 20 million people in USA have gallstones.
•Deposition of cholesterol or bilirubin in the gallbladder or in common biliary duct. Cholesterol stones are the common type in Western countries.
•About 1/3 of patients will get episodes of pain in the epigastric region.
•Treatment is cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) or sometimes endoscopic approaches to remove stones from common biliary duct or sphincter of Oddi.
•Consequence of gall baldder removal is inability to concentrate bile, which affects fat absorption, and fatty meals may need to be avoided.
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Summary
•Liver: Bile Production
•Enterohepatic circulation - recycling
•Gallbladder: Bile Concentration and controls release
•CCK is a major regulator
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Summary of Factors that regulate CCK release:
Fig. 4-3
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Summary of CCK action on duodenal cluster unit
Barrett, Fig. 4-2