An Introduction to Geographical An Introduction to Geographical IndicationsIndications

Slow Food NationSlow Food Nation29 August 200829 August 2008

Judson Judson BerkeyBerkeywww.geographicindications.comwww.geographicindications.com

www.sustainag.orgwww.sustainag.org

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ContentsContents

Background on Geographical Indications (GIs)Background on Geographical Indications (GIs)

Ways to Protect GIs Ways to Protect GIs –– EU EU vsvs US ApproachUS Approach

Issues Arising from the Different ApproachesIssues Arising from the Different Approaches

Where to Go NextWhere to Go Next

Background on Geographical Background on Geographical Indications (GIs)Indications (GIs)

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Why GIs are an IssueWhy GIs are an Issue

In the beginning all food production was local and reflected theIn the beginning all food production was local and reflected theunique environment and production methods usedunique environment and production methods used

However, the late 20However, the late 20thth century has seen an intense concentration century has seen an intense concentration of production due to industrial farmingof production due to industrial farming•• 80% of the beef, 65% of soybean, 60% of wheat, 50% of chicken, a80% of the beef, 65% of soybean, 60% of wheat, 50% of chicken, and 45% of nd 45% of

the pork processing in the US is handled by 4 companies (often tthe pork processing in the US is handled by 4 companies (often the same 4)he same 4)•• More generally it is estimated that approximately 60% of the intMore generally it is estimated that approximately 60% of the international food ernational food

chain is controlled by 10 companies involved in seed, fertilizerchain is controlled by 10 companies involved in seed, fertilizers, pesticides, s, pesticides, processing, and shipmentprocessing, and shipment

•• Over the past 50 years, the farm population has declined by 85% Over the past 50 years, the farm population has declined by 85% in Germany, in Germany, France, and Japan; 64% in the US; and 59% in Korea and UK. In tFrance, and Japan; 64% in the US; and 59% in Korea and UK. In the US, 6% of he US, 6% of the farms receive 60% of total farm revenuethe farms receive 60% of total farm revenue

•• Food retailing is similarly concentrated with the top 10 firms iFood retailing is similarly concentrated with the top 10 firms in Europe n Europe accounting for 46% of total revenue in 2005 (estimated to grow accounting for 46% of total revenue in 2005 (estimated to grow to 60% in to 60% in 2010). By 2010 it is estimated that the top 7 US food retailers2010). By 2010 it is estimated that the top 7 US food retailers will control 70% will control 70% of retail revenueof retail revenue

•• Only 10% of the crop varieties used in the past are still activeOnly 10% of the crop varieties used in the past are still actively farmedly farmed

This has led to a renewed interest in mechanisms to help preservThis has led to a renewed interest in mechanisms to help preserve e and promote local and traditional production and promote local and traditional production

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What Benefits Can GIs ProvideWhat Benefits Can GIs Provide

The goal is to provide a legal mechanism that allows producers iThe goal is to provide a legal mechanism that allows producers in n a specific region (typically small in scale) the use of a specifa specific region (typically small in scale) the use of a specific ic name to label a product as long as certain conditions are metname to label a product as long as certain conditions are met•• Criteria: a particular quality, reputation or other characteristCriteria: a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic of the product ic of the product

must be attributable to its place of originmust be attributable to its place of origin•• Examples: Examples: ParmigianoParmigiano--ReggianoReggiano, , ProsciuttoProsciutto didi Parma, Champagne, RoquefortParma, Champagne, Roquefort

This can provide a tool to This can provide a tool to •• help rural developmenthelp rural development•• preserve viability of small farmingpreserve viability of small farming•• protect traditional knowledge and promote tourismprotect traditional knowledge and promote tourism•• shift from quantity to quality production shift from quantity to quality production •• capture economic rent (e.g. Colombian Coffee)capture economic rent (e.g. Colombian Coffee)•• preserve biodiversity and fight preserve biodiversity and fight biopiracybiopiracy (e.g. Basmati rice)(e.g. Basmati rice)•• promote economic development for developing countries (e.g. Darjpromote economic development for developing countries (e.g. Darjeeling tea)eeling tea)

