GHG Mitigation Measures in Egypt - eeaa.gov.eg · Green Climate Fund (GCF) was launched after...

GHG Mitigation Measures in Egypt

Ihab Elmassry

[email protected]

Alex 12, Sept 2017

Disclaimer

The views/numbers expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), or their Member States.

Ihab Elmassry - Mitigation Measures in Industry - Egypt, [email protected]

2

This presentation is customized for

LECB/UNDP ProjectCapacity Building workshop

on Climate Change

20 Feb 17Ihab Elmassry, [email protected]

3

Purposes

´Top management : Background & political issues

´Medium level: Understanding & knowledge


4

Topics Covered in This Document

1. Introduction to Mitigation Concept

2. Power sector efforts in the area of energy efficiency & renewable energy (Climate Change prospective);

3. GHG mitigation opportunities in different sectors


5

3. GHG mitigation opportunities in different sectors


6

GHG Overall Target

The urgent need to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2°C

above pre-industrial levels


7

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA)

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are policies, programmes and projects

that developing countries undertake to contribute to the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions.


8

Types of NAMAs

´ NAMAs seeking support for preparation, i.e. NAMAs that have not yet been developed and require financial or technical support to be prepared;

´ NAMAs seeking support for implementation, i.e. NAMAs that already have been developed and are ready to receive finance, technology and/or capacity building for implementation;

´ NAMAs for recognition, i.e. NAMAs that developing countries have implemented or will implement without international support, and that they wish to be recognized for their mitigation efforts.


9

NAMA History

´ Paragraph 1 (b) (ii) of the Bali Action Plan (2007) called for NAMAs by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner".

´ In Copenhagen in 2009, 114 countries agreed to the Copenhagen Accord and committed to undertaking mitigation actions as part of a shared responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including an agreement that support should be provided to developing countries.

´ In Cancun in 2010, developed countries agreed to provide $30 billion in fast-start financing and mobilise $100 billion per year by 2020 to finance mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.


10

NAMA History (cont.)

´ In the 17th Conference of Parties in Durban, South Africa, two major pieces of the puzzle emerged that were needed to move forward on NAMAs. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was launched after Parties agreed on the governing instrument which lays out its design. The Fund will act as the operating entity for the financial mechanism of the Convention, helping channel funds to developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the negative impacts of climate change. While the structure is currently being set, major work will still have to be undertaken to raise the large amount of funds needed to undertake substantial mitigation actions.


11

NAMA History (cont.)

´ Another important decision taken in Durban is the establishment of the NAMA registry as a dynamic web-based platform managed by the UNFCCC secretariat where countries can voluntarily submit information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support, to facilitate the matching of financial, technological and capacity-building support for these actions and to track and recognize the NAMAs being undertaken. The UNFCCC launched the prototype of the registry in 2012, several countries have submitted NAMAs searching support for preparation or implementation or for recognition of unilateral NAMAs. These pieces of the puzzle, along with a renewed commitment by developed countries to deploy financial resources will support developing countries in implementing mitigation and adaptation actions.

´ Some countries have announced their intention to fund NAMAs. At COP 18 in Doha, Qatar, the UK and Germany announced the establishment of the “NAMA Facility” to facilitate financial flows for NAMAs, covering a total of €70 million.


12

2014


13


14

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) I 15

As in earlier reports in this series, we observe a broader

geographical distribution of NAMAs than is the case

for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. The

participation of African countries in NAMAs is particularly

noteworthy, as is the participation of several least

developed countries (LDCs).

Sectoral overview

Current NAMA development is taking place across all

economic sectors, showing no significant deviation from

NAMA trends in previous years. The energy sector has

currently the highest share, mainly related to renewable

energy, followed by buildings, waste and transport

(Figure 4).

Types of activities

NAMAs can include a wide range of activities. The NAMA

Database categorizes NAMAs as either ‘strategy/policy’

or ‘project’. Policies and strategies have a broader scope

than projects, often in terms of both geography and

time, and are likely to include longer-term objectives

leading to transformational impacts. Of all NAMAs,

approximately two-thirds are policies or strategies;

projects constitute only 18%, and for 20% the activity

type is unknown (Figure 5).

5 The reduced number of NAMAs end of 2012 compared to the number presented for mid 2012 is the result of a more rigid classification between feasibility studies and NAMA concepts.

