Getting From Problem to Solution: Reducing Diesel Pollution From

Goods Movement

Rich KasselSeptember 23, 2011rkassel@nrdc.org

Introduction: A Vision of Goods Movement

• We all want and need stuff—more all the time• Need to address all key pollution sources to

create a sustainable goods movement future• Believe it or not, the regulatory process is in

place• But turnover is slow – trucks, equipment, and

ships last a long time• So how do we speed things up in an

economically and politically constrained world?

How the Dump Dirty Diesels Campaign began…

Why do we care about diesel pollution?

In 1995, most midtown PM at street-level came from diesel vehicles

Average PM Source Contribution in Midtown Manhattan

Diesel52%

Oil Combustion1%

Long Range Transport22%

Iron4%

Sea Salt6%

Road Dust9%

Auto6%

Source: New York State PM10 Implementation Plan, September 1995.

MTA New York City Transit Bus Fleet EmissionsAnnual PM Emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

To

ns

per

yea

r

97% Reduction

NYC Transit Clean-Fuel Bus Program showed Clean Diesels possible

Applicable lessons from NYC Transit for the Goods Movement debate

• Use objective criteria: Technology-neutral, fuel-neutral measurement of PM and NOx reductions

• 90% of the NYC Transit’s emission benefits came from “retiring and replacing” the older buses regardless of fuel/technology chosen for the new buses

• Retrofits worked—but perhaps best only in sophisticated maintenance environments?

• Solutions that are scalable and replicable will provide benefits beyond the initial program

A Bit of Context: Goods Movement impacts

In A Few Quick Slides

Global Shipping and Particulates Go Together

Reducing Ship Pollution Saves Lives Along Coasts and Inland

Source: Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41, (24), 8512–8518

Premature deaths from PM

due to Ship Emissions

Cleaner marine fuels would reduce nationwide ship health impacts by ~ 60 %.

Case 2b MortalityCardiopulmonary

Less than 10

! 10 - 25

! 26 - 50

! 51 - 100

! 101 - 200

! 201 - 300

It’s not just PM – Goods Movement is a major CO2 emitter

>30% efficiency<3 year Paybacks

= > $70bn a year is being wasted

>30% efficiency<3 year Paybacks

= > $70bn a year is being wasted

Older ship engines are so dirty…

…and kids live nearby…

…Containers are quiet neighbors…

…until the train shows up to get them…

…or they leave the port by truck…

The Regulatory Structure is in Place

EPA truck standards are cleanest in the world…but old trucks are dirty

0.010.01 0.100.10

0.20.2

1.21.2

2.52.5

4.04.0

5.05.0

1994

1998

2002

2007

2010010

NO

x

NO

x [

g/H

P-h

r][g

/HP

-hr]

PM PM [g/HP-hr][g/HP-hr]

ULSDULSD15 PPM15 PPM

(7/06)

500 PPM500 PPM(6/93)

SULFURSULFUR

IMO Emissions Control Area Will Reduce Ship Pollution

• ECA: 200 nm from US and Canadian coast• Two key components:

2015: Sulfur levels drop from today’s >25,000 ppm to 1,000 ppm

2016: PM cut 85% and NOx cut 80%• Benefits: 14,000 premature deaths and

>$100B in net health costs by 2020

Comprehensive Program Will Avoid ~40,000 Premature Deaths Annually

Rule Covers Premature Deaths Avoided

1999 Tier 2 Cars, light trucks, SUVs 4,300

2001 Highway Diesel Trucks and Buses 8,300

2004 Nonroad Diesel Farm, Construction, etc. 12,000

2008 Locomotive/Marine Trains and ships 1,100

2010 Emission Control Area (IMO ECA)

Ocean-going vessels w/in 200 nm of US

14,000

Note: Premature death numbers are annual estimates, as of 2020 for IMO ECA, 2030 for all others

U.S. Vehicle Regulations Are Extremely Cost-Effective

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2010 IMO ECA

2008 Locomotive-Marine

2004 Nonroad Diesel

2001 Truck and Bus Rule

1999 Tier 2 Light-Duty

$ Billion Annually in 2030

Total Cost: approx. $13 Total Cost: approx. $13 BillionBillionTotal Benefits: approx. Total Benefits: approx. $290 Billion$290 Billion

CostsBenefits

…But These Engines Last for Decades, So We Need to Accelerate

the Phase-out…

2 Examples of Drayage Clean-up Worth Exploring

Example 1: POLA Clean Air Action Plan

• Resulted from NRDC’s China Shipping lawsuit.

• Addressed all major sources of port pollution: trucks, ships, trains, cargo handling equipment.

• Set firm goals for reductions of diesel particulate matter from each source.

Solutions in the Clean Air Action Plan

• Diesel trucks: Progressive ban on older trucks Cargo container fee on dirty trucks Structural change in employment structure

• Ships: Cold ironing Cleaner fuel Speed reduction

• Cargo handling equipment: Electrification

• Trains: Anti-idling recommendations

Example 2: Developing the PANYNJ Truck Replacement Program

• Multi-stakeholder effort in 2009-2010, co-chaired by PANYNJ and NRDC Included all key sectors

• Why different than POLA?: Huge economic and political constraints after 2008 recession

• Different goals: truck replacements and reduced emissions only Container fees, labor issues not on the

table

PANYNJ Truck Replacement and Phase Out Programs

• Truck Phase Out Program Phase 1: Ban pre-1994 NY engines, as of Jan. 2011 Phase 2: Ban pre-2007 engines, as of Jan. 2017 Trucks register in Drayage Truck Registry, voluntary sticker system

• Truck Replacement Program (TRP): Received 180 applications for 202 trucks (72% IOO) 63 trucks sold (70% IOO) Eligibility now expanded to trucks with 2003 or older engines

• Supplemental TRP $1.57M EPA grant; $4.3M PA funds (financing @5.25%) Eligibility: Trucks with engines 2003 or older Replacement vehicle must be 2007 emission compliant

2010 Drayage Truck Characterization Survey

2010 2008

Pre-1994 Frequent Callers 196 (4.7%) 709 (16%)

Pre-1994 Total 390 (4.5%) 2406 (15%)

Total Frequent Callers 4189 4544

Total Trucks 8496 16286

Most Common MY 2000 1999 & 2000

Average MY 2000 1998

Next Steps for PANYNJ Clean Truck Program—and other new programs?

• Given budget constraints, will there be continued financial support?

• What additional steps need to be taken for phase 2 (i.e., post-2007 engines in 2017)?

• Can EPA Smartway Drayage Program help accelerate clean-up?

• If ships are wasting fuel, can ports create incentives for ship efficiency too?

Conclusions

• Thanks to EPA and IMO regulations, new truck, equipment, and ship engines will be much cleaner than old models

• But turnover is very, very slow• No one-size-fits-all approach to accelerating

the clean-up: POLA and PANYNJ show different ways to eliminate old trucks

• Successful solutions must take into account needs of all stakeholders and local environmental, economic, and political conditions

If A Picture is Worth A Thousand Words, How Much Are These Two

Slides Worth?

Southern California Cancer Risk from Air Pollution: 2000 Data

Source: SCAQMD, Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II, March 2000

Cancers per million

So. CA Cancer Risk from Air Pollution: When All Trucks, Equipment, and Ships are Clean

Source: SCAQMD, Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II, March 2000

Cancers per million