Potentially GIs could be expanded to protect other products Potentially GIs could be expanded to protect other products (handicrafts and even manufactured goods) that have a specific (handicrafts and even manufactured goods) that have a specific reputation or contain traditional knowledge derived from the reputation or contain traditional knowledge derived from the location (e.g. natural medicines, carpets, silk, crystal, watchelocation (e.g. natural medicines, carpets, silk, crystal, watches)s)

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However There are Concerns However There are Concerns

Not all agree that specific legal protection for GIs is the mostNot all agree that specific legal protection for GIs is the mostuseful way to promote development and to preserve traditional useful way to promote development and to preserve traditional productsproducts

Old Old vsvs New World New World •• In the EU countries, there is a long history of such systems andIn the EU countries, there is a long history of such systems and as of October as of October

2007 there were over 650 names registered (over 150 cheeses, 1602007 there were over 650 names registered (over 150 cheeses, 160 meatmeat--based based products, 150 fresh or processed fruits/vegetables, 80 types of products, 150 fresh or processed fruits/vegetables, 80 types of olive oil) with olive oil) with 200+ applications being processed. More than 4500 wines and spi200+ applications being processed. More than 4500 wines and spirits are also rits are also protected.protected.

•• However, in many new world countries (e.g. US, Canada, AustraliaHowever, in many new world countries (e.g. US, Canada, Australia, Argentina), , Argentina), there is a tradition of making products similar to those found ithere is a tradition of making products similar to those found in Europe and n Europe and using the same names (e.g. Kraft foods sells Parmesan Cheese in using the same names (e.g. Kraft foods sells Parmesan Cheese in the US).the US).

•• Thus, if these names now need to be reserved for the traditionalThus, if these names now need to be reserved for the traditional food product, food product, companies fear they will lose the brand value they have built upcompanies fear they will lose the brand value they have built up over time (e.g. over time (e.g. Kraft has to sell its cheese as Kraft has to sell its cheese as PamaselloPamasello in the EU already).in the EU already).

Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries•• Large developing countries (e.g. India, China, Kenya, Vietnam) aLarge developing countries (e.g. India, China, Kenya, Vietnam) are well placed re well placed

to take advantage of such systems and have passed legislation toto take advantage of such systems and have passed legislation to do so.do so.•• However, many smaller developing countries do not have the infraHowever, many smaller developing countries do not have the infrastructure and structure and

capacity to take advantage of any benefits (e.g. it is unclear icapacity to take advantage of any benefits (e.g. it is unclear if Gabon has the f Gabon has the infrastructure capacity to manufacture and market the Gabon Sweeinfrastructure capacity to manufacture and market the Gabon Sweet Potato in t Potato in such a way as to take advantage of a GI).such a way as to take advantage of a GI).

Ways to Protect GIs Ways to Protect GIs ––EU vs. US ApproachesEU vs. US Approaches

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Challenges to a Global Approach Challenges to a Global Approach -- EUEU

GIs include agricultural products and other foodstuffs intended GIs include agricultural products and other foodstuffs intended for for human consumption only (but there are some exceptions such as human consumption only (but there are some exceptions such as mineral waters)mineral waters)

GIs are registered based on an application that states why the GIs are registered based on an application that states why the product has a characteristic based on the place of production. product has a characteristic based on the place of production.

There are two classes of products There are two classes of products •• PDO (AOC in Swiss system) PDO (AOC in Swiss system) –– product must be produced, processed product must be produced, processed andand

prepared within the geographic area and quality or characteristiprepared within the geographic area and quality or characteristics must be cs must be ““essentially dueessentially due”” to the area. Cheeses are often PDO because the milk is to the area. Cheeses are often PDO because the milk is sourced from cows in a specific region raised in a specific way.sourced from cows in a specific region raised in a specific way. (439 (439 –– Oct 07)Oct 07)

•• PGI (IGP in Swiss system) PGI (IGP in Swiss system) –– product must be produced, processed product must be produced, processed oror prepared prepared within the geographic area (thus, not all three activities) and within the geographic area (thus, not all three activities) and quality or quality or characteristics must be characteristics must be ““attributableattributable”” to the area. Thus, the product does not to the area. Thus, the product does not have to originate in area and just one aspect and not the majorihave to originate in area and just one aspect and not the majority must be due ty must be due to the area (to the area (e.ge.g saucissonsaucisson are often PGI because the meat can be sourced from are often PGI because the meat can be sourced from different locations). (323 different locations). (323 –– Oct 07)Oct 07)