Figure 2: Development of NAMAs, 2011–20145

Asia

Europe

Latin America

Africa and the Middle East

Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Figure 3: Regional development of NAMAs

Figure 4: Sectoral distribution of NAMAs

Figure 5: Types of NAMA activities








Sectoral overview






(Figure 4).

Types of activities












Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%



Figure 5: Types of NAMA activitiesNationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) I 15







Sectoral overview






(Figure 4).

Types of activities












Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%











Sectoral overview






(Figure 4).

Types of activities












Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%

Asia

Europe

Latin America


Energy supply6%

38%

23% 27%

12%

7%

4% 9%

14%

15% 42%

3%

Transport

Forestry

Waste

Agriculture

Buildings

Industry

Multisector

Project

Strategy/Policy

Not known

20% 18%

62%




INDC & LED

´ Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), were introduced at the COP 19 in Warsaw

´ Low Emission Development strategies (LEDs): Developing countries are encouraged “to develop Low-carbon Development Strategies or Plans in the context of sustainable development. Major topics: policies, programmes, pathways analysis and implementation, financing, GHG inventory and market analysis


15

NAMA Vs. INDC (2014)´ The loose definition of NAMAs and INDCs has allowed each country

to interpret them according to different national contexts. ´ For both concepts, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)

will be crucial. there are key differences. NAMAs focus on mitigation and relate to a specific action, policy or strategy to reduce GHGs. These activities are intended to contribute to an overarching goal such as commitments reported through INDCs or LEDS. By contrast, it is still being debated whether INDCs may include mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity building. They may describe planned national contributions, emission reduction targets and budget allocations, and how countries aim to reduce emissions. This could be converted into a legally binding mitigation commitment or other outcome with legal force in the 2015 agreement.


16


17

8 How are INDCs and NAMAs linked? > Concept Fact Sheets

Table 2 provides an overview on the main international concepts related to mitigation mentioned in the above part in a synoptic way. Kindly note that the definitions and information are mostly the author’s own elaborations as the official UNFCCC reference is scarce in some cases and rather found in a number of ways outside of the UNFCCC.

Table 2: Overview of Mitigation Concepts

LEDs MRV / Accounting

REDD+ NAMAs INDCs

Date of Origin 2008 Copenhagen Accord

2007 Bali Action Plan

2005 2007 Bali Action Plan

2013 / 2014 Lima Call for Climate Action

Objective Low-EmissionDevelopment Strategies are forward-looking national development plans that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth

Measure, Report, Verify and Accounting of data on emissions, mitigation actions and support is a concept to create transparency and enhance confidence among Parties

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions are aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to business as usual emissions in 2020 and beyond

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted by all Parties aim at tracking progress and achieving a collective and progressive ambition level sufficient to limit global warming to below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels

Time Frame Long-term strategy over several decades (15-30 years)

Development and implementation pre-2020 (no UNFCCC decision)


Development and implementation pre-2020

Development pre-2020;Implementation starting 2020 with undefined end year

Scope of Activities

LEDS can comprise any national mitigation activities, strategies, policies, programs and projects aiming at GHG mitigation and sustainable development in all sectors

All measures which states take to collect data on emissions, mitigation actions and support, to compile this information in reports and inventories, and to subject these to some form of international review or analysis

a) Reducing emissions from deforestation;

b) Reducing emissions from forest degradation;

c) Conservation of forest carbon stocks;

d) Sustainable management of forests;

Enhancement of forest carbon stocks

NAMAs can comprise pledges, strategies, policies, programs and projects aiming at GHG mitigation and sustainable development in all sectors

• Many different types, with no sectoral restrictions;

• Shall include a mitigation goal that can be submitted as different types (e.g. economy-wide emission target, intensity target, set of policies and actions);

• Can include adaptation

Political Level National, high-level strategy that is developed by domestic stakeholders

International, national, regional and local


National government, possibly in cooperation with regional or local authorities

a) Politically driven top-down process

b) Technically driven bottom-up process

Continued on Next Page >

Overall Mitigation Concepts


18

8 How are INDCs and NAMAs linked? > Concept Fact Sheets

Table 2 provides an overview on the main international concepts related to mitigation mentioned in the above part in a synoptic way. Kindly note that the definitions and information are mostly the author’s own elaborations as the official UNFCCC reference is scarce in some cases and rather found in a number of ways outside of the UNFCCC.