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Challenges to a Global Approach Challenges to a Global Approach -- EUEUProtection provided to GIs prohibits the followingProtection provided to GIs prohibits the following•• Any direct or indirect commercial use of the name on products noAny direct or indirect commercial use of the name on products not covered in the t covered in the

application where the products are comparable or where using theapplication where the products are comparable or where using the name exploits name exploits the reputation the reputation

Champagne in the EU can only come from the Champagne region of FChampagne in the EU can only come from the Champagne region of France rance and not Californiaand not CaliforniaA French court even ruled that the use of term A French court even ruled that the use of term ““ChampagneChampagne”” for a perfume for a perfume was illegal because it traded on the reputation of champagne forwas illegal because it traded on the reputation of champagne for a high a high quality product quality product

•• Any misuse of the name even if the true origin is noted or if thAny misuse of the name even if the true origin is noted or if the name is e name is modified with term modified with term ‘‘stylestyle’’ or or ‘‘typetype’’

A A ““Champagne styleChampagne style”” sparkling wine cannot be produced by a producer in sparkling wine cannot be produced by a producer in Bordeaux or a producer in the Champagne region using non traditiBordeaux or a producer in the Champagne region using non traditional onal methods (e.g. Merlot grapes)methods (e.g. Merlot grapes)Instead a different name must be usedInstead a different name must be used

•• Any other false or misleading use of the name in such a way as tAny other false or misleading use of the name in such a way as to give a o give a misleading impression of where a product originates frommisleading impression of where a product originates from

At least 80 other countries have similar systemsAt least 80 other countries have similar systems

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Challenges to a Global Approach Challenges to a Global Approach -- USUSIn the US protection is provided under the trademark system via In the US protection is provided under the trademark system via ““certification markscertification marks””•• Thus, GIs are not very different from any other trademark (e.g. Thus, GIs are not very different from any other trademark (e.g. Nike) and are Nike) and are

assigned to a specific entity which owns the name (in the case oassigned to a specific entity which owns the name (in the case of certification f certification marks, this can be a collective entity that represents a group omarks, this can be a collective entity that represents a group of producers).f producers).

•• A key distinction is that certification marks are not necessarilA key distinction is that certification marks are not necessarily location specific and y location specific and ownership can be transferred. GIs are location specific.ownership can be transferred. GIs are location specific.

•• Another key distinction is that certification marks generally prAnother key distinction is that certification marks generally protect only against use otect only against use of the mark on similar products and do not protect against a namof the mark on similar products and do not protect against a name becoming e becoming generic or being modified with generic or being modified with ““stylestyle”” or or ““typetype””. Thus, the use of Champagne on a . Thus, the use of Champagne on a perfume would be allowed.perfume would be allowed.

•• Finally, certification marks are only valid for 10 years and musFinally, certification marks are only valid for 10 years and must be enforced by the t be enforced by the owner. GIs are valid indefinitely and enforced by the state.owner. GIs are valid indefinitely and enforced by the state.

GIs do exist in the US GIs do exist in the US –– Idaho Potatoes, Vidalia Onions, Copper Idaho Potatoes, Vidalia Onions, Copper River Salmon, Maine Lobsters, etc. (more than 800 wines and spirRiver Salmon, Maine Lobsters, etc. (more than 800 wines and spirits its and more than 80 other products)and more than 80 other products)

At least 50 other countries use a similar systemAt least 50 other countries use a similar system

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Challenges to a Global Approach Challenges to a Global Approach -- WTOWTOThe WTO agreements lean toward the EU approach with two key The WTO agreements lean toward the EU approach with two key exceptionsexceptions•• Wines and spirits have legal protection closest to the EU standaWines and spirits have legal protection closest to the EU standard.rd.

Once a GI is registered it becomes illegal to use the name on anOnce a GI is registered it becomes illegal to use the name on any similar y similar product or service if it could have the effect of weakening the product or service if it could have the effect of weakening the reputation of reputation of the product.the product.This includes cases where the second product is labeled as This includes cases where the second product is labeled as ‘‘typetype’’ or or ‘‘stylestyle’’and would not necessarily be considered misleading. and would not necessarily be considered misleading. The name also cannot be included in a trademark if the product iThe name also cannot be included in a trademark if the product is not from s not from the regionthe region

•• Other agricultural goods (and handicrafts) have less protection.Other agricultural goods (and handicrafts) have less protection.The use of the GI is only prohibited when it is clear that the uThe use of the GI is only prohibited when it is clear that the use of the name se of the name would mislead the public as to the true origin.would mislead the public as to the true origin.

In all cases, if the product is considered generic in a given coIn all cases, if the product is considered generic in a given country untry or subject to a prior trademark, then GIs do not have an or subject to a prior trademark, then GIs do not have an exclusiveexclusiveright to the name.right to the name.•• Thus, if Feta or Champagne is considered a generic name in the UThus, if Feta or Champagne is considered a generic name in the US, the fact that S, the fact that

it is a GI in the EU does not prevent companies in the US from uit is a GI in the EU does not prevent companies in the US from using the name sing the name on products in the US.on products in the US.

•• Or if there is a trademark that uses the name already then the tOr if there is a trademark that uses the name already then the trademark can rademark can continue to use the name.continue to use the name.

Issues Arising from the Issues Arising from the Different Approaches Different Approaches

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GIs are not always StraightforwardGIs are not always StraightforwardWhat is the geographic area of the GI What is the geographic area of the GI •• UK PGI for Melton UK PGI for Melton MowbrayMowbray Pork Pies Pork Pies

The defined jurisdiction encompassed an area where one company pThe defined jurisdiction encompassed an area where one company produced 62% of its roduced 62% of its pies while another company produced only 28%. pies while another company produced only 28%. Thus, the second company claimed the area was too large and dispThus, the second company claimed the area was too large and disproportionately roportionately benefited the other. benefited the other. The UK court ruled that the size of the area is not a priori limThe UK court ruled that the size of the area is not a priori limited in any way but the case ited in any way but the case has gone to the European Court of Justice for further review of has gone to the European Court of Justice for further review of criteria that should be criteria that should be applied when deciding on the geographic area.applied when deciding on the geographic area.

What is the actual product covered by the GI What is the actual product covered by the GI •• ProsciuttoProsciutto didi Parma producers Parma producers vsvs UK supermarket chain ASDA UK supermarket chain ASDA

ASDA was buying ham on the bone from an Italian producer that waASDA was buying ham on the bone from an Italian producer that was part of the s part of the ProsciuttoProsciutto consortium. ASDA then sliced and packaged the ham itself. consortium. ASDA then sliced and packaged the ham itself. The PDO registration specified that the cutting of the ham must The PDO registration specified that the cutting of the ham must occur in Parma. occur in Parma. The ECJ ruled for the The ECJ ruled for the ProsciuttoProsciutto consortium but noted that if ASDA cut the ham in the consortium but noted that if ASDA cut the ham in the same way as in Parma it could be sold as such. This shows that same way as in Parma it could be sold as such. This shows that the definition of the GI the definition of the GI is crucial and can be used creatively to ensure value add activiis crucial and can be used creatively to ensure value add activities stay in the area.ties stay in the area.

What about generic namesWhat about generic names•• GIs are prohibited from becoming generic but a question arises wGIs are prohibited from becoming generic but a question arises when a name hen a name

may already be considered generic may already be considered generic –– e.g. Feta Cheese. e.g. Feta Cheese. Greece registered it as a PDO but Germany, Denmark, France, and Greece registered it as a PDO but Germany, Denmark, France, and UK opposed based on UK opposed based on claim that it is now a generic term for soft, white cheese made claim that it is now a generic term for soft, white cheese made from sheep/cowfrom sheep/cow’’s milk. s milk. The ECJ ruled that Feta must originate from specific areas in GrThe ECJ ruled that Feta must originate from specific areas in Greece based on facts such eece based on facts such as 85% of consumption of Feta per person per year takes place inas 85% of consumption of Feta per person per year takes place in Greece and fact that Greece and fact that other producers of Feta often allude to Greece in the packaging.other producers of Feta often allude to Greece in the packaging.Thus, other producers cannot use term Thus, other producers cannot use term ““Feta styleFeta style”” but must rename their product.but must rename their product.

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GIs GIs vsvs Trademark (Old Trademark (Old vsvs New World)New World)The most famous case is between the American company The most famous case is between the American company Budweiser and the boutique Czech brewery Budweiser and the boutique Czech brewery BudejovickyBudejovicky BudvarBudvar. . •• The Czech brewery in The Czech brewery in BudweisBudweis has brewed beer since the 13th century. has brewed beer since the 13th century. •• The American brand has become more internationally known in the The American brand has become more internationally known in the 20th century. 20th century.