Table 2: Overview of Mitigation Concepts


REDD+ NAMAs INDCs

Date of Origin 2008 Copenhagen Accord

2007 Bali Action Plan

2005 2007 Bali Action Plan

2013 / 2014 Lima Call for Climate Action

Objective Low-EmissionDevelopment Strategies are forward-looking national development plans that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth

Measure, Report, Verify and Accounting of data on emissions, mitigation actions and support is a concept to create transparency and enhance confidence among Parties

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions are aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to business as usual emissions in 2020 and beyond

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted by all Parties aim at tracking progress and achieving a collective and progressive ambition level sufficient to limit global warming to below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels

Time Frame Long-term strategy over several decades (15-30 years)



Development and implementation pre-2020

Development pre-2020;Implementation starting 2020 with undefined end year

Scope of Activities

LEDS can comprise any national mitigation activities, strategies, policies, programs and projects aiming at GHG mitigation and sustainable development in all sectors

All measures which states take to collect data on emissions, mitigation actions and support, to compile this information in reports and inventories, and to subject these to some form of international review or analysis

a) Reducing emissions from deforestation;

b) Reducing emissions from forest degradation;

c) Conservation of forest carbon stocks;

d) Sustainable management of forests;

Enhancement of forest carbon stocks

NAMAs can comprise pledges, strategies, policies, programs and projects aiming at GHG mitigation and sustainable development in all sectors

• Many different types, with no sectoral restrictions;

• Shall include a mitigation goal that can be submitted as different types (e.g. economy-wide emission target, intensity target, set of policies and actions);

• Can include adaptation

Political Level National, high-level strategy that is developed by domestic stakeholders



National government, possibly in cooperation with regional or local authorities

a) Politically driven top-down process

b) Technically driven bottom-up process

Continued on Next Page >


19

9How are INDCs and NAMAs linked? > Concept Fact Sheets


REDD+ NAMAs INDCs

Sectoral Scope Not restricted Not restricted Forestry, agriculture and other land use sectors

Not restricted Not restricted

Financing Sources

Domestic budget and International support

Domestic budget and International support

a) Results based finance (mostly through funds)

b) Domestic budget & resources (incl Private investments)

c) Bilateral support

a) Multilateral funds

b) Unilateral NAMAs

c) Inter-nationally supported NAMAs

d) Credited NAMAs (So far not under UNFCCC discussion)

a) Domestic Budget (unconditional INDC)

b) International support (conditional INDC)

Technical Requirements

Technical requirements for data collection and analysis, establishment of baseline and GHG-scenarios, identification of mitigation options and policies, the prioritization of options and the development of detailed implementation roadmaps

Depends on subject of MRV: availability of data and information related to mitigation actions

Technical requirements for FREL/FRL and MRV to receive results based finance and report to UNFCCC

General, official guidelines for the MRV of NAMAs are to be developed by the Parties to the UNFCCC

Accurate, complete, conservative MRV methodology, especially in the case of internationally supported NAMAs

Technical requirements for upfront information to quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/or periods for imple-mentation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodological approaches incl for estimating and accounting for GHG emissions and removals

Legal Character Not prescribed • Depending on national agreement regarding legal character of MRV

• Internationally: national reports and/or the timetable for their submission shall be in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

Legal character is not prescribed by the UNFCCC:

• Reference to anchoring REDD+ in a set of policies and measures by countries, that include the legislation

Implementation of this requirement differs widely from country to country

NAMAs are voluntarily:

• BAP remains unspecific on the definition and further indications of NAMAs

• Concept of NAMAs is rather defined by experience and practice than by rules set up by the UNFCCC

• Feeds into an eventually legally binding mitigation commitment under the 2015 agreement;

• Must be transparent, quantifiable, comparable, verifiable and ambitious

Conventional Sources of Energy

´ The conventional sources of energy are generally non-renewable sources of energy, which are being used since a long time. These sources of energy are being used extensively in such a way that their known reserves have been depleted to a great extent.

´ The coal, petroleum and natural gas are conventional sources of energy.


20

Technologies Covered

1.Energy Efficiency

2.Renewable Energy


21

Sectors

´ Industrial,´ Commercial buildings;´ Governmental building;´ Residential;´ Agriculture;´ Utilities (water pumping, … etc)


22

Energy Efficiency Definition

´Energy Efficiency is NOT an exact science it is an art!!!§ Use less with the same service /

production /… etc§ Technologies include: HEL, HEM, Cogen,

EMS, CCS, WHR, ...etc


23

Residential

´HEL

´HEA

´PV


24

Street Lighting

´HEL

´PV


25

Commercial (shops)

´HEA

´HEL


26

Hotels, Malls, .. etc

´EMS´HEL´HEM&D´HEA´High Efficiency Chillers´Absorption Chillers


27

Industry´ Cement, Iron & Steel, Food industry, Aluminum, …

´ Cogen´ EMS´ HEM&D´ CCS´ SSI´ PFI


28


29

Share of electrical energy consumption

T/E ???