This dispute helped lead to WTO litigation on the legality of thThis dispute helped lead to WTO litigation on the legality of the EU e EU GI system. The EU won on the point that in a country that GI system. The EU won on the point that in a country that recognisesrecognises GIs, the GI can coGIs, the GI can co--exist with a trademark (even if the exist with a trademark (even if the trademark was registered first).trademark was registered first).•• The exception would be where the GI would lead to confusion withThe exception would be where the GI would lead to confusion with a trademark a trademark

that had a well established reputation. that had a well established reputation. •• It is unclear if Budweiser would meet this standard, particularlIt is unclear if Budweiser would meet this standard, particularly given the fact that y given the fact that

the GI had been registered first in some countries.the GI had been registered first in some countries.

What this does not address is the reverse case What this does not address is the reverse case –– e.g. in a country e.g. in a country that does not have a GI system can someone register a certificatthat does not have a GI system can someone register a certification ion mark for a GI where a trademark already exists. mark for a GI where a trademark already exists. •• In Canada a trademark is already registered for Parma Ham. In Canada a trademark is already registered for Parma Ham. •• Thus, the Thus, the ProsciuttoProsciutto Consortium must sell its ham under the name Consortium must sell its ham under the name ““Ham No. 1Ham No. 1”” in in

Canada and not Parma Ham.Canada and not Parma Ham.

The EU was also forced to open its system to 3The EU was also forced to open its system to 3rdrd countries.countries.•• Cafe de Colombia and Napa Valley Wines have obtained GIs in EuroCafe de Colombia and Napa Valley Wines have obtained GIs in Europepe

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How to Proceed at the Global LevelHow to Proceed at the Global LevelThe EU has proposed making the registration of wines and spiritsThe EU has proposed making the registration of wines and spiritsmandatory and extending the system to all products.mandatory and extending the system to all products.•• Once registered with the WTO, a GI would be guaranteed legitimacOnce registered with the WTO, a GI would be guaranteed legitimacy and could y and could

be used as the basis to invalidate a trademark application in anbe used as the basis to invalidate a trademark application in any country. y country. •• The US opposes both on legal grounds (fear of requirement for coThe US opposes both on legal grounds (fear of requirement for co--existence of existence of

GIs with prior trademarks) and on practicality grounds (cost of GIs with prior trademarks) and on practicality grounds (cost of setting up such a setting up such a system for countries that do not have any type of protection in system for countries that do not have any type of protection in place now). place now).

•• The US claims that the protection of GIs can occur under the traThe US claims that the protection of GIs can occur under the trademark regimes demark regimes already in place under national law.already in place under national law.

•• Ultimately, the US is driven by economic interests of large compUltimately, the US is driven by economic interests of large companies that trade anies that trade on the traditional names (e.g. on the traditional names (e.g. KorbelKorbel California Champagne; Kraft Parmesan)California Champagne; Kraft Parmesan)

The fear is not necessarily unfounded as the EU has published a The fear is not necessarily unfounded as the EU has published a list of 41 products for which it would like to reclaim the nameslist of 41 products for which it would like to reclaim the names..•• These include products such as Feta, These include products such as Feta, ParmigianoParmigiano ReggianoReggiano, and Roquefort for , and Roquefort for

cheese; Champagne, Chianti, and Port for wine; cheese; Champagne, Chianti, and Port for wine; ProsciuttoProsciutto and Bologna for and Bologna for meat; and products like meat; and products like TurronTurron from Alicante and Saffron from La Manchafrom Alicante and Saffron from La Mancha

•• Under the EU proposal, these names would be reUnder the EU proposal, these names would be re--protected and fall under a new protected and fall under a new WTO registration scheme which would even prohibit use of the worWTO registration scheme which would even prohibit use of the words ds ““stylestyle”” or or ““typetype”” on a similar product on a similar product

•• The EU is signing biThe EU is signing bi--lateral agreements to reclaim some of these names (e.g. by lateral agreements to reclaim some of these names (e.g. by 2013 Chablis, Port, Sherry, and Champagne will be protected in C2013 Chablis, Port, Sherry, and Champagne will be protected in Canada) anada)

Where to Go Next Where to Go Next

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What is a Possible OutcomeWhat is a Possible OutcomeThere are two fundamentally different legal systems and There are two fundamentally different legal systems and philosophies involved.philosophies involved.

The EU approach would provide certainty. It also provides tangiThe EU approach would provide certainty. It also provides tangible ble incentives for rural development and for shifting from quantity incentives for rural development and for shifting from quantity to to quality agriculture (quality agriculture (Tuscan olive oil has a 20% premium; milk for Comte Tuscan olive oil has a 20% premium; milk for Comte cheese has a 10% premium)cheese has a 10% premium)

Given the concerns of some new world producers about FetaGiven the concerns of some new world producers about Feta--like like results, some products (particularly the EU 41) may need to results, some products (particularly the EU 41) may need to approached on a case by case basis.approached on a case by case basis.

However, US companies should not be afraid of name changes. However, US companies should not be afraid of name changes. There can be opportunities (There can be opportunities (e.ge.g when UBS when UBS rebrandedrebranded it used this as it used this as the basis of a new advertising campaign the basis of a new advertising campaign –– You and Us.) You and Us.)

Compromise is probably necessary. No one is going to get their Compromise is probably necessary. No one is going to get their way completely but no one seems willing to give right now.way completely but no one seems willing to give right now.•• E.g. allow E.g. allow ““Parmesan Cheese Made in the USAParmesan Cheese Made in the USA”” to be sold in the EUto be sold in the EU•• E.g. allow the real E.g. allow the real ““ProsciuttoProsciutto didi ParmaParma”” to be sold in Canada under its own nameto be sold in Canada under its own name

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The Situation in SwitzerlandThe Situation in Switzerland

The Swiss Parliament passed a federal law in 1997 establishing The Swiss Parliament passed a federal law in 1997 establishing protection for geographical indications.protection for geographical indications.

There are two classes of protection There are two classes of protection –– AOC and IGP . This is AOC and IGP . This is similar to the EU system.similar to the EU system.

With only one exception (With only one exception (BBüündnerfleishndnerfleish) all the raw material (even ) all the raw material (even for for IGPsIGPs) must at least be from Switzerland if not the specific ) must at least be from Switzerland if not the specific geographic area.geographic area.

As of July 2008, there were 17 AOC products and 5 IGP products. As of July 2008, there were 17 AOC products and 5 IGP products.

In addition, there were 10 AOC candidates and 6 IGP candidatesIn addition, there were 10 AOC candidates and 6 IGP candidates•• 5 cheese (AOC)5 cheese (AOC)•• 7 meats (2 AOC, 5 IGP)7 meats (2 AOC, 5 IGP)•• 1 fruit (AOC)1 fruit (AOC)•• 2 spirits (AOC)2 spirits (AOC)•• 1 other (AOC 1 other (AOC -- wood from the Jura)wood from the Jura)

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The Situation in SwitzerlandThe Situation in Switzerland

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More InformationMore Informationwww.geographicindications.comwww.geographicindications.com –– collection of resources for those collection of resources for those interested in GIs. Links to national laws, international regimeinterested in GIs. Links to national laws, international regimes, s, academic research, and academic research, and organisationsorganisations actively involved with GIs.actively involved with GIs.

ec.europa.eu/agriculture/foodqual/quali1_en.htmec.europa.eu/agriculture/foodqual/quali1_en.htm -- EU protection EU protection of quality products website. Contains lists of all products witof quality products website. Contains lists of all products with h protected status and provides updates on most recent activities.protected status and provides updates on most recent activities.

www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/globalip/geographicalindicawww.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/globalip/geographicalindication.htmtion.htm -- information on how GIs can be protected under US information on how GIs can be protected under US trademark laws. Also contains information on why the US trademark laws. Also contains information on why the US believes trademark protection is sufficient.believes trademark protection is sufficient.

www.aocwww.aoc--igp.chigp.ch –– Swiss system of GI protection. Includes list of Swiss system of GI protection. Includes list of proposed new products and links to contacts for products proposed new products and links to contacts for products currently protected.currently protected.

www.originwww.origin--gi.comgi.com -- international international organisationorganisation for GI producers.for GI producers.

www.originwww.origin--food.orgfood.org –– EU sponsored research programs on GIs EU sponsored research programs on GIs