BM ????


30

وحماية المستھلك جھاز تنظيم مرفق الكھرباء قــيـوثـات والتـز المعلومــة لمركـاإلدارة العام

٦٦

)٩رقم ( جدول

المستھلكة فى بعض الكھربائية والطاقة المضافة تطور القيمة ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ -٣٢٠١/٤٢٠١ عام التحويلية الصناعات أنشطة

) الصادرة عن الجھاز ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥قطاع اعمال عام – ٢٠١٤المصدر : النشرة السنوية إلحصاء اإلنتاج الصناعى (قطاع خا **

المركزى للتعبئة العامة واإلحصاء

النشاط االقتصاد

القيمة المضافة بالجنية القيمة المضافة * الطاقة الكھربائية المستھلكة لكل ( ك . و . س )

مليون جنية مليون ك . و . س

٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤

ائية ٤١٤ صناعة المنتجات الغ ٢ ٥ ٢ ١ ٤ ٢ ٠ ٥ ٢٠ ١٠

٢٠ صناعة المشروبات ٠٢٢٤٢٢ ٥١١ ٥ ١١ ٥

١٠٠ صناعة منتجات التب ٢ ٢ ٢ ٥ ٤ ٤ ٤٢

٢٥ صناعة المنسوجات ٢ ١ ٠١ ٥٤ ٠٤٥٢١ ١

٥ صناعة المالبس الجاھزة ٤ ٠ ٠٤٢ ٢٤٠٢ ١

صناعة الورق ومنتجات الورق

١١ ٥ ١٢١ ٠٤ ٢ ٢ ٢٥ ٢٥ ٠ ٢ ٤ ٢ ١٢

١١ ١٠٢٢ ١٠ صناعة تكرير البترول ٢٠ ١ ٠ ١٥٠

١٢٠ صناعة األسمدة ١٠ ٥٥ ٤٥ ٥١٤٢ ٤٤ ٤ ٥

األدوية و صناعة المستحضرات الصيدالنية

٤ ١ ٥٠٠ ١ ٠ ٢ ١ ٥ ١ ٠ ١٢ ٢

صناعة الزجاج والمنتجات الزجاجية

١٠ ٢ ٢ ٠ ١ ١ ١ ٠

صناعة منتجات الخزف والصينى والسيراميك

والفخار١٠٥٤ ١٠ ٢١ ٥٠ ٢ ٢ ٢ ٢٥ ٢ ٤

٥٤ األسمنت ةصناع ٢ ٥ ٥٠ ٥٤٥١٠٠١ ١ ١

٤ ٠ ٤ والصلب الحديد ةصناع ١ ١ ٤٢ ٠ ٠

٤ االلومنيوم ةصناع ٠ ٤ ٢٠ ٢٠ ٤ ١ ٤ ٠ ٤٢ ٠

SEC


31

Renewable Energy Definition

´Renewable Energy´ is generally defined as energy that is collected

from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Technologies include :Wind power, Hydropower, Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Bio energy/AF, Energy storage


32

Performance of Commercial PV Technologies


33

Solar Photovoltaics | Technology Br ief8

shifting to CdTe and CIGS. Among emerging technologies, concentrating PV and organic solar cells are just entering the market and are expected to capture some percentage points by 2020. Table 2 provides the evolution of performance over time for commercial PV modules. Individual PV technologies are discussed in the following sections.

! Wafer-based Crystalline Silicon Technology – The manufacturing process of c-Si modules includes: 1) purifi cation of metallurgical silicon to solar grade polysilicon; 2) melting of polysilicon to form ingots and slicing these ingots into wafers6; 3) wafer transformation into cells (typically 15x15 cm, 3-4.5 W) by creating p-n junctions, metal (silver) contacts and back-coating (metal-lisation); and 4) cell assembly, connection and encapsulation into modules with protective materials (e.g. transparent glass, thin polymers) and frames to increase module strength. Silicon is used in the three forms of single-crystal (sc-Si), block crystals (multi-crystalline silicon, mc-Si) and ribbon-sheet grown c-Si. Unlike sc-Si cells off er high effi ciency (Tables 2 and 3), mc-Si cells

6 Slicing the wafer by wire saw produces up to 40% silicon wastage. This can be reduced by using a laser cutter and ribbon/sheet-grown c-Si.

Table 1 – Performance of Commercial PV Technologies (Data from EPIA, 2011)

Cell effi c.

(%)

Module effi c.

(%)

Record commercial and (lab) effi ciency,

(%)

Area/kW

(m2/KW)a)

Life-time

(yr)c-SiMono-c-Si 16 - 22 13 - 19 22 (24.7) 7 25 (30)Multi-c-Si 14 -18 11 - 15 20.3 8 25 (30)TFa-Si 4 – 8 7.1 (10.4) 15 25a-Si/!c-Si 7 – 9 10 (13.2) 12 25CdTe 10 - 11 11.2 (16.5) 10 25CI(G)S 7 - 12 12.1 (20.3) 10 25Org.Dyes 2 – 4 4 (6-12) 10 (15) naCPV na 20 - 25 >40 na na

a) A module effi ciency of 10% corresponds to about 100 W/m2

Performance of CSP Technologies


34

Concentrat ing Solar Power | Technology Br ief 13

Current Costs and Cost Projections Because the global installed capacity is limited and the technology is still under deployment, the cost of CSP plants and CSP electricity varies signifi cantly de-pending on local labour and land cost, the size of the plant, the thermal storage system (if any), and – last but not least – the level of maturity (i.e. demo, pilot, commercial) of the project.

The cost of CSP electricity includes investment costs, operation and maintenance costs (O&M) and fi nancing costs, the latter often being included in the investment costs. The investment and fi nancing costs account for more than 80% of the elec-tricity cost, the rest being fi xed and variable O&M costs. The available cost infor-mation refers mainly to the dominant PT technology, while much less information

Table 1 – Performance of CSP Technologies (AT Kearney, 2010; IEA, 2010a; IRENA, 2012)

PT PT PT ST ST ST FR SD

Storage no yes yes no/yes

no/yes yes no no

Status comm comm demo demo comm demo demo demo

Capac., MW 15-80 50-280 5 10-20 50-

370 20 5-30 0.025

HT fl uid oil oil salt steam steam salt sat.st naHTF temp, C 390 390 550 250 565 565 250 750Stor. Fluid no salt salt steam na salt no noStorage, h 0 7 6-8 0.5-1 na 15 0 0Stor. temp, C na 380 550 250 na 550 na naEffi c., % 14 14 14/16 14 16 15/19 11/13 25/30Cap.factor,% 25-28 29-43 29-43 25-28 25-28 55-70 22-24 25-28Optical eff . H H H M M H L VHConcentrat. 70-80 70-80 70-80 1000 1000 1000 60-70 >1300Land, ha/MW 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 naCycle sh st sh st sh st sat st sh st sh st sat st naCycle temp.,C 380 380 540 250 540 540 250 naGrid on on on on on on on on/off

sat .st=saturated steam; sh.st=superheated steam; L=low; M=middle; H=high; VH = very high

12-30705_Concentrating Solar Power_Inhalt.indd 13 21.12.12 15:02

Concentrat ing Solar Power | Technology Br ief6

While CSP plants produce primarily electricity, they also produce high-tempera-ture heat that can be used for industrial processes, space heating (and cooling), as well as heat-based water desalination processes. Desalination is particularly im-portant in the sunny (and often arid) regions where CSP plants are often installed.

The fi rst commercial CSP plants with no thermal storage (i.e. SEGS project, 354 MW) were built in California between 1984-1991, in the context of tax incentives for renewable energy. After a period of stagnation due to the low price of fossil fuels, the interest in CSP resumed in the 2000s, mainly in the United States and Spain, as a consequence of energy policies and incentives to mitigate CO2 emissions and di-versify the energy supply. While Spain and the United States are leading countries in CSP installations, CSP plants are in operation, under construction or planned in many Sun Belt countries. In 2012 the global installed CSP capacity amounted to about two GW with an additional 15-20 GW under construction or planned, mostly in the United States and Spain.

The available operational experience suggests that a CSP plant can be built in 1-3 years (depending on its size) and may operate for more than 30 years. Five to six months of full-power operation are needed to pay back the energy used for the construction (ESTELA & Greenpeace, 2009).

Based on a land use of two hectares per MWe, the CSP energy potential in Sun Belt regions is highly signifi cant. Estimates suggest that the CSP potential in the southwestern United States could largely meet all of North America’s electricity

Figure 1 – CSP Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors

12-30705_Concentrating Solar Power_Inhalt.indd 6 21.12.12 15:02

•Parabolic Trough (PT), Fresnel Reflector (FR), Solar Tower (ST) and Solar Dish (SD).

EE in Industry 1


35

UHE

transformer(ArcFurnaces)

Boilertuneup VSD HEM WHR

WHR-Powergen(Cement)

Reduction (ktonCO2/year)

55 77 219 241 258 639

Costofabetment($/tonCO2)

26 9 13 39 5 31

Investmentcost(m$)

28 5 56 187 100 400

IRR% 15% 126% 42% 9% 37% 12%NPV(m$) 22 87 246 19 190 138

EE in Industry 2 (marginal abatement curve )


36

WtE


37

MSWtowaste AgricultureresiduestoEnergy

TotalCO2reduction 15 33 mtonupto2032 1.1 3 mtonperyear

$/tonCO2 1,573 593

LCOE ranges for solar PV and wind technologies (at each discount rate)


38

5

Figure ES.2: LCOE ranges for solar PV and wind technologies (at each discount rate)

LCOE

(USD

/MW

h)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400Median

3% 7% 10%

Offs

hore

win

d

Ons

hore

win

d

Larg

e, g

roun

d-m

ount

ed P

V

Com

mer

cial

PV

Resid

entia

l PV

Offs

hore

win

d

Ons

hore

win

d

Larg

e, g

roun

d-m

ount

ed P

V

Com

mer

cial

PV

Resid

entia

l PV

Offs

hore

win

d

Ons

hore

win

d

Larg

e, g

roun

d-m

ount

ed P

V

Com

mer

cial

PV

Resid

entia

l PV

The ranges presented include results from all countries analysed in this study, and therefore obscure regional variations. For a more granular analysis, see Chapter 3 on “Technology overview”. Based on IEA analysis and commentary from the EGC Expert Group, an alternative measure to median value was also included in this study, namely the generation weighted average cost. For more on that topic, see Chapter 6 on “Statistical analysis of key technologies”.

To better interpret the results, it is important to bear in mind several relevant issues. First, as already noted, there is significant variation among countries both in terms of the technologies presented and the reported costs. While the IEA and NEA Secretariats, with the support of the EGC Expert Group, have worked to make the data as comparable as possible (by using consistent assumptions when possible, and by verifying the underlying data both with the participating countries as well as with other reliable sources), variations in cost are to be expected even in the case of technologies that are considered standardised. Local cost conditions are highly dependent on, for example, resource availability, labour costs and local regulations.

Further, even with highly accurate cost data, some assumptions will also have a degree of uncertainty. Future fuel costs, for example, may be significantly different from the costs assumed in this report. In fact, as the report was being finalised, commodity prices such as oil and natural gas declined significantly. These uncertainties cannot fully be captured in the core analysis of the report, though they are addressed to some extent in Chapter 7 on the “Sensitivity analysis”. With that in mind, the results of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity study (“EGC study”) can be reviewed in more detail.

Baseload technologies

Overnight costs for natural gas-fired CCGTs in OECD countries range from USD 845/kWe (Korea) to USD 1 289/kWe (New Zealand). In LCOE terms, costs at a 3% discount rate range from a low of USD 61/MWh in the United States to USD 133/MWh in Japan. The United States has the lowest cost CCGT in LCOE terms, despite having a relatively high capital cost, which demonstrates the significant impact that variations in fuel price can have on the final cost. At a 7% discount rate, LCOEs range from USD 66/MWh (United States) to USD 138/MWh (Japan), and at a 10% discount rate they range from USD 71/MWh (United States) to USD 143/MWh (Japan).

Cogeneration


3910

Section 2 ● CHP Technologies and Applications

What is CHP?CHP is the simultaneous utilisation of heat and power from a single fuel or energy source, at or close to the point of use. An optimal CHP system will be designed to meet the heat demand of the energy user – whether at building, industry or city-wide levels – since it costs less to transport surplus electricity than surplus heat from a CHP plant. For this reason, CHP can be viewed primarily as a source of heat, with electricity as a by-product.

CHP can take on many forms and encompass a range of technologies, but will always be based upon an efficient, integrated system that combines electricity production and a heat recovery system. By using the heat output from the electricity production for heating or industrial applications, CHP plants generally convert 75-80% of the fuel source into useful energy, while the most modern CHP plants reach efficiencies of 90% or more (IPCC, 2007). CHP plants also reduce netwrok losses because they are sited near the end user.

CHP plants consist of four basic elements: a prime mover (engine or drive system), an electricity generator, a heat recovery system, and a control system. The prime mover, while driving the electricity generator, creates usable heat that can be recovered. CHP units are generally classified by the type of application, prime mover and fuel used.

Theoretically, almost any fuel is suitable for CHP, although for new systems, natural gas currently predominates. Other common fuel sources include fossil-fuel based commercial fuels (i.e. coal, diesel), municipal solid waste, and biomass. As biomass and industry-derived gases become more available and cheaper, they will be of increasing importance, due to growing environmental and energy security concerns. Some CHP technologies can use multiple fuel types, providing valuable flexibility at a time of growing fuel insecurity and price volatility.

Figure 7 ● Efficiency gains of CHP: one example (all values HHV)

. . . T O T A L E F F I C I E N C Y . . .

Powerstation fuel

(115)

Boiler fuel(100)

Losses (20)

Losses (60)

Losses (5)

Losses (40)

215

50

80 Heat

Gas powerplant

Gasboiler

60% 76.5%

EFFICIENCY: 48%

EFFICIENCY: 80%

Heat

Combinedheat andpower

— CHP —

CHPfuel

Conventional generation: Combined heat and power:

5MW natural gascombustion turbine

Overall energy and carbon emission savings – 21%

170

Source: IEA analysis, USEPA, 2008.

In electrical output terms, CHP plant sizes range from 1 kWe (kilowatt electric) to over 500 MWe (megawatt electric). For larger plants (greater than 1 MWe), equipment is generally site-specific, while smaller-scale applications can use pre-packaged units. The proportions of heat and power needed (also known as the heat:power ratio) vary from site to site. As a result, the CHP system must be selected to

NG consumption


40

Industrial sector NG (not including NG for process) and oil products consumption (TJ)


41

Consolidated Report – NAMAsPrepared by other consultants1. Power Generation sector;2. Renewable Energy sector;3. Industrial sector;4. Oil & Gas sector5. Irrigation & Water Resources sectors;6. Housing sectors; 7. Tourism sector;8. Waste sectors; 9. Agriculture sector; and10. Transport sector.


42

Iron & Steel


43

Large scale CSP PV for lightingLarge scale Biomass power plantsEnergy management systemsVariable speed driveSinter plant heat recoveryImproved process controlRecovery of blast furnace gasHot blast stove automationImproved blast furnace control systemsUltra-high-power transformersOxy-fuel burners/lancingSiemens EAF QuantumEfficient ladle preheatingProper sealing on ladle furnace preheatingHot chargingProcess control in hot strip millRecuperative burnersEnergy-efficient drives in the hot rolling millHeat recovery

SEC – Iron & Steel


44

Process

Annualproduction (mton)

Installedproduction(m ton)

NG SEC(m3/ton)

Electricity SEC(kWh/ton)

SEC(GJ/ton)

DRI 3 5 300 100 11.6EAF 5.5 8 20 550 2.7Rolling 9.5 12 40 90 1.8

Summary of options

UHE transformer

(Arc Furnaces)

Boiler tune up VSD HEM WHR

WHR-Power gen

(Cement)

Reduction (k ton CO2/year)

55 77 219 241 258 639

Cost of abetment ($/ton CO2)

26 9 13 39 5 31

Investment cost (m $)

28 5 56 187 100 400

IRR% 15% 126% 42% 9% 37% 12%

NPV (m $) 22 87 246 19 190 138


45

Industry – Potential NAMAs

´ Cement


46

Large scale CSP PV for lightingLarge scale Biomass power plantsWind powerEfficient Transport Systems for Raw Materials PreparationHigh-efficiency Classifiers/SeparatorsImproved Refractories for Clinker Making Energy Management and Process Control Systems Adjustable Speed Drive Installation or Upgrading of Preheaters Kiln Combustion System Improvements Waste heat recovery/power generationHigh-Efficiency Motors, fans and Drives

SEC - cement


47

Country Electric SEC (kWh/tonne)

Thermal SEC(GJ/tonne)

Egypt 119 4.3India 88 3.0Spain 92 3.5Germany 100 3.5Japan 100 3.5Korea 102 3.7Brazil 110 3.7Italy 112 3.8China 118 4.0Mexico 118 4.2Canada 140 4.5USA 141 4.6World’s Best 65 2.72World Average (excludingEgypt)

111 3.82

Textile - Food & Beverage


48

Solar water heatersEvacuated tube water heatersCSP for thermal energy supplyPV for lightingProcess improvementHigh efficiency motors

Solar water heatersEvacuated tube water heatersCSP for thermal energy supplyPV for lightingSteam system improvementBlow down heat recovery systemHigh-efficiency motors/pumpsWaste heat recoveryHigh efficiency lightingCogeneration

Other industry


49

PV for lightingSolar water heatersBiomass power generationCluster CSP for thermal and electrical energy CogenerationHigh efficiency motors & drivesProcess controlHigh efficiency lightingEnergy Management system

Oil & Gas

1. Oil Products and Natural Gas Pricing and Subsidy Removal.

2. Natural gas fuel switching policy (the usage of natural gas as a fuel in the transportation sector).

3. Natural gas fuel switching policy (the usage of natural gas as a fuel in the residential and commercial sectors).

4. Natural gas fuel switching policy (the usage of natural gas as a fuel in the industrial sector).

5. The Usage of Natural Gas as a Fuel in the Power Sector.

6. Fuel combustion efficiency improvements and control.

7. Boilers energy efficiency improvements.


50

Irrigation & Water Resources sectors


51

Irrigation & Drainage Pumping Replacement/Rehabilitation of pumps working with low efficiencyOperating the pumps using renewable energy sourcesVariable speed driveDrinking Water Pumping Stations Replacement/Rehabilitation of pumps working with low efficiencyOperating the pumps using renewable energy sourcesVariable speed driveWastewater Pumping Stations Replacement/Rehabilitation of pumps working with low efficiencyOperating the pumps using renewable energy sourcesVariable speed drive

Housing


52

Increase efficiency of appliances, heating and coolingequipment and ventilationHigh efficiency InsulationEfficient Space heating systemsEfficient Air conditioners and vapour-compression chillersAlternative high efficiency HVAC systems in commercialbuildingsEnergy management systemBuilding-integrated PV (BiPV)Solar thermal energy for heating and hot waterHigh efficiency electric lightingUse day light as possible

Tourism


53

Efficient lightingHigh efficiency motors and drivesHigh Efficiency ChillersImproving Combustion efficiencyHigh efficiency desalination unitsShading/Double glass Energy management systemCogenerationBuilding design /orientation (new bld)Steam system improvementsWaste heat RecoveryEfficient Internal transportationRenewable Energy MeasuresCSP-Solar water desalinationSolar water heatersPhotovoltaic PVConcentering Solar Power (CSP)Wind power

Waste


54

Improvedlandfilling

Incinerationwith energyrecovery

Gasification

AnaerobicDigestion

Composting

Co-firing incementkilns

Recycling

NAMA Opportunities for MSW

Degree of Maturity Highly Mature Highly Mature Semi-

mature

Highly mature(for

organic fraction)

Highly mature

(for organic fraction)

Mature (mainly for

RDF)Mature

NAMA Opportunities for Agricultural Residues

Degree of Maturity Not common Highly Mature Semi-

mature

Mature(But co-

digestion with other substrates needed)

Highly mature Mature

NAMA Opportunities for Sewage Sludge

Degree of Maturity Highly mature Highly Mature Highly

MatureHighly

matureSemi-

mature

Agriculture


55

1. Promotion of good agricultural practices2. Develop Agricultural wastes management for reducing gas emission 3. Change in agricultural water management 4. Mitigation of GHG emission from Fertilizer 5. Bioenergy 6. Agro-forestry & Afforestation and mitigation GHG 7. Wetlands and Fishing farms 8. Mitigation of GHG gas emissions in livestock production 9. Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice 10.Agricultural advisory service and information systems 11.Climate Smart agriculture 12.Low-emission farming system 13.Agricultural market development 14.Mitigation of GHG emission from poultry production

Transport

´ Opportunities in road transport;

´ Opportunities in railways;

´ Opportunities in subways;

´ Opportunities in river transport


56

Civil Aviation


57

AviationFuel efficiency gap analysisPlane weight reductionUsing Electric Lithium batteries in Ground Support Equipment (GSE)

Renewable fuelTraffic programmeEgypt air buildingsHigh Efficiency LightingHigh Efficiency ChillersEnergy Management System (EMS)

GHG Mitigation Measures in Egypt - eeaa.gov.eg · Green Climate Fund (GCF) was launched after...

Documents

Transcript of GHG Mitigation Measures in Egypt - eeaa.gov.eg · Green Climate Fund (GCF) was launched